Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Pinus caribaea growth in relation to soil physico-chemical properties in plantation forests in Northern Nigeria

Abstract

The present study described the relationship between growth and soil physico-chemical properties in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae) and Pinus caribaea (Pinaceae), two important species in Nigerian forest recovery programs. The study sites were located in a 17-year-old plantation in a Northern Nigeria forest reserve. The soils at the study sites were nutrient poor compared with other plantations. Growth of E. camaldulensis was positively correlated with exchangeable K content in soils 0–20 cm deep, and negatively correlated with total N and exchangeable Na in soils 20–150 cm deep. Growth of P. caribaea was positively correlated with available P in soils 0–20 cm deep, and volumetric water content in soils 20–150 cm deep. Soils in the top layers were very hard and plinthite layers were well developed at shallow soil depths at most sites. E. camaldulensis exhibited a comparatively high survival rate, and its growth was comparable to that in other plantations. However, the survival rates of P. caribaea were low and its growth was lower than that in other plantations. The survival rate of E. camaldulensis was lower at sites where plinthite layers were found within 50.8 cm of the surface. These results indicated that E. camaldulensis is suitable for afforestation in Northern Nigeria. However, it is not recommended for sites where the plinthite layer occurs at shallow soil depths.     

Changes in soil properties related to conversion of savannah woodland into pine and eucalyptus plantations,Northern Nigeria

Soil properties associated with six age-grade plantations of Pinus oocarpa Schiede and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., respectively, including nearby natural vegetation, were compared in the savannah zone of Nigeria. The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and exchangeable nutrients first show declining values with the increasing age of the plantation, then an increase and finally steady or declining values in the 0–15 cm soil depth. Usually the differences between the two youngest plantations and the oldest plantations, and the natural vegetation, were significant. In the 20–30 cm soil depth the properties showed a decrease or steady values over time, with the three oldest plantations showing significant differences from the natural vegetation. The soil pH showed an increased acidity over time. There was little difference in the soil properties between the two tree species. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to sustaining productivity and soil fertility. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

红松阔叶混交林不同演替阶段土壤肥力与林木生长的关系

运用对比和统计分析方法,研究小兴安岭红松阔叶混交林进展演替系列4个阶段（形成阶段、发展阶段、稳定阶段和顶级群落阶段）的土壤肥力、林木生长以及土壤肥力与主要树种生长的关系。结果表明：随着林分演替进展,林分中针叶树种（红松、云杉和冷杉）树高、胸径、蓄积量增加,白桦、山杨等阔叶树种蓄积量则不断减小;土壤物理性状得到改善,土壤渗透性、饱和持水量、毛管持水量、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度增大;土壤有机质、全氮、硝态氮和铵态氮含量逐渐增加;表层（0—10cm）土壤pH值逐渐减小。红松阔叶混交林各演替阶段土壤密度、pH值与林木树高、胸径呈负相关;土壤饱和持水量、毛管持水量、非毛管孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、有机质、铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮均与林木平均树高、平均胸径呈正相关。相关性因树种不同而有所差异。运用主成分分析方法证明。土壤饱和持水量、毛管孔隙度、有机质和硝态氮是影响林木生长和不同演替阶段土壤肥力的主要因子。不同演替阶段土壤肥力排序为原始林〉稳定阶段〉发展阶段〉形成阶段。土壤肥力向着良性发展。     

红壤区桉树人工林与不同林分土壤微生物活性及细菌多样性的比较

以广西红壤区桉树人工林、马尾松人工林和天然阔叶林为对象,采用PCR-DGGE以及稀释平板法等现代和传统分析技术,比较分析了不同林分土壤生物学性状以及细菌群落结构的特征。结果表明:桉树对林地土壤可培养微生物数量的影响效果虽逊于天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间并无显著差异。此外,桉树人工林土壤中涉及碳、氮、磷循环的土壤酶活性低于天然阔叶林和马尾松人工林,同样表征土壤肥力的微生物生物量碳、氮指标也逊于天然阔叶林,但微生物生物量碳和氮在两种人工林之间无规律性的差异。同时,桉树人工林土壤细菌多样性指数(H)、丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数均逊于天然阔叶林,但与广西乡土树种马尾松之间的差异并不显著。桉树对林地土壤肥力及生态环境的影响效果虽不及天然阔叶林树种,但与广西乡土树种马尾松林的生态效应相仿。     

