黑白花奶公牛育肥饲养技术

选择春季2-4月份出生的公牛犊，30-40日龄实施早期断奶；2-6月龄饲喂犊牛料 青贮饲料 苜蓿干草或犊牛料 酒糟 干草，6月龄体重150-180kg；7-12月龄进入生长期，吊架子饲养，12月龄体重300kg左右;13-18月龄进入育肥期，450-500kg体重出栏。屠宰率59．6％，净肉率42％，肉质细嫩多汁。     

代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛生长的影响

旨在评价饲喂代乳粉对早期断奶犊牛生长及培育成本的影响。选取体重相近的新生犊牛45头,随机分为试验1组、试验2组和对照组;试验1组饲喂A品牌代乳粉,试验2组饲喂B品牌代乳粉,对照组饲喂牛场产鲜牛奶;测定各组实验犊牛的出生体重、1月龄体重和50日龄断奶体重;计算并比较各组犊牛培育成本。结果表明,各组犊牛的出生体重和1日龄体重差异不显著（P〉0.05）;试验1组和试验2组犊牛的50日龄断奶体重分别比对照组增加5.12、2.86 kg,且试验1组与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验1组和试验2组犊牛的平均日增重分别比对照组增加0.14、0.07 kg,且试验1组和对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;试验1组与试验2组平均每头犊牛分别比对照组节约饲养成本198.8、222.0元。综上提示,使用代乳粉能够促进犊牛生长,降低犊牛的培育成本,提高养殖场的经济效益。     

不同日龄断奶对犊牛生长发育的影响观测研究

[目的]为了探索不同的断奶日龄对犊牛生长发育的影响,并确定符合甘肃省中部干旱地区生态条件下、饲养管理水平的犊牛早期断奶最佳时期。促进犊牛早期生长发育和使母牛尽快恢复体况,进入下一个繁殖期。[方法]选择南德温(♂)×秦川牛(♀)杂交新生犊牛40头,按体重和出生时间基本相近的原则随机分为4组,其中:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别60日龄、90日龄、120日断奶,对照组按照传统180日龄断奶,在相同的饲养管理条件下,观察期90日龄、120日龄、180日龄、360日龄犊牛生长发育。[结果]表明:90日龄断奶有利于犊牛早期的生长发育,其360日龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、平均日增重比60日龄断奶犊牛提高64.6kg(P0.01)、29.5cm(P0.01)、24.5cm(P0.01)、17.8cm(P0.01)、0.42kg(P0.01);比120日龄断奶分别提高62.0kg(P0.01)、19.5cm(P0.01)、14.5cm(P0.01)、18.0cm(P0.01)、0.23kg(P0.05);比传统180日龄断奶分别提高24.5kg(P0.05)、9.5cm(P0.05)、9.0cm(P0.05)、11.5cm(P0.05)、0.28kg(P0.05)。[结论]农户舍饲饲养的南德温与秦川杂交犊牛,最佳适宜断奶时间为90日龄。90日龄断奶与当地群众饲养管理水平相符合,又比传统6月龄断奶提前90d。犊牛早期断奶技术是一项实用技术,值得在养殖户中大力推广的应用。     

不同日龄断奶对犊牛生长发育的影响观测研究

[目的]为确定干旱地区犊牛早期断奶最佳时期。[方法]选择南德温(♂)×秦川牛(♀)杂交新生犊牛40头,按体重和出生时间基本相近的原则分为4组,其中:试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别60日龄、90日龄、120日断奶,对照组按照传统180日龄断奶,在相同的饲养管理条件下,观察期90日龄、120日龄、180日龄、360日龄犊牛生长发育。[结果]表明:90日龄断奶有利于犊牛早期的生长发育,其360日龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围、平均日增重比60日龄断奶犊牛提高64.6kg(P0.01)、29.5cm(P0.01)、24.5cm(P0.01)、17.8cm(P0.01)、0.42kg(P0.01);比120日龄断奶分别提高62.0kg(P0.01)、19.5cm(P0.01)、14.5cm(P0.01)、18.0cm(P0.01)、0.23kg(P0.05);比传统180日龄断奶分别提高24.5kg(P0.05)、9.5cm(P0.05)、9.0cm(P0.05)、11.5cm(P0.05)、0.28kg(P0.05)。[结论]犊牛90日龄断奶与当地群众饲养管理水平相符合,又比传统6月龄断奶提前90d。     

早期断奶不同哺育方案对2～6月龄犊牛生长发育与DMI的影响

为研究中国荷斯坦犊牛早期断奶不同哺育方案对断奶后2~6月龄生长发育与DMI的影响,选择品种来源一致、初生~2月龄(61日龄)阶段采用代乳料-犊牛料不同过渡时间哺育方案、实测平均体重(81.96±9.06)kg的健康中国荷斯坦公犊36头,按体重相近的原则随机分9组,以前期哺育方案、能量饲料构成,以及甘露寡糖、微生态制剂不同添加水平为试验因子,采用L9(34)正交试验设计,探索犊牛早期断奶代乳期代乳料-犊牛料不同过渡时间哺育方案对2~6月龄生长发育及DM采食能力的影响。结果显示,试验犊牛2~6月龄的生长强度依次为体重>胸围≈体斜长>管围>体高,以体重为最大,其次为胸围和体斜长;体重估测回归方程为:体重(kg)=胸围2(m)×体斜长(m)×84.06+13.48。对ADG的调控效果,2~4月龄以0.08%甘露寡糖最佳,"7+1"过渡与之相近,比设定水平可提高ADG 10.95%(P<0.05)以上;4~6月龄以"7+1"过渡为优,0.08%甘露寡糖与之相近,比设定水平可提高ADG 11.12%(P<0.05)以上。对DMI的调控效果,2~4、4~6月龄均以"7+1"过渡最优,比设定水平相对提高DMI 10.00%以上;0.08%甘露寡糖与之相似。以能量饲料构成的调控效果相对为小。结果表明,中国荷斯坦犊牛早期断奶代乳期采用7周代乳料+1周犊牛料过渡的前期哺育方案,断奶后犊牛料添加0.08%甘露寡糖、0.10%复合微生态制剂,犊牛料能量饲料构成采用普通玉米可显著提高ADG和增强青粗饲料采食能力。     

胚胎移植犊牛早期断奶技术的研究与应用

利用本地黄牛胚胎移植的荷斯坦奶牛犊牛,设计奶牛42日龄、50日龄早期断奶方法的两种不同方案(试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组),分别与常规60日龄断奶方法(对照组)进行了对比试验。结果表明:早期断奶有利于犊牛早期的生长发育和骨骼发育,显著提高犊牛60日龄的体重、日增重及其体高和胸围,同时能显著降低犊牛的培育成本,其中试验Ⅰ组(即犊牛出生后4天开始采食,第1周每天喂6 kg牛奶和150 g犊牛料,以后每周增加200 g犊牛料、减少1 kg牛奶,第6周龄每天喂料1 200 g,停止喂牛奶)60日龄体重、日增重、体高及胸围分别为91.10 kg、0.91 kg、82.90 cm和93.70 cm,较常规的60日龄断奶犊牛分别提高20.30%、35.80%、10.20%、12.20%(P<0.05),犊牛培育成本397.20元/头,较对照组降低成本35.80%。     

不同补饲水平摩本杂F_1代奶水牛犊牛增重效果研究

[目的]本试验旨在提高犊牛早期日增重的方法,进行本次试验。[方法]采用日龄、体型、体重均相近的1月龄以内的摩本杂F1代奶水牛犊牛14头,随机分成试验A组和试验B组,分别饲喂不同日粮(试验A组完全补饲精料补充料、试验B组补饲精料补充料与苜蓿颗粒各占50%),试验期为163d,试验结束后比较两组的日增重。[结果]补饲水平不同对云南摩本杂F1代奶水牛犊牛早期增重影响很大,试验A组增重效果明显好于试验B组。[结论]试验表明在云南摩本杂F1代奶水牛犊牛早期饲养过程中适当增加精料补充料的饲喂量,可以获得更高日增重。     

不同结构性开食料对哺乳期娟姗犊牛生长发育的影响

为了比较不同结构性开食料对娟姗犊牛生长发育的影响,试验选择10日龄的娟姗犊牛27头,随机分成3组,分别饲喂不同来源和结构的开食料。A组饲喂犊牛颗粒料;B组饲喂90%自配精饲料+10%糖蜜豆皮颗粒;C组饲喂80%自配精饲料+20%苜蓿草粉。结果表明:A组、B组、C组犊牛哺乳期发病率相同(11.11%);60日龄、90日龄体重各组间无显著差异(P0.05),犊牛0~60日龄、0~90日龄平均日增重无显著差异(P0.05),但以C组增重效果最佳;断奶采食量B组最高,各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。说明采用开食料饲养犊牛效果良好,对犊牛的生长发育无显著影响,其中80%自配精饲料+20%苜蓿草粉最适合饲喂娟姗哺乳期犊牛。     

全混合日粮对断奶后期犊牛生长发育的影响

本试验主要探讨全混合日粮（TMR）对断奶后期犊牛生长发育的影响。试验选取40头3月龄断奶后体重、体型均一的健康母犊牛随机分为试验组（TMR饲养）和对照组（传统饲养）,分别在4、5、6月龄进行体重和体尺的测量。结果显示,TMR对断奶犊牛的生长发育有加快的趋势,阶段末体重和日增重与对照组相比差异均极显著（P＜0.01）;5、6月龄阶段犊牛体尺指标,与对照组相比影响达显著水平（P＜0.05）,表明TMR饲喂模式比传统饲养更有利于断奶后犊牛早期生长发育。     

新疆褐牛犊牛补饲试验效果分析

[目的]为探讨新疆褐牛犊牛补饲对其生长发育以及经济效益的影响,[方法]试验选取新疆褐牛犊牛20头,分为试验组和对照组,试验组犊牛在哺乳的基础上补饲精料,4月龄断奶,对照组分阶段饲喂,6月龄断奶。同时测定4月龄、6月龄的体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重并计算日增重和经济效益。[结果]结果表明,与对照组相比,4月龄试验组在体高、体斜长有着明显的提高,6月龄试验组在体斜长、胸围、管围、体重和日增重也有着明显的提高,但均为达到显著水平(P0.05)。经济效益分析结果表明,通过犊牛早期补饲可明显提高农牧民收入,节约饲养成本,相比传统饲喂方式每头犊牛饲养至6月龄可节约成本342元。[结论]综上,早期补饲对可提高新疆褐牛犊牛的生长性能,对改善养殖经济效益,提高经济收入有着显著的效果。     

Effect of calf weaning age and cow supplementation on cow productivity

Five years of data were collected on 124 Brangus-type cows to evaluate weaning calves at 8.5 or 10.5 mo of age and winter supplementation of the brood cow with 2.25 kg of molasses daily. Cows with calves weaned at 10.5 mg of age gained 14 kg less weight (P less than .01) during the late nursing period than did cows from which calves were earlier weaned. Age of calf at weaning had no effect on cow reproduction, but calves weaned at 10.5 mo were 2 to 3 d younger (P less than .06) and 5.3 kg lighter (P less than .05) at 8.5 mo of age. During the last 2 mo of nursing, calves weaned at 10.5 mo of age gained 37.2 kg and had a 31.9-kg heavier weaning weight than calves weaned at 8.5 mo of age. Molasses supplementation resulted in differences (P less than .01) in cow weight changes. Cows fed molasses had calving percentages 5 to 7 units higher (P less than .30) than cows not fed molasses. Feeding cows molasses for 145 d throughout the calving and breeding season increased calf weaning weight 7.7 (P less than .02) and 11.2 (P less than .03) kg, respectively, at 8.5 and 10.5 mo of age over the nonsupplemented controls.     

Production characters of straightbred, F1 and F2 cows: birth and weaning characters of terminal-cross calves

Records of 2,449 births and 2,120 weanings of terminal-cross calves were used to characterize maternal productivity of first- and second-generation cows from a diallel of Angus, Brahman, Hereford, Holstein and Jersey when mated to third-breed sires. Third- and later-parity cows were randomly assigned after each parturition to Charolais and Red Poll bulls in multiple-sire pastures. Calves were weaned at approximately 7 mo of age; males were not castrated. A mixed model was assumed for data analysis. Effects included in the model were breed-type of dam, cow within breed-type of dam (random), breed of sire of calf, season of record, year of record, age of dam group, sex of calf and age of calf (covariate). Age of dam groups were 4- and 5-yr-olds, 6- and 7-yr-olds, 8-, 9- and 10-yr-olds, and those greater than 10 yr of age. Dependent variables were calf weight, shoulder width and hip width at birth, weaning weight, weaning height and survival to weaning. Holstein and Holstein crosses tended to produce the largest calves at birth and weaning. Among straightbred dams, the smallest calves were born to Brahman, whereas Hereford weaned the smallest calves. Brahman-Jersey dams produced the smallest calves at birth among crossbreds; Angus-Hereford cows weaned the smallest calves. Average maternal heterosis estimates for birth weight were small and non-significant. Calves of F1 crossbred dams were 17.4 kg heavier (P less than .01) and 1.70 cm taller (P less than .01) at weaning than calves of first-generation straightbred dams.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶生长发育情况分析

[目的]探索犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶的可行性,为推广犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶技术提供依据,增加养殖企业的经济效益成本。[方法]试验选取出生后3月龄的西门塔尔犊牛,进行断奶饲养,测量断奶后不同日龄的体重及体尺指标,分析其生长发育情况,并对体重及体尺进行相关性分析。[结果]西门塔尔犊牛断奶后增重快速,断奶后90天,犊牛平均体重达到269.67kg,断奶后平均总增重达到101.54kg,全程日均增重为1128.22g。断奶后90天与断奶后30天比较,体斜长、体高、胸宽、胸深、胸围、腹围、臀围均呈现增加的趋势,其中增长较快的是腹围,其次是胸围,分别增加了19.0cm,14.67cm。体重与体斜长、体高、胸宽、胸深、胸围、腹围、臀围均呈正相关,其中体重与体斜长、体高、胸深、胸围、腹围呈极显著相关(p<0.01)。[结论]犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶后犊牛生长发育情况较好,犊牛早期(3月龄)断奶具有较强的可行性,可大范围推广。     

不同全株玉米青贮饲喂量对妊娠期母牛体况、血液指标及后代犊牛的影响

试验旨在研究全株玉米青贮饲喂量及精粗饲料配比对妊娠期母牛体况、血液指标及后代犊牛的影响。选用40头体重相近、2岁、1胎的妊娠期7个月左右的西门塔尔母牛,随机分为4组,每组10头,试验期3个月。Ⅰ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮14 kg、燕麦秸1 kg、精料补充料3 kg,Ⅱ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸1 kg、精料补充料1 kg,Ⅲ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸2 kg,Ⅳ组每头每天饲喂全株玉米青贮22 kg、燕麦秸1 kg。产犊后各组母牛统一更换为泌乳料,母牛带犊哺乳,6月龄断奶。结果表明:Ⅳ组的干物质摄入量低于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的氮摄入量低于其他组(P<0.01),Ⅰ组最高(P<0.01);Ⅲ组的纤维摄入量高于其他组(P<0.01);各组体况评分无差异;妊娠期7月末,Ⅳ组血液锰含量低于其他组(P<0.05);妊娠期9月末,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组的血清尿素氮含量低于其他组(P<0.01);Ⅳ组母牛所产犊牛的胸围低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),且有3头因生长缺陷被淘汰;6月龄时,各组犊牛体况指标无差异。综上,推荐肉牛能繁母牛妊娠后期每日提供全株玉米青贮19 kg、燕麦秸1~2 kg、精料补充料0~1 kg。     

