黑果枸杞PYL转录因子家族鉴定与生物信息学分析

【目的】基于黑果枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）果实发育过程中转录组测序结果,对黑果枸杞 PYL 转录因子家族成员进行鉴定。【方法】将黑果枸杞果实发育过程中鉴定出的 PYL 转录因子进行理化性质、多序列对比、保守基序、果实发育过程中的表达谱分析。【结果】与黑果枸杞果实发育相关的 9 个 PYL 转录因子氨基酸数目介于 166~255,分子量 18 229. 42~24 689. 97 D,理论等电点 5. 33~7. 14, 不稳定系数为 35. 08~44. 05,家族成员中含有 1 个稳定碱性蛋白、4 个稳定酸性蛋白、4 个不稳定酸性蛋白。【结论】通过分析基因表达谱发现,LrPYL7 和 LrPYL8 成员在黑果枸杞果实发育全时期中（绿熟期、变色期、完熟期）均呈现高表达,可能对该过程具有重要调控作用,这将为黑果枸杞及 PYL 转录因子的进一步研究奠定基础。     

松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪肉质性状及肌肉营养成分比较研究

为了比较松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪肉质性状及肌肉营养成分，选取松辽黑猪、雷香猪、杜长大白猪进行屠宰，对肉质性状、肌肉氨基酸及脂肪酸含量进行测定，结果表明：松辽黑猪剪切力、肌内脂肪含量显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.05），熟肉率显著高于雷香猪（P<0.05），雷香猪剪切力、肌内脂肪含量极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01）；松辽黑猪和雷香猪肌肉中丙氨酸含量极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01），甘氨酸含量松辽黑猪显著高于雷香猪（P<0.05），极显著高于杜长大白猪（P<0.01）；雷香猪亚油酸含量显著低于杜长大白猪（P<0.05）。文章对优质高端黑猪肉生产群体的选择提供了参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在猪中的应用研究进展

现代畜牧业中,养猪的最终目标之一是提高瘦肉率、降低脂肪含量、提高猪肉品质和口感。猪肉作为大多数中国人餐桌上必不可少的蛋白质来源,对日常生活有着巨大的影响,因此,积极开展猪的遗传育种改良具有重要意义。我国本地猪种的遗传资源具有抗病性强、适应性强、性成熟早、遗传性能稳定等优良特性。随着时间的推移,研究人员通过将我国本地猪种与国外猪品种杂交等传统遗传改良方法,在改善本地猪种产仔数、胴体瘦肉率、生长速度和抗病性等方面取得了显著成果,但这些研究进展都比较缓慢,往往需要几十年才能取得有效突破。传统的基因改良速度慢、成本高、效率低,而新兴的基因编辑技术在猪的遗传改良中具有广阔的应用前景。自CRISPR/Cas9开始在猪群成功应用以来,在改善猪生长性状方面取得了多项突破。随着对动物肌肉生长相关基因如肌生成抑制素（Myostatin,MSTN ）的深入研究,解耦联蛋白1 （Uncouplin gprotein 1,UCP1 ）和胰岛素样生长因子2基因（Insulin-like growthfactor 2 gene,IGF-2 ）功能的发现,运用基因组编辑技术提供了在短时间内改良本地猪种的研究思路,具有巨大的发展潜力和应用前景。文章简要描述了CRISPR/Cas9系统的发展过程、在猪生产应用中的研究进展,以及通过CRISPR/Cas9系统对猪基因组引入适当的修饰,并对猪器官被人体利用的可能性进行了概述,同时对CRISPR/Cas9应用前景进行了展望。     

不同光照时间对50~80kg的生长育肥猪生长性能及经济效益的影响研究

本试验旨在研究不同光照时间对50～80 kg的生长育肥猪生长性能的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,随机选择结构相同、猪只大小相近的3栋育肥舍,作为3个处理组,每栋猪舍选择4栏育肥猪（每组栏位对应相同）,每栏猪一个重复,共计4个重复,每个重复30头猪。对照组采用自然光照（光照时间约12 h）,试验1组采用自然照+6 h白炽灯光照（光照时间约18 h）,试验2组采用自然光照+12 h白炽灯光照（光照时间约24 h）。试验结果表明：1）生长性能：在末重方面,12 h、18 h光照组显著高于24 h光照组（P<0.05）;在日增重方面,12 h光照组极显著高于24 h光照组（P<0.01）,18 h光照组显著高于24 h光照组（P<0.05）,其他各组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;在料重比方面,12 h光照组显著低于24 h光照组（P<0.05）,其他各组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;在发病率方面,12 h、18 h光照组显著低于24 h光照组（P<0.05）。2）经济效益：在增重耗料、用电总成本方面,18 h、24 h光照组较12 h光照组分别增加0.1546元、0.54元。结论：为了提高50～80 kg生长育肥猪的生长性能及降低增重成本,提高经济效益,建议该场在50～80 kg生长育肥猪阶段采用12 h的自然光照。     