基于路径分析的土壤性质与硒形态的关系

选择我国15种不同类型土壤,采用连续浸提法测定了土壤中硒的形态,并以Amos18.0路径分析法研究了土壤理化性质对土壤硒形态的影响。结果表明,除江西红壤(水田和旱田)和黑龙江黑土中硒主要是以残渣态存在外,其余土壤中硒主要以有机结合态为主,可溶态硒仅占土壤硒总量的0.4%～14.6%。土壤可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态硒含量间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),而可溶态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量与其他形态硒含量间无显著相关。路径分析表明,土壤有机质含量对铁锰氧化物结合态硒有负影响作用,而对其他四形态硒均为正影响作用。无定形铁含量对可溶态硒含量无影响作用,但对其他四形态硒的正影响作用大于有机质含量的。除可溶态硒外,土壤有机质和无定形铁含量分别对有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒的影响最大。pH和黏粒分别通过对土壤有机质和无定形铁的负和正作用而影响硒形态。有机质和无定形铁对硒在土壤中的分配起直接决定作用,而pH和黏粒也是不可忽略的影响因素。     

Eucalyptus growth and phosphorus nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and phosphorus fertilization

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction interferes in soil nutrient transport and root growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate eucalypt growth and phosphorus (P) nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and P rates. The treatments were composed of a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (soil bulk densities levels versus P fertilization rates) for two weathered tropical soils, a clayey Ferralsol (F_Clayey) and a sandy Ferralsol (F_Sandy). The soil bulk densities assessed were 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30 g cm^?3 for F_Clayey, and 1.35, 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 for F_Sandy. The P rates were 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg^?1 for F_Clayey, and 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 for F_Sandy. Soil compaction reduced root growth, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P recovery efficiency; and increased average root diameter. Phosphorus fertilization increased root length density, root surface area, dry matter, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P uptake efficiency; and decreased P recovery efficiency. It was concluded that P fertilization is not effective to offset the deleterious effects of soil compaction on eucalypt growth and nutrition.

Abbreviations: F_Clayey: clayey Ferralsol; F_Sandy: sandy Ferralsol; R_Dens: root length density; R_Diam: root diameter; R_Surf: root surface area; R_DM: root dry matter; S_DM: shoot dry matter; WP_DM: whole-plant dry matter; R_P: root P content; S_P: shoot P content; WP_P: whole-plant P content; PU_tE: P utilization efficiency; PU_pE: P uptake efficiency; PRE: P recovery efficiency.     

丘陵红壤不同人工林型土壤微生物类群、酶活性与土壤理化性状关系的研究

在中国科学院红壤生态试验站优化农业生态模式的长期定位试验地选取恢复14年的常绿针叶林地(马尾松)、落叶阔叶林地(小叶栎)、针阔混交林地(湿地松-小叶栎)和自然恢复地(受到人为干扰)为样地,并以附近疏草荒地作为对照,研究了不同人工林型对土壤微生物类群、酶活性以及土壤理化性质的影响.结果表明:与对照相比,不同林型下土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌总数均有很大程度的增加,依次为针阔混交林>阔叶林>针叶林>自然恢复地>疏草荒地.土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性表现为阔叶林>针阔混交林>针叶林>自然恢复地>疏草荒地.在剖面分布上,土壤微生物类群和酶活性也有明显的层次差异,即随土层的增加而减少.在0～10 cm土层中,土壤细菌、真菌与脲酶、酸性磷酸酶之间具有显著或极显著相关性.土壤微生物类群和酶活性与土壤有机质、全氮和有效氮之间具有极显著相关性.     

