铈基燃油催化剂改善柴油机颗粒物捕集器再生效果

颗粒捕集器(diesel Particulate filter,DPF)是目前公认的最有效的柴油机排气颗粒物后处理装置,为了去除DPF内部沉积颗粒,实现DPF再生,采用提高排气温度或催化燃烧的方法来促进颗粒物燃烧。该文采用环烷酸铈溶剂作为燃油催化再生添加剂(fuel borne catalyst,FBC),对柴油机DPF的再生平衡温度、压降特性和燃烧灰烬等进行试验研究。试验结果表明:DPF再生平衡温度因FBC的催化作用从500℃以上下降到约450℃,从而增加了颗粒捕集器的颗粒储备能力,并能够有效再生;柴油机燃油消耗率随着排气背压的增加而上升;燃用FBC测试燃油时DPF前后压差较纯柴油上升缓慢,其达到排气背压再生阀值的周期变长;同时,随再生次数的增多,再生后DPF的前后压差呈线性增加,捕集效率却逐渐提高。该文采用燃油添加剂可以明显降低颗粒的着火点。结合电加热装置,可有效提高DPF的再生效果,有效过滤柴油车尾气中的颗粒物,对柴油车尾气净化及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。     

微粒捕集器喷油助燃再生喷油与补气的优化控制

为实现柴油机微粒捕集器喷油助燃再生的优化控制,该文基于原喷油量优化控制模型,在考虑补气的前提下,结合过滤体再生入口临界温度模型对其边界终止温度条件的强化,对微粒捕集器再生过程烟气最优升温速度曲线予以了改进,并获得了喷油量/补气量的最优控制目标函数。从其在线优化控制结果来看,喷油量最优值随再生时间变化呈先减小后增加的趋势。相应补气量变化趋势与最佳喷油量的变化一致,受排气氧含量富余程度影响,对应的补气量在越过最低点后增长的速度不一致。试验结果表明,对喷油量/补气量予以最优控制后,整个再生过程油耗可降低34.6%～40.2%。为提高整个微粒捕集器喷油助燃再生过程的操作水平和经济效益提供了参考。     

微粒捕集器再生背压阈值MAP图建立及其应用

为获得柴油机微粒捕集器（diesel particulate filter,DPF）再生背压阈值以提供再生时机判断基准,针对该文设计的喷油助燃再生系统,提出以总油耗量法为基础DPF再生时机背压判断法。基于AVL-BOOST平台建立装有 DPF 发动机的仿真模型,并试验验证其油耗、功率、转矩、排气温度及 DPF 背压变化模拟值,对比结果表明,该模型具有较好的实用性,为获得较高密度和精度的测点值创造条件。沿发动机纵、横向工况分布面上采用最小二乘拟合法与区间分段线性插值法,借助MATLAB对装有干净DPF的发动机等油耗曲面进行拟合。通过设置仿真模型中DPF模块微粒层厚度,记录各工况油耗,并从中筛选出较干净过滤体发动机油耗超过5%时所对应的DPF背压值作为背压阈值,进一步建立DPF再生背压阈值脉谱图（map of arterial pressure, MAP）。从应用试验来看,相同控制策略下采用该MAP判断再生时机可保证DPF再生过程在5～10 min内完成,过滤体内峰值温度及最大温度梯度均低于安全阈值1400 K、75 K/cm,表明该MAP具有较好的实用性,这为实现微粒捕集器的快速、安全再生提供了依据和技术参考。     

柴油机燃烧甲醇/生物柴油尾气颗粒物热解特性分析

采集了甲醇/生物柴油(5%、10%、15%)混合燃料在柴油机燃烧的尾气颗粒。采用热重分析仪和切线法、Flynn-Wall-Ozawa(FWO)热解动力学方法,研究颗粒挥发及氧化规律,分析了颗粒热解特征温度和活化能。结果表明:随着甲醇掺混量的增加,颗粒中H_2O的质量分数由2.6%增加到3.5%,可溶有机物(soluble organic fraction,SOF)质量分数由26.1%增加到32.5%,SOF的质量变化速率增大,对应的峰值温度后移;在O_2氛围中,SOF挥发阶段与在N2氛围中的表现基本一致,但质量变化速率明显增大;碳烟(soot)质量减小,由70.3%减少到63.8%,soot质量变化率峰值增大;SOF析出温度变化较小,soot起始燃烧温度明显降低,由488℃降低到458℃,SOF起始燃烧温度与燃尽温度均有所降低,颗粒的热解总反应时间缩短;颗粒的热解反应活化能由140.3 k J/mol降低117.3 k J/mol,颗粒的热解性能增强,颗粒更易被氧化。研究结果可为甲醇/生物柴油燃烧颗粒的处理及柴油机颗粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)再生提供依据。     

小型非道路柴油机排气管内颗粒的粒径分布与氧化特性

为了深入了解柴油机颗粒在排气管内的变化过程,分析柴油机颗粒粒径分布和氧化特性的变化趋势,采用废气排放颗粒物粒径谱仪(engine exhaust particle Sizer,EEPS),测量了柴油机沿排气气流运动方向,不同位置的颗粒粒径,研究了不同位置颗粒粒径的分布规律;应用热重/差热同步分析仪,分析了沿排气气流方向不同位置颗粒的表观活化能、着火温度、燃尽特性指数等特征参数的变化规律。结果表明:沿柴油机排气气流方向,核态颗粒数量减小,聚集态颗粒数量增加;聚集态颗粒的粒径增大。热重试验结果表明:沿柴油机排气气流方向,在SOF挥发阶段和soot氧化过程中,颗粒失质量速率增加,失质量峰值对应温度降低;颗粒中H2O质量由1.3%增加到2.46%,SOF质量由38.21%增加到42.05%,soot质量由57.84%减少到52.24%,灰分质量由3.01%增加到3.25%;颗粒的指前因子由7.93×1012减小到4.67×1012,反应活化能由157.3降低到127.9,着火温度由546℃降低到501℃,降低了约8.2%,燃烧特性指数由8.16×10-9增加到1.62×10-8,燃尽特性指数上升了14.5%。该研究是对颗粒衍化机理的完善,可为颗粒捕集器的优化设计提供参考。     