Productivity of Crossbred Dairy Cows Suckling their Calves for 12 or 24 Weeks Post Calving

An experiment on restricted suckling of crossbred dairy cows was conducted at the Livestock Research Centre, Tanga in northeast Tanzania. Thirty-six Bos taurus (Holstein Friesian and Jersey) x Bos indicus (East African Zebu) cows were allocated alternately as they calved to suckling their calves for either 12 or 24 weeks after calving. Cows grazed improved pastures and were offered 4 kg concentrate daily. Milking occurred twice daily by hand; calves were allowed to suck residual milk for 30 min following each milking. Calves were also allowed access to grazing and were offered a maximum of 1 kg concentrate daily to 24 weeks of age. Weaning age had no significant effect on lactation milk yield for human consumption, the mean (SE) yield being 1806 (102.0) L and 1705 (129.1) L for 12- and 24-week weaning, respectively. Cows from the two treatments suffered similar losses of live weight and body condition score during lactation and neither group had returned to the original body condition score 40 weeks following calving. Post-partum anoestrous intervals were prolonged. Although not significant, cows suckling calves to 24 weeks had a mean interval to first oestrus extended by 38 days compared with cows suckling calves to 12 weeks. The mean (SE) daily live weight gains of the calves to 52 weeks were 263 (14.1) g/day and 230 (18.1) g/day for calves weaned at 12 and 24 weeks, respectively, such that 12-month weights were 119 (5.6) kg and 110 (7.3) kg, respectively. Twelve-week-weaned calves consumed more concentrate (p<0.05) from 13 to 24 weeks than did 24-week weaned calves. Calculation of residual milk consumption removed by calves from birth to 12 weeks indicated that it accounted for 28%) of total yield. No benefits in cow and calf performance and welfare were found to justify prolonging the suckling period to 24 weeks.     

Influence of restricted suckling and level of feed supplementation on postpartum reproductive performance of zebu and crossbred cattle in the semi-arid tropics.

This study was carried out in central Tanzania on a group of 45 Zebu and 37 crossbred cows which were 4 to 10 years old. At calving time, the animals were allocated to one of the 4 treatment groups. In addition to free access to grazing for all cows in the study, in group H:AR (n = 18), cows were fed a high level of concentrate supplementation (4kg/day) and calves were artificially reared; in group H:RS (n = 24), cows were fed a high level of concentrate supplementation (4kg/day) and calves were only allowed restricted suckling up until the weaning age of 6 months. In group L:AR (n = 23) cows were fed a low level of concentrate supplementation (2kg/day) and calves were artificially reared; and in group L:RS (n = 17) cows were fed a low level of concentrate supplementation (2kg/day) and calves were only allowed restricted suckling up until the weaning age of 6 months. Milk progesterone was used as a means of determining the postpartum resumption interval (PRI) and the interval from parturition to conception (PCI). The overall PRI was 47.4 +/- 0.4 days and was significantly affected by breed but not by calving season, with crossbred cows exhibiting a shorter PRI than Zebu cows. The effect of the treatments was significant, with cows in the group H:AR displaying a significantly shorter PRI than those in the other groups, while cows in group L:RS showed a significantly longer PRI than those in the other groups. The overall PCI was 149.5 +/- 3.7 days, and was not significantly affected by breed or calving season. The effect of the treatments was significant, with cows in the group H:AR having a significantly shorter PCI than cows in the other groups, while cows in group L:RS showed a significantly longer PCI than those in the other groups. Crossbred cows had higher live weights at calving (299.4 kg) than Zebu cows (272.6 kg), while all cows gained weight during the first 3 months after calving. The treatments had a significant effect on weight gain, with cows in the group H:AR gaining significantly more weight than those in the other groups. Cows which had high live weights at calving exhibited significantly shorter PRI and PCI than the lighter cows. Animals which had gained more than 5 kg during the first month after calving, or which had gained more than 8 kg during the first 3 months after calving, showed significantly shorter PRI and PCI than cows which had gained less weight. The results show that the calf rearing system and the level of feed supplementation interact with each other and can influence the postpartum anoestrous period in Zebu and Zebu crossbred cattle. Increasing the level of nutrition in restricted suckling cows tended to improve the postpartum anoestrous period, but the positive effects of supplementation could not completely compensate for the negative effects of suckling.     

Sire breed effects in matings with Angus cows: I. Fertility, calf survival and performance to 18 months

Over six calf crops, 524 exposures of Angus cows to three sire breeds resulted in 432 weaned calves for an 82.4% calf crop. Least-squares means for weaning rate by sire breed were 81.8, 80.5 and 83.9% for Angus, Charolais and Holsteins, respectively. Sire breed effect was not significant for calving rate, calf mortality or overall weaning rate, but was significant for all growth traits from birth to 18 mo. Angus-sired calves were smallest at birth, grew at a slower rate and were lightest in weight at all ages. Charolais-sired calves were heaviest at all weigh periods and Holstein-sired calves were intermediate. Holstein-sired calves scored significantly lower for both grade and condition than did Angus- and Charolais-sired calves. Charolais-sired calves had the highest grade. Calving rate tended to be influenced by the effect of cow (P less than .10) and sire breed X year (P less than .001). Calving rate was highest for 3-yr-old and for 6- to 10-yr-old cows and was also 1.5 percentage units higher for crossbred matings. Cow productivity (kg of calf weaned/cow exposed) is a combined measure of fertility, calf survival and weaning weight. Although sire breed did not significantly affect cow productivity (P less than .20), actual values favored cows producing crossbred calves by 14 and 9 kg for Charolais and Holstein crosses, respectively. Likewise, weight differences at 18 mo favored these crosses by 50 and 32 kg for heifers and 72 and 62 kg for steers. Among the two crossbred types, Charolais X Angus heifers were 28 kg heavier (P less than .05) than Holstein X Angus heifers at 18 mo but the 10 kg difference in steers was not significant. The fact that the large sire breeds produced calves with heavier weaning weights without demonstrating significant increases in overall productivity points out the importance of high weaning rates.     

PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF FEMALE CATTLE IN THE KIMBERLEY REGION OF NORTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA

Three experiments were done to determine the influence of supplementary feeding with crushed whole cotton seed and weaning on the productivity of breeding female cattle under range conditions in the Kimberley region, north-western Australia. In the first experiment, supplementary feeding cut losses of breeding cows from 47% to nil, and increased calf turn-off from 18% to 58%, in a sample of cattle from Argyle Downs cattle station during a severe dry season. In the second experiment, weaning calves at 4–6 months of age reduced weight loss in supplemented cows, from 21 to 8% over the last 100 days of the dry season, although the subsequent growth of supplemented weaned calves was inferior to that of non-weaned calves. In the third experiment, weaning of calves had no effect on body weight changes in supplemented cows, although non-weaned calves gained significantly faster than weaned supplemented calves. Control of cattle tick infestation by spraying increased blood haematocrit and haemoglobin values, but had no effect on total plasma proteins. A survey of feral cattle in the Kimberley area showed depressed blood haeboglobin, haematocrit and plasma protein values in breeding cows compared with other classes of cattle.