我国主要类型土壤的有效态硒及其与某些土壤性质的关系

Forty-eight soil profiles were sampled from different ecological and pedogeochemical areas of China and their available selenium (Av-Se) contents were determined. Results showed that the content of Av-Se in the profiles of soils in China ranged within 2.49~18.10 μg kg^-1, with a mean value of 10.01 μg kg^-1, and was in the sequence of Ferralisols > Luvisols > Isohumisols > Aridisols. The correlation analysis between Av-Se and the soil physical-chemical properties revealed that the correlations between Av-Se and O.M., CEC, Fe₂O₃, Al₂O₃, ignition loss, Co and Zn were positive at a highly significant level, but those between Av-Se and pH, base saturation, CaO, Ba and Sr were all negative at a highly significant level. The reason of some diseases related to the Se deficiency might be the leaching loss of selenium in some soils.     

Downed logs improve soil properties in old-growth temperate forests of northern Iran

Dead trees, particularly downed logs, play an important role in the dynamics of forest ecosystem. Contribution of decaying wood to C and nutrient pools of forest soils depends on the tree species and degree of wood decay. However, the extent to which the downed logs affect the soil properties of temperate forests has rarely been evaluated. In this study, a mixed beech forest was selected in Liresar region of Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, to investigate if and how the presence of downed logs affected soil quality and function by comparing soils underneath degraded logs and nearby soils of the two dominant tree species(beech and hornbeam). We then explored how these effects occurred as downed logs decomposed by comparing the woods of both tree species at four degrees of decomposition. Degree of decay of downed logs was classified into four classes(DC1–DC4). Eight dead trees of each tree species were selected at the center of each sample plot. Three composite soil samples underneath each decaying log and 100 cm away from a decaying log were collected at two soil depths(0–15 and 15–30 cm) to analyze soil main physicochemical properties and microbial activity. The results revealed that downed logs affected soil physical(5% wetter than control soils), chemical(2% lower pH, 100% increase in organic C and total N in the case of hornbeam, and 2% increase in P), and biological characteristics(soil microbial respiration enhanced by 10%, and microbial biomass C 620 and 351.5 mg kg~(-1) and microbial biomass N 66.47 and 32.18 mg kg~(-1), respectively, in the cases of beech and hornbeam), thus resulting in significantly different soil microsites from those without downed logs. Presence of downed logs increased soil microbial activity and soil fertility as wood decayed. Thus, the presence of downed logs is an important factor influencing forest soils and should be taken into consideration in forest management practices.     

黄土丘陵区油松人工林和白桦天然林细根垂直分布及其与土壤养分的关系

在黄土高原子午岭林区,对油松人工林、白桦天然林细根生物量、比根长、根长密度和细根表面积的垂直分布特征,以及这些根系指标与土壤水分、土壤容重、氮素和有机质的关系进行了研究。结果表明,油松人工林细根生物量随土壤深度增加呈单峰曲线,白桦林细根生物量随土壤深度增加呈减少趋势;油松林大部分根系生物量集中分布在040.cm土层中,其中020.cm土层占37%以上,2040.cm集中了41%以上;表层土壤(020.cm)具有较高的比根长、根长密度和细根表面积,而底层(4060.cm)的比根长、根长密度和细根表面积最低。油松林土壤全氮和有机质含量垂直变化趋势相似,随土壤深度的增加而降低;硝态氮(NO3--N)均随土壤深度的增加呈单峰曲线变化趋势,而铵态氮(NH4+-N)随土壤深度增加呈先降低后增加的抛物线趋势。白桦林75%的细根生物量集中在020.cm土层,比根长、根长密度和细根表面积的垂直分布规律与油松林相似,表层土壤白桦林细根表面积是油松人工林的3.91倍,而2040.cm土层白桦林细根表面积比油松人工林降低了33%。白桦林土壤全氮、有机质含量、NO3--N和NH4+-N垂直变化趋势与油松林相似。土壤水分、容重、全氮和有机质对油松和白桦细根分布的影响明显大于NH4+-N和NO3--N。白桦林表层土壤有机质含量与细根生物量的相关性达到显著水平(r=0.99,P0.05),白桦林表层土壤有机质含量与比根长和根长密度的相关性(分别为r=0.91,r=0.8)低于油松林(分别为r=0.95,r=0.94)。油松和白桦林040.cm土层细根表面积与土壤全氮相关性随土壤深度增加而下降,比根长和根长密度与土壤全氮相关性随土壤深度增加而增大。油松和白桦林2060.cm土层细根生物量、细根表面积和根长密度随有机质含量的减少而增加,而比根长呈相反的变化规律。     

飞播马尾松林不同林下植被类型枯落物及土壤水文效应

为探明飞播马尾松林不同林下植被类型对枯落物及土壤水文效应的影响,按林下植被优势(分芒萁类、禾本类及灌木类3种类型)设置典型样地,对其枯落物持水性能及土壤蓄水能力进行比较分析.结果表明:3种类型的枯落物现存总蓄积量为0.65 ～3.57t/hm2;其中,灌木类总蓄积量＞芒萁类＞禾本类.3种类型枯落物自然含水率、最大持水率、最大拦蓄率及有效拦蓄率范围分别为15.50％～29.74％、167.70％～218.25％、139.00％ ～199.66％和113.85％ ～167.39％;枯落物自然含水量、最大持水量、最大拦蓄量及有效拦蓄量均表现为灌木类＞芒萁类＞禾本类,除半分解层自然含水量以外,其他持水量指标均表现为灌木类显著高于其他2种类型.0 ～ 20 cm土层的饱和蓄水量、非毛管持水总量以及毛管持水总量均以芒萁类最高,分别为865.95、138.96和726.99 t/hm2;其中,芒萁类在0～20 cm土层,非毛管持水总量显著高于其他2种类型,而0～ 10 cm土层饱和蓄水量显著高于禾本类.综合分析表明:灌木类枯落物的水文效应显著高于禾本类和芒萁类,而芒萁类土壤层水文效应明显优于灌木类和禾本类,这是由于土壤层饱和蓄水量及有效蓄水量分别占林地表层(枯落物层和0 ～ 20 cm土壤层)的99％和94％以上,总体上芒萁类林地表层水文效应明显优于灌木类和禾本类.     

生态垫对油松生长及光合特性的影响

 为了研究生态垫覆盖对林木光合特性的影响,首次将生态垫应用于华北干旱油松造林地。在油松（78年）造林初期,用生态垫覆盖林地,经过2个生长季后对土壤水分及各项光合指标进行测定。结果表明:覆盖生态垫增加了表层0～20cm的土壤含水率0.04%～2.78%（相对增长率0.4%～92.2%）;提高造林成活率5.1%;增加地径年生长量58.5%,促进了林木生长。覆盖可以提高叶片光饱和点下的光合速率10.6%～44.3%;增加光合速率日变化极大值30%;提高生长季Tr极大值45.8%、提高生长季Cond极大值36.0%,但对油松光补偿点及水分利用效率影响并不显著。     

Land requirements for Pinus halepensis Mill. growth in a plantation in Huesca, Spain

Abstract. Land requirements for Pinus halepensis Mill. growth were studied in thirty plots of a 40 year-old plantation in the semiarid Lower Ebro valley, northeast Spain, by comparing site index values to land characteristics. Site index at 40 years ranges from 4.1 m to 12.3 m. Moisture availability is the basic requirement for growth while nutrient availability has only a minor influence. Changes in moisture availability in the area are controlled by changes in soil rootable depth, with a minor effect of aspect. Soils developed on Tertiary gypsum rock are not suitable for afforestation with this species. Geomorphic and soil information may be combined, at various degrees of detail, to provide reliable estimates of Aleppo pine growth.     

土壤磷有效性及其与土壤性质关系的研究

选取我国14个不同地点土样,测定理化性质、全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷含量,采用通径分析研究土壤磷有效性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,土壤磷有效性是各个土壤性质综合作用的结果。土壤CEC、有机碳、粘粒、砂粒、碳酸钙含量对土壤速效磷比例影响显著,土壤CEC、粘粒、砂粒含量对土壤速效磷比例贡献为正值,而土壤有机碳对土壤速效磷比例贡献为负值;土壤pH和CEC含量对土壤水溶性磷含量影响显著,土壤pH对水溶性磷比例贡献为正值,土壤CEC对土壤水溶性磷比例贡献为负值。本文所选土样基本符合土壤磷有效性与土壤性质之间通径分析的结果。     

不同改良剂对滨海盐渍土土壤理化性质和小麦生长的影响

【目的】盐分胁迫是滨海盐渍土上粮食产量提高的主要障碍因子之一。研究不同功能性改良物料对消除和减轻这一障碍因子的作用,为改良盐渍化土壤和提高作物产量提供理论依据。【方法】以小麦品种‘青麦 6 号’为供试材料,在滨海盐渍土上进行田间试验,设置 7 个处理为空白对照（CK）、含钙物料的磷石膏（PG）和脱硫石膏（FGD）、调酸物料的硫酸亚铁（FS）、含碳材料的牛粪（M）以及含碳和调酸物料的腐植酸（HA）和糠醛渣（FRs）,分析比较不同改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤理化性质以及对小麦生长发育的影响。【结果】施加改良剂降低了土壤表层 (0—20 cm) 的 pH 值,作为酸性材料的腐植酸、糠醛渣和硫酸亚铁效果明显,土壤的 pH 值较对照分别降低了 0.10、0.11 和 0.11;施改良剂降低了土壤的交换性钠离子含量和钠的吸附比 (sodium adsorption ratio, 简称 SAR),磷石膏和脱硫石膏提供充足的钙离子用于置换土壤中交换性钠离子,明显降低了不同土层中的交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值,0—20 cm、20—40 cm 和 40—60 cm 土层中,磷石膏和脱硫石膏对土壤交换性钠离子含量和 SAR 值的降低效果明显,其中施加磷石膏分别较对照降低了 15.5% 和 18.3% (0—20 cm)、28.2% 和 28.6% (20—40 cm)、36.5% 和 36.5% (40—60 cm),施加脱硫石膏分别较对照降低了 24.9% 和 27.9% (0—20 cm)、27.6% 和 26.3% (20—40 cm)、24.5% 和 25.0% (40—60 cm);施加改良剂增加了小麦成熟期的穗数,其中磷石膏、脱硫石膏和糠醛渣改良效果显著,分别较对照增加 27.6%、24.5% 和 18.6%,并分别提高小麦的产量 26.7%、17.8% 和 17.8%。【结论】 酸性物料的糠醛渣、腐植酸和硫酸亚铁,可以明显降低土壤 pH 值和增加小麦苗期的茎蘖数量,综合考虑改良剂对土壤 pH、Na+ 含量、SAR 值和小麦群体数量的影响,含碳的调酸物料的糠醛渣效果较好;含钙物料的磷石膏和脱硫石膏,可以显著降低土壤 Na+ 含量以及 SAR 值,增加小麦成熟期穗数,提高小麦产量均具有显著的效果,磷石膏效果最佳。     

林分密度对马尾松林下土壤养分及酶活性的影响

以退化马尾松林下土壤为对象,通过调查我国红壤丘陵区典型林分密度的马尾松人工林,研究林分密度对土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响。3种林分密度中,1 560株/hm2 左右中等林分密度的马尾松土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷、交换性钙和交换性镁等较高,但土壤酸化也较严重;同时,1 560株/hm2 左右马尾松林的土壤转化酶活性、脲酶活性和多酚氧化酶活性均较高,但过氧化氢酶活性表现最低;林分密度对马尾松土壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响不明显。因此,适宜林分密度的马尾松人工林一定程度上可改善该区林下土壤肥力及生化强度。     

Genotypic variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, δ13C,and chlorophyll fluorescence in relation to tree growth of radiata pine clones in a serpentine soil

This study investigated the genotypic variation in foliar nutrient concentrations, isotopic signature (δ¹³C), and chlorophyll fluorescence (F_v/F_m) and tree growth of 40 radiata pine clones grown on a New Zealand serpentine soil, and the relationships between growth and physiological traits of these clones from improved and unimproved groups. Genotypic variation in growth and physiological traits existed within (i.e., clonal) and between groups, with larger variation among clones. The clonal repeatabilities were greater for foliar nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B) concentrations, δ¹³C, and Ca : Mg ratio (0.35–0.64) than for growth traits (0.14–0.27) and other physiological traits (0.08–0.24). Significant phenotypic correlations were found between growth traits and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and K : Mg and Ca : Mg ratios and F_v/F_m (positive), and foliar Mg (negative). This study indicates that the trees on this serpentine soil generally suffered from multiple nutrient deficiencies and imbalances and the clonal variation in growth performance was more related to their capabilities of acclimation to nutrient than water stresses. Overall, the clones that absorbed more P, K, S, and Fe and less Mg from the soil grew better on this serpentine soil. For unimproved clones, the most limiting nutrients for tree growth were foliar K and Fe, while for improved clones it was foliar K.     

阔叶红松林林隙土壤物理性质微环境异质性分析

 以小兴安岭阔叶红松林林隙为研究对象,采用地统计学方法对林隙0～20 cm和20～40cm土层土壤物理性质的微环境异质性进行分析。结果表明:阔叶红松林林隙表层土壤含水量、饱和持水量、毛管持水量和孔隙度均大于下层,但土壤密度相反;表层土壤物理性质有相对高的极差和变异系数。土壤物理性质总空间异质性程度和由空间自相关引起的异质性均为表层土壤高于下层。土壤含水量表现出明显各向异性,土壤孔隙度趋近于各向同性,其他3个物理因子随空间距离增大而表现出各向异性。表层土壤物理性质在空间自相关范围内变异函数相互影响较小。不同层次土壤物理性质空间分布均以中低等级斑块为主,相对较高等级的斑块仅分布在020cm土层中,并位于林隙中心以北的范围内。     

生态恢复条件下典型红壤侵蚀区马尾松林碳储量时空变化与驱动力分析

封山育林、人工造林等治理措施能够有效改善土壤侵蚀区的生态环境,但伴随产生的碳汇效益长期以来并没有得到相应的重视.文章以福建省长汀县水土保持项目治理区为研究对象,定量分析该区自2000年开展生态治理以来马尾松林碳储量的时空格局与碳增汇变化,同时借助2000-2013年政策治理数据以及社会统计资料,利用主成分分析法探讨各主要驱动因素对森林碳增汇的影响.结果表明:1)2000-2013年该治理区总碳储量由127.01万t增加到189.96万t,平均每年增长3.52％,远高于全县平均水平;当地2000、2006和2013年的马尾松林碳密度分别为27.95、32.82和41.72t/hm2,区域碳汇能力正在不断提高.2)在空间上,该区总碳储量的增长主要表现在海拔600 m和坡度25.以下区域,总增长幅度分别达到41.6％和50.9％.马尾松林碳密度随海拔和坡度上升而明显增加,表明其碳汇能力仍具备较大恢复潜力.3)主成分分析表明,治理区马尾松林碳储量变化的主要驱动因素是政策治理、经济结构调整和农户增收,其中政策治理是该区马尾松林碳增汇能力提升的最显著因子.     

黄土高原区果园生草覆盖对土壤物理性状、水分及产量的影响

通过试验证明果园生草制是黄土高原地区果园土壤管理的一个行之有效的模式。果园生草覆盖区与对照相比土壤物理性状、水分及产量均有明显提高 ,直径 1 .0mm以上的土壤团粒增加了 1 0 .2 %～ 1 2 .2 % ,提高 60 .4%～ 72 .2 % ;土壤容重下降 0 .0 5～ 0 .1 3g/cm3,降低 4.2 %～1 0 .0 % ;土壤孔隙度增加 2 .5 %～ 5 .5 % ,提高 4.6%～ 1 0 .9% ;有机质增加 0 .1 9%～ 0 .5 7% ,提高 2 4.4%～ 73 .1 % ;0～ 2 0cm土壤水分增加 1 .7%～ 3 .0 % ,提高 1 6.7%～ 2 9.4% ;苹果产量和经济效益 ,提高幅度分别为 1 2 .73 %～ 3 1 .5 7%和 1 5 .1 7%～ 3 6.2 2 %。