DOC催化剂配方对轻型柴油机气态物排放性能的影响

基于发动机台架测试,研究了DOC氧化型催化转化器(diesel oxidation catalytic converter,DOC)配方对安装有DOC+催化型颗粒捕集器(catalyzed diesel particulate filter,CDPF)+选择性催化还原系统(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)后处理系统的轻型柴油机气态物排放性能的影响,结果表明:DOC配方的改变对发动机经济性无显著影响;随贵金属负载量的增加以及Pt/Pd比例的减少,CO和总碳氢化合物(THC)的T50降低,CO和THC的低温段转化率(300℃)升高,但随温度的继续升高,贵金属负载量或Pd的增加对CO和THC转化率的有利影响逐渐减弱,高温段平均转化率(≥300℃)差距较小;NO转化率随贵金属负载量的增加而增加;NO转化率对Pt含量更为敏感,Pt含量高的配方能促NO的氧化,与CO和THC转化率变化规律相反;当SCR入口温度低时,高的NO2浓度有利于提高SCR对NOx的转化效率,当SCR入口温度高时,SCR对NOx的转化效率均达到了90%以上且无明显差距;未发现DOC配方改变对外特性下CDPF压降的显著影响。     

径向柴油机微粒捕集器流速分布特性数值分析

为了得到径向柴油机微粒捕集器内流速分布特性,该文利用流体计算软件对一种可旋转径向式微粒捕集器内流速分布特性进行了数值研究,考察了排气流速、管道直径比、扩张角及载体长度等参数对微粒捕集器内流速分布的影响规律。在入口气流流速50 m/s条件下,测量了微粒捕集器各计算截面内流速分布情况,并且与计算值进行了比较,最大误差为3.2 m/s,在允许范围之内。结果表明,降低排气流速、减小管道直径比与扩张角、增加载体长度均有利于提高微粒捕集器内流速分布均匀性。该研究对控制微粒捕集器再生过程、提高过滤体利用率及微粒捕集器使用寿命有重要意义。     

冷EGR温度对车用柴油机排放影响的试验

为了得到冷却的废气再循环（EGR）技术对车用柴油机排放性能的影响,通过工况试验法研究了各工况下EGR温度对柴油机氮氧化物、碳氢化物、碳氧化物和烟度的排放量以及油耗率的影响,并由此得出柴油机各工况下的最佳EGR温度。试验表明,与热EGR相比,冷EGR能够明显降低氮氧化物和烟度的排放,同时能够降低油耗率,提高柴油机的经济性,效果良好。     

乙醇柴油发动机的颗粒排放及其热解动力学分析

利用热重分析仪对柴油机燃用0#柴油和乙醇柴油排放的颗粒进行热重及其动力学分析。研究表明,柴油中添加乙醇有助于降低柴油机的颗粒排放。通过颗粒的热重分析得出,颗粒氧化过程主要发生水分挥发、可溶性物质氧化和固体碳氧化3个过程,其中,固体碳约占颗粒总量的70%,可溶性有机物约占颗粒总量的25%。通过Coats-Redfern法对颗粒热重数据进行动力学计算分析,得出柴油机燃用0#柴油的颗粒的活化能为130.3 kJ/mol,燃用乙醇柴油的颗粒的热解活化能为122.9 kJ/mol,两拟合曲线的线性回归系数均大于0.99。为开发高效的颗粒催化剂及柴油机颗粒捕集器选择适当的可再生技术提供理论依据。     

CeO2纳米颗粒催化柴油燃烧氧化特性分析

为了深入了解柴油中添加Ce O2纳米催化剂后生成颗粒的氧化特性,该文配制了Ce O2质量分数分别为0、50、100 mg/kg的纳米催化燃油,利用微粒分级采样装置采集柴油机燃用3种燃料生成的颗粒样品,采用扫描电镜研究了Ce O2质量分数对颗粒形貌特征的影响,通过热重分析方法研究了升温速率、Ce O2质量分数对颗粒氧化特性的影响并采用Coast-Redfern方法计算了颗粒的活化能。结果表明:颗粒群为团簇状结构,粒径范围在20~70 nm之间;随着Ce O2质量分数增加,颗粒平均粒径减小,粒径向小粒径方向移动,计盒维数增大。随着升温速率的增加,颗粒氧化过程出现滞后现象,氧化反应区域变宽,初始氧化温度、峰值失重温度和氧化终止温度增高,失重率峰值变小。升温速率对颗粒反应活化能影响较小。升温速率相同时,随着Ce O2质量分数的增加,颗粒的反应活化能、初始氧化温度、峰值失重温度和氧化终止温度均降低,Ce O2质量分数越高,降幅越大。Ce O2纳米催化剂添加到柴油后,使颗粒粒径变小,并能促进颗粒的氧化,降低颗粒起燃温度,可有效降低柴油机微粒捕集器(diesel particulate filter,DPF)再生温度和延长再生周期,对柴油机排气净化具有重要的意义。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.