动物配子体外发生技术的研究进展及其应用展望

配子是新个体的起源,也是遗传多样性和进化的驱动力。配子体内发生需要经过原始生殖细胞的形成、增殖,迁移到生殖嵴,分化成为成熟配子的严格过程。配子的体外发生是干细胞体外诱导形成的性原细胞,在体外完整地经历减数分裂并发育成熟的过程。由于配子发生过程受到很多基因控制以及多种胞内胞外化学物质的复杂调控,所以完整的人(Homo sapiens)的配子体外发生过程一直未成功。但近年来该项技术在小鼠(Mus musculus)以及鸡(Gallus gallus)等动物取得突破性进展,雌雄配子实现了体外发生并结合发育成新个体,该项技术的成功将推动生殖生物学的发展。本文综述了近年来动物配子体外发生研究进展及其应用展望     

不同大豆蛋白源对巴民杂交猪生长性能、肉品质、肉营养成分以及氨基酸组成的影响

文章旨在研究不同加工处理大豆蛋白源对育肥阶段巴民杂交猪生长性能、肉营养成分、氨基酸组成以及肉品质的影响。试验采用单因子随机分组设计，选取27头体重82.37±4.12 kg的巴民杂交去势公猪，随机分为3组，每组3个重复，每个重复3头猪，分为对照组、试验1组和试验2组。对照组饲喂豆粕饲粮，试验1组和2组分别饲喂脱脂膨化大豆蛋白和不脱脂膨化大豆蛋白，3组的饲粮等氮等能。试验期60 d。结果表明：与对照组相比，（1）试验组在平均日采食量、平均日增重、末重上都有所提高，但差异不显著（P>0.05），而试验1组的耗料增重比显著降低（P<0.05）；（2）试验组的背最长肌在水分、粗蛋白、灰分上差异不显著（P>0.05），但是试验1组的粗脂肪含量显著升高（P<0.05）；（3）试验组背最长肌的pH_24h和a^*值都有不同程度的升高，其中试验1组差异显著（P<0.05）；（4）试验组背最长肌中甘氨酸、丙氨酸等风味氨基酸以及精氨酸都显著升高（P<0.05），试验1组的谷氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）；试验2组的组氨酸显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：脱脂膨化大豆蛋白和不脱脂膨化大豆蛋白均可以促进巴民杂交猪快速生长，提高巴民杂交猪肉中氨基酸含量和营养成分，改善肉品质，其中脱脂膨化大豆蛋白效果更佳。     

MYH3基因在动物肌肉发育、能量代谢及生产性能中的研究进展

肌球蛋白重链3（myosin heavy chain 3,MYH3）基因编码胚胎型肌球蛋白重链蛋白,控制肌肉的牵引滑动。MYH3基因是肌肉分化的重要标志基因,能够调控肌肉发育及能量代谢,在动物整个肌肉发育过程中均发挥重要作用。MYH3基因在不同物种间高度保守,且在动物体内多组织中均有表达,在胚胎期肌肉组织和肌肉再生过程中表达量较高。它受转录因子、microRNA、lncRNA及环境营养因子等多种因素影响,也可调控其他基因的功能。MYH3基因突变可以改变TGF-β信号通路和MAPK信号通路相关蛋白的磷酸化水平;影响ATP酶活性,使ATP水解时间延长,延长横桥周期;影响肌肉的能量代谢,最终引发肌肉能量代谢疾病。MYH3基因拷贝数变化、突变或表达量变化与动物的体尺、胴体重、屠宰重、生长性能具有显著的相关性。MYH3基因在大理石花纹高、肌内脂肪高的肌肉组织中表达量高,被认为是影响动物肌肉嫩度、剪切力和肉色红度的重要候选基因。MYH3基因的高表达与骨骼肌中氧化Ⅰ型肌纤维的含量、肌纤维直径和慢肌纤维含量有关。作者介绍了MYH3基因的基本结构特点,指出了其与肌肉组织发育及相关影响因子之间的调控作用,阐述了MYH3基因与动物肌肉能量代谢、生长性能和肉品质之间的关系,为进一步研究MYH3基因与肌肉发育调控和肉质性能改良提供参考。     

肌肉发育中核心蛋白聚糖生物学作用的研究进展

<正>肌肉是家畜胴体中最主要的组成部分,肌纤维是构成肌肉的基本单位。肌纤维的形成大体分为三个主要阶段:初级生肌、次级生肌和胚后肌肉发育阶段。每个阶段都是一个复杂的且受多种转录因子级联调控的过程。核心蛋白聚糖(decorin)属于小分子蛋白聚糖家族成员之一,在脊椎动物骨骼肌发生、发育过     

牛肌肉生长抑制素基因的研究进展

肌肉生长抑制素,属TGF-β超家族,是一种骨骼肌生长发育的负调控因子。其生物活性的丧失或受到抑制,会导致骨骼肌增生从而引起动物肌肉的过度发育,表现为双肌性状。本文综述了MSTN基因的发现、结构特点、作用机制、在牛科物种中的研究进展及其应用前景。     

降低日粮粗蛋白并添加单体氨基酸对断奶—育肥猪生长性能和营养排泄的影响（下）

综合来看，在生长第2阶段（d 84）结束之前，NH₃排放量无显著差异（P > 0.05），其中饲喂对照组日粮的猪只每头排放的NH₃总量高于2X组，而1X组排放量介于二者之间（P < 0.05）。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -