磷营养对水稻籽粒锌生物有效性的影响及其与植酸等磷酸肌醇谱含量的关系

作物籽粒锌缺乏所导致的“隐性饥饿”已威胁到全世界1/3人群的健康。为明确磷对水稻籽粒锌的生物有效性的影响,利用大田磷肥长期定位试验,并结合稻穗离体培养技术,探讨了不同外源磷浓度下水稻籽粒锌的生物有效性的变化及其与籽粒植酸等磷酸肌醇谱含量的关系。试验表明高磷处理显著增加水稻籽粒中植酸磷和总磷的含量,以及不同价位磷酸肌醇(InsP1-6)含量,其中以高价磷酸肌醇(InsP4-6)在磷供给下的增幅最为显著。与籽粒植酸的变化趋势相反,高磷水平降低了稻米中锌的含量及其有效性。稻穗离体培养中,高磷(P12)处理相比无磷(P0)对照,籽粒锌的有效性降幅高达81.3%。因此,过量磷肥投入会通过显著提高水稻籽粒中的植酸及高价磷酸肌醇含量,在同步降低籽粒锌含量的同时,进一步显著降低其在水稻籽粒中的生物有效性。     

甜玉米籽粒主要营养品质研究现状与展望

本文就甜玉米乳熟期籽粒营养品质性状的测定评价、不同基因型甜玉米籽粒营养品质遗传特点及其育种实践的研究进行了综述.剖析了甜玉米品质育种与品质研究中存在的问题,即甜玉米品质育种资源匮乏、品种类型单一、品质较差,对甜玉米品质形成过程中关键酶的动态变化与甜玉米食味研究较少.为此提出了甜玉米籽粒营养品质形成过程中急需开展的研究内容及与其配套的研究新方法和新手段.     

磷肥用量对甜玉米磷素吸收利用的影响

明确磷素吸收利用特性,是磷素高效利用及作物高产的基础。本研究通过2年田间磷肥梯度定位试验,研究不同磷肥供应(0、37.5、75、150和300kghm^–2,分别用P0、P1、P2、P3和P4表示)对甜玉米产量、不同器官生物量和磷素累积与分配、磷素转运特征和磷肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,磷肥供应均显著提高2018年和2019年甜玉米的鲜穗产量,但不同磷肥供应处理(P1~P4)之间的产量差异不显著,磷肥供应显著提高甜玉米拔节期、吐丝期和鲜食期植株的生物量及磷素累积量,其中籽粒磷素累积量约占植株磷素累积量的42%。磷肥供应下花后磷同化对甜玉米穗部磷素累积量的贡献率达到57.3%~93.0%;而1kg磷素生产鲜穗量、磷素生理效率、农学效率、回收利用率和偏生产力均随着磷肥供应量增加而明显下降。综合考虑产量与磷肥利用效率,在本试验条件下,37.5 kg hm^–2磷肥供应可满足甜玉米高产和磷肥高效利用的需求。     

纳米锌和离子锌对水稻产量形成及籽粒锌含量的影响

以优质食味粳稻南粳9108为材料,于2018和2019年采用盆栽试验方式,设置了纳米锌和离子锌2种锌形态及4个施用量（0、7.5、30和60kg/hm²）处理,研究了不同用量纳米锌和离子锌对水稻产量及其构成因素和籽粒锌积累量的影响,为水稻锌肥合理选择和施用提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施锌处理（CK）相比,纳米锌和离子锌施用均能显著增加水稻产量,各处理增产幅度在1.3%~11.9%,且水稻籽粒产量随锌施用量的增加而增加。相同锌施用量条件下,纳米锌增产效果显著高于离子锌处理,其原因在于纳米锌处理水稻具有更高的有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率。与离子锌处理相比,纳米锌处理显著提高了水稻干物质积累量、叶面积指数、叶片净光合速率、叶片气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度和蒸腾速率,从而促进了水稻产量的形成。与CK处理相比,纳米锌和离子锌施用均可显著增加籽粒锌含量和锌积累量。纳米锌处理的籽粒锌含量和积累量分别较离子锌处理增加了4.5%~10.3%和6.2%~15.4%。综上所述,对于促进水稻籽粒产量及其构成因素,纳米锌较离子锌具有明显优势,同时施用纳米锌能够有效提高籽粒锌含量,可作为提高稻米营养品质的有效措施。     

甜玉米不同采收期籽粒品质性状研究

为研究不同采收期甜玉米品质性状的变化,以7个国内生产主推甜玉米品种为研究材料,设置授粉后15、18、21、24、27、30天共计6个采收期,动态监测甜玉米籽粒含水率、果皮厚度和糖组分等指标。结果表明：（1）参试甜玉米品种的籽粒含水率在授粉后15~30天呈下降趋势,其籽粒含水率变幅为80.09%~68.76%。不同甜玉米品种间籽粒含水率的平均下降速率各异。‘京科甜608’、‘京科甜533’和‘中农大甜413’籽粒含水率下降速率相对缓慢。（2）参试甜玉米品种果皮厚度随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低的单峰变化趋势,峰值出现在授粉后21天左右。不同品种间籽粒平均果皮厚度以‘京科甜608’和‘米哥’最低,为78.40 μm;‘中农大甜413’最高,为91.63 μm。（3）参试甜玉米品种籽粒中葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~30天呈降低趋势,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘京科甜608’葡萄糖和果糖含量在授粉后15~24天相对较高。蔗糖和山梨醇含量随授粉后天数增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在授粉后21~30天,蔗糖含量以‘京科甜158’和‘米哥’含量相对较高。籽粒发育初期（授粉后21天之前）,籽粒中以果糖和葡萄糖为主,之后蔗糖逐渐增加。不同品种间,‘京科甜533’、‘京科甜183’、‘中农大甜413’和‘京科甜608’籽粒中总糖含量均高于‘米哥’,其籽粒中糖组分主要以果糖和葡萄糖等还原性糖为主,而蔗糖含量相对较低。     

甜玉米籽粒不同采收期含水量与物性品质的相关性

为了明确不同采收期下甜玉米籽粒含水量和物性品质的差异,以我国主推京科甜608等7个甜玉米品种为研究材料,设置授粉后12,15,18,21,24,27,30 d共计7个采收期处理,研究了不同采收期下甜玉米籽粒TPA物性特征值、感官品质和含水量的动态变化。利用主成分分析将各TPA物性特征参数转换成3个彼此独立的综合指标;利用隶属函数法对3个综合指标分析,得到各参试品种不同采收期TPA物性综合评价D值。结果表明:参试甜玉米品种TPA物性特征参数、感官品质特征参数和含水量均存在不同程度的相关性。参试甜玉米品种感官品质在不同品种和采收期间存在差异,其中气味、风味、色泽和甜度随采收期的推迟呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值均出现在22 d左右。不同品种间,平均外观品质、气味、风味、甜度以京科甜533、京科甜608、中农大甜413评分相对较高。柔嫩度以米哥和京科甜608评分相对较高;皮薄厚以京科甜608和中农大甜413评分相对较高。通过对TPA物性综合D值、感官品质总评分和含水量的比较得知,感官品质总评分均在85以上时,含水量在76. 39%～74. 56%,TPA物性综合D值在0. 23～0. 46。平均TPA物性综合D值在以米哥、京科甜608、中农大甜413相对较低,平均感官品质评分以京科甜533最高(80. 65),其次是京科甜608(80. 31),京科甜158和京科甜183评分相对较低,分别是76. 8,76. 7。降水速率以中农大甜413(0. 72%/d)、京科甜533(0. 77%/d)、京科甜608(0. 81%/d)相对较低。     

有机肥对石灰性土壤中锌,锰生物有效性的影响

本研究发现，有机肥猪粪，牛粪和腐熟玉米秸秆具有一定的提供锌、锰能力；石灰性土壤施有机肥能显著提高土壤锌锰的有效性；有机肥对土壤中锌、锰具有一定的活力能力；锌肥与有机肥配施可降低土壤对锌肥的固定能力，提高锌肥的利用率。     

禽粪有机肥对土壤锌积累特征及其生物有效性的影响

针对畜禽粪便有机肥中Zn含量普遍偏高的状况,本研究采用盆栽试验的方法开展了鸡粪和鸭粪的施用对土壤Zn积累特征及其生物有效性的影响研究.结果表明,随着鸡粪和鸭粪施用量的增加,土壤全Zn含量、有效Zn含量均趋于上升趋势.有机肥鸡粪和鸭粪的施用量与土壤全Zn含量、有效Zn含量的关系均分别符合二次型曲线和线性模型.检验结果表明...     

不同厚度聚乙烯膜包装对甜玉米贮藏品质的影响

为研究不同厚度聚乙烯(PE)膜包装对甜玉米冷库贮藏期间品质的影响,采用0.02 mm和0.03 mm PE膜包装甜玉米,并于0℃冷库中贮藏,考察其感官评分、失重率、皱缩率、色泽的变化,并对其呼吸速率、乙烯生成率及可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、淀粉含量进行测定,使用电子鼻比较其风味品质的差异。结果表明:0.02 mm PE膜包装可显著降低甜玉米贮藏过程中的呼吸速率,抑制乙烯生成,延缓苞叶失绿黄化,保持甜玉米籽粒色泽,提高甜玉米可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量,降低其淀粉含量,从而维持甜玉米的贮藏品质和风味品质。试验表明,0.02 mm PE膜包装在维持甜玉米采后贮藏品质方面有较好的效果,该研究为甜玉米采后包装材料的选择提供一定参考和数据支撑。     

灌溉制度对不同基因型燕麦籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素含量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了不同灌水时期、灌水次数和灌水量对两个不同类型燕麦品种内农大莜1号（Avena nuda L.）和白燕7号（A. sativa L.）籽粒产量及营养品质性状的影响。结果表明,内农大莜1号籽粒粗蛋白、总磷、钙、镁、锌、铁（P<0.01）和钾含量（P<0.05）高于白燕7号。不同灌水制度对植酸、总磷、蛋白质、钙、镁、钾、锌、铁和铜含量有显著影响,全生育期灌水3次（底墒+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量1 800 m3 hm^-2;或灌水4次（底墒+分蘖水+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量2 400 m3 hm^-2有利于燕麦籽粒产量和大多数品质性状的提高。大多数品质性状存在显著的品种×灌水互作效应。不同营养品质性状随灌水量变化规律不一致,并存在基因型差异。     

磷肥用量对甜玉米磷素吸收利用的影响

Understanding the phosphorus (P) absorption mechanism is the premise for high P utilization and high crop yield. In this study, the effects of different P rates (0, 37.5, 75, 150, and 300 kg hm^-2, expressed as P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4, respectively) on sweet corn yield, biomass and P accumulation and tissue distribution, P transportation and P utilization were studied using a two-year P gradient positioning field experiment. Our results showed that P application significantly increased the fresh ear yield of sweet corn, but the yield difference among different P application rates (P1-P4) was not significant from 2018 to 2019 compared with P0 treatment. P application significantly increased the biomass and P accumulation of sweet corn plants at jointing, silking and fresh eating stages, respectively. In addition, P accumulation in grain was not significant different, which accounting for 42% of plant P accumulation. With P application, the contribution rate of P assimilation to the ear P accumulation was 57.3%-93.0% after anthesis, while the fresh ear yield per P accumulation, P physiological efficiency, agronomic efficiency, recovery efficiency and partial productivity decreased with P rates. Considering the yield and utilization efficiency of phosphate fertilizer, the supply of 37.5 kg hm^-2 of phosphate fertilizer can meet the needs of high yield and efficient utilization of phosphate fertilizer in sweet corn in this experiment.     

不同磷水平下2个玉米品种磷素分配与植酸磷积累的研究

植酸是谷物种子磷的主要贮存形式,降低玉米籽粒中植酸磷含量对减少粪磷污染有重要意义。利用田间试验,研究了不同供磷水平对2个玉米品种生长期间不同部位磷含量与籽粒植酸磷积累的影响。结果表明：施用磷肥可以提高2个玉米品种籽粒中总磷和植酸磷的含量以及积累量;金海5号的植酸磷含量与积累量均高于浚单20;植酸磷占全磷的比例在50％－62％之间,高植酸品种金海5号略高于低植酸品种浚单20;随着施磷肥水平的增加,降低了2个品种根、雄穗、穗轴等部位的磷转移率,但各部位转移到籽粒中的总磷的比例受施磷影响较小;玉米乳熟期穗位叶、苞叶、完熟期籽粒磷含量及磷积累量与植酸磷积累量成显著正相关。     

Variation in sweet corn kernel characteristics associated with stand establishment and eating quality

Summary A better understanding of the relationships between kernel characteristics associated with eating quality and stand establishment could be helpful in selection of superior genotypes by the sweet corn industry. A set of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines with different endosperm mutations (su1, su1 se1 and sh2) were evaluated for field emergence and seedling growth rate at two locations over two years. Kernel characteristics associated with eating quality (kernel moisture concentration, kernel tenderness, sugars, phytoglycogen and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations were determined for the same inbreds by laboratory analysis from ears harvested at 18 and 22 days after pollination (DAP). Amounts of sugars, phytoglycogen and starch were also measured in mature dry kernel samples of the same inbreds. Extensive genetic variability was found among endosperm mutations and among genetic backgrounds within the different endosperm groups for most of the characteristics under study. Most of the kernel attributes associated with eating quality were uncorrelated indicating that selection to improve specific eating quality characteristics can be conducted simultaneously. A negative correlation between field emergence and sugar concentrations in immature kernels suggests that in breeding programs designed to develop germplasm with improved germination and stand establishment, concurrent attention must be given to the fresh quality of the harvested product. This information is of value to breeders and commercial growers for selection of sh2 and su1 se1 lines with superior field emergence and eating quality.Abbreviations (DAP) days after pollination - (DMS) dimethyl sulfide     

超甜玉米不同生育期各部位微量元素分配

为了掌握超甜玉米微量元素的分配变化规律,科学地施微量元素肥料,对儋州地区生长正常玉米植株的分别采样分析,测定不同生育期根、茎、叶及果实中铁、锰、铜、锌、硼等5种微量元素养分含量,研究其分配规律,其结果表明：1、超甜玉米根、茎、叶、果实等组织微量元素含量存在显著差异。其中在根中Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B;茎中Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu>B;叶片中Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B;果实中Zn>Fe>Mn>Cu>B;全株Fe>Zn>Mn>Cu>B。2、茎中的Cu、Zn与全株的关系达显著相关,叶片铁含量与全株的关系达显著相关,根和茎锰含量与全株关系均达显著相关。3、各组织微量元素含存在不同生育期的差异     

Identifying open-pollinated populations of field corn as sources of cold tolerance for improving sweet corn

Sweet corn has poor cold tolerance and adaptation to the European Atlantic coast. Our objectives were to identify sources of favorable alleles for improving cold tolerance of three sweet corn hybrids, to compare sources of cold tolerance and early vigor, and to provide additional information on the relationships among different classes of loci and estimators of favorable alleles for cold tolerance. Each of ten field corn populations was crossed to four sweet corn inbreds. The field by sweet corn hybrids, the populations, the inbreds and the target hybrids were evaluated under cold conditions. Estimates of the mean frequencies of four classes of loci in the populations, and six estimators of favorable alleles (lp_lμ', PTC, UBND, NI, PNG_g, and PNG_ceg) and GCA were computed. The population by inbred crosses were significantly different for emergence proportion and survival. Correlations between lp_lμ', UBND, PTC and NI were high for emergence proportion. Most estimates of favorable alleles were significantly different from zero but not among populations. PTC was used to choose the best potential donor populations. The US Corn Belt Dent population AS-3(HT)C3 and the Spanish flint population Oroso were the best potential donors of favorable alleles for emergence proportion and survival under cold conditions, respectively. The ability to germinate and survive under cold conditions may be necessary, but it does not ensure adaptation to cold humid springs. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

福建省甜玉米新品种试验初报

旨在筛选适合福建省推广应用的高产、优质、抗病甜玉米新品种,为调整福建省农业产业结构,因地制宜地推广甜玉米新品种提供科学依据,促进福建省玉米产业的发展。通过对福建省新近审定的‘榕甜2号’、‘黄甜168’、‘粤甜16’等11个品种进行品种比较试验,对各参试品种的丰产性、适应性、抗逆性、主要农艺性状及经济性状的田间测定结果及采后考种结果进行比较分析。结果表明,‘榕甜2号’、‘黄甜168’、‘榕甜1号’、‘金黄甜1号’等4个品种,分别比对照增产24.3%、18.8%、15.7%、12.3%,籽粒品质和口感均较好,锈病和大小斑病等病害皆较轻,可以在福建省扩大推广与应用;‘世珍’、‘金桂3号’、‘粤甜22’、‘闽甜4号’等6个品种因产量偏低或易感病,不宜在福建省内推广。     

秋播甜玉米氮磷钾营养特点及施肥对其影响研究

摘 要：田间试验结果表明,甜玉米生长发育过程中,植株的P含量从苗期到收获基本没有明显变化而NK含量随着生长期后延不断下降,但NPK养分积累随生物量增加而不断增加。施用NK肥料显著提高植株NK含量和NPK吸收累积量,施P对提高植株P含量和累积量效果不明显。从苗期植株NK含量约6倍于收获期,吐丝到成熟收获期间NK吸收累积量出现突跃式增长的营养特点分析认为,甜玉米的苗期(6-10叶)和吐丝期是两个重要的营养敏感期,在优质丰产栽培技术中需提供充足的土壤养分供应。     

甜玉米种子活力低下原因及其种子处理方法

综述有关甜玉米种子活力低下的生理、遗传和环境等因素的研究进展，种子引发，包衣和有机溶剂渗入等种子处理方法对提高甜玉米种子活力和田间出苗率的效果及其应用前景。