柑橘生产机械化研究

从灌溉、施肥、施药、修剪、采摘和运输等主要田间作业环节,对国外柑橘生产机械化技术进行了分析。针对中国柑橘生产机械化水平较低和柑橘生产机械化发展中存在的问题,借鉴国外发展经验和先进技术,提出了中国柑橘生产机械化的发展方向、主要机械化技术与装备发展要点。     

柑橘生产的机械化种植技术探讨研究

针对中国柑橘生产机械化种植技术在应用过程中存在的一些突出问题进行概述,并在此基础上,分析了柑橘生产机械化种植过程中相关的技术要点和技术难点,希望可以给从事柑橘种植的农户带来有效的启发.     

宜都市积极探索柑橘生产机械化

<正>柑橘是南方特色经济作物,也是湖北省特色优势农产品。传统的柑橘种植方式标准化、机械化程度低,劳动强度大,比较效益不明显,严重制约着柑橘产业的进一步发展。2015年以来,湖北省农机局为探索柑橘生产机械化,推进全省农业机械化向全面全程拓展,选择宜都市作为全省柑橘生产全程机械化示范县市。一年来,该市通过引进先进适用、安全可靠的柑橘生产新技术新机具,探索适宜柑橘生长特性的全程机械化技术和生产模式,取得较好的成效。     

浅谈柑橘生产全程机械化发展措施——以南宁市武鸣区为例

近年来柑橘产业在武鸣区迅速发展,成为武鸣的富民产业。但目前受社会经济转型及柑橘树龄不断增长的影响,柑橘产业也面临品质降低、劳动力缺失、橘树树体郁闭及生产成本增加等多方困境,由此对柑橘产业的发展造成巨大影响。许多农民和农村基层干部都迫切希望柑橘生产实现全机械化,而作为农机部门,理应时刻重点关注柑橘生产全程机械化发展。基于此,本文分析了广西南宁市武鸣区柑橘生产机械化基本现状与主要局限因素,提出了柑橘生产全程机械化发展相关建议,仅供参考。     

宜都市柑橘机械化生产现状及对策思考

正根据湖北省农机局"下基层、抓推广、促全面全程"活动安排,笔者在宜都市驻点开展柑橘生产机械化调研工作。通过查阅资料、实地调查、走访座谈,对宜都市柑橘生产机械化现状有了初步了解。1.宜都市柑橘种植基本情况湖北省宜都市地处武陵山余脉、鄂西南向江汉平原过渡地带,属亚热带季风气候,雨量充沛,日照充足,年均日照时数1 641 h,年平均气温16.7℃,非常适合柑橘种植生长,有文字记载的栽培历     

宜都市柑橘机械化生产现状及对策思考

正根据湖北省农机局"下基层、抓推广、促全面全程"活动安排,笔者在宜都市驻点开展柑橘生产机械化调研工作。通过查阅资料、实地调查、走访座谈,对宜都市柑橘生产机械化现状有了初步了解。1宜都市柑橘种植基本情况湖北省宜都市地处武陵山余脉、鄂西南向江汉平原过渡地带,位于北纬30°05′53″与30°36′03″之间,属亚热带季风气候,雨量充沛,日照充足,年均日照时数1 641h,年平均气温16.7℃,非常适合柑橘种植生长,有文字记载的     

江西柑橘机械化生产现状、存在问题及发展对策

本文重点介绍了江西省柑橘育苗、定植、施肥、灌溉、植保、采摘、运输以及采后处理各个环节的机械化生产现状,分析生产上存在的一些问题,提出今后江西省柑橘产业机械化发展思路及对策。     

广西丘陵山区柑橘生产全程机械化技术模式

一、适用范围 本模式适用于广西适合柑橘果树生长、种植于丘陵山区、水源条件较好,且可满足中小型农业机械作业、规模化生产的广西丘陵地区柑橘种植地区. 二、模式概述 "丘陵山区柑橘全程机械化生产技术模式"主要针对丘陵山区果园机械化发展急需解决的问题,以宜机化改造、机械化种植、管理、运输、冷藏保鲜为主要环节,依区域地形特点,完...     

破题柑橘机械化

正"要提高柑橘生产的土地利用率和劳动生产率,先进的农艺技术是基础,要通过机械化这个载体来实现;要解决劳动力短缺、降低劳动力强度和提高果农的幸福指数,迫切需要机械化;要提高果园的防灾与抗灾能力,离不开机械化;要节约水、肥和农药等资源,减少浪费和降低污染,提高柑橘的品质和市场竞争力,促进柑橘产业的可持续发展,机械化势在必行"。——国家柑橘产业体系机械研究室岗位专家、华南农业大学洪添胜教授     

南方柑橘生产机械化种植技术

随着经济的快速发展,居民生活水平也得到了很大程度的提升,从曾经的努力解决温饱水平发展到追求高质量生活,在满足了基本的粮食问题后,人们也更加注重营养搭配,也就增加了水果的食用量,柑橘就是其中的一个方面。我国现在有很多南方地方在种植柑橘,但是种植规模各不相同,地域文化的不同也形成了多种管理模式,此外还存在很多问题,机械化程度低,人力劳动强度大,相对应的成本也高。再加上自然条件等因素,柑橘质量可能受到影响,还有其他地区果农的价格竞争,南方柑橘种植地的果农面临着很大的挑战。文章对南方柑橘种植中遇到的问题进行研究,并给解决问题的相关对策。     

Chloride toxicity in citrus

Summary Citrus orchards (cv. Valencia and cv. Washington Navel Orange) on sandy soils in semi-arid South Australia (evaporation 1,900 mm, rainfall 240 mm) are irrigated with water from the River Murray having a chloride content of less than one to over 10 meq/1 (electrical conductivity 0.35–1.4 dS/m). Field observations and the literature suggest that at irrigation water salinities above 4 meq/1 Cl-, yield losses might be expected due to toxic effects of chloride rather than osmotic effects.To assess these effects irrigations at four salinity levels (range 2 to 5 meq/1 Cl^–) were applied to mature oranges trees (cv. Washington Navel) grown on Rough Lemon rootstock. Irrigations were carefully scheduled, with a total annual application of about 1,100 mm. The treatments resulted in soil salinities of 0.9 to 1.5 mS/cm (as measured with 4-electrode probes, at a depth of 0–50 cm), leaf chloride content on individual trees of 0.2% to 1.2%, and individual tree yields of 300 to 340 kg of fruit. On this orchard, a yield decrement of about 20% per 1 meq/1 chloride in the irrigation water was calculated, above a threshold level of about 4.3 meq/1 (Fig. 5). Reasons are given to support the view that the yield decrements found were probably due to chloride toxicity rather than osmotic stress.     

柑桔潜叶蛾性信息素组分的鉴定

采用气相色谱—质谱联用技术(GC-MS)和气相色谱与风洞技术对交配期的柑桔潜叶蛾处女雌蛾的腺体提取物进行鉴定分析,并推测其中的活性组分。结果表明:腺体提取物含有(Z,Z)-7,11-十六碳二烯醛,且具有生物活性,最终确定(Z,Z)-7,11-十六碳二烯醛是柑桔潜叶蛾的性信息素主要成分。     

柑桔类水果自动包装机的研究与设计

柑桔的采后商品化过程中,不同的环节需要不同的塑料薄膜包装。通过对现有水果包装机专利技术进行分析比较,提供了一种结构简明、单果包装成本低、功能机构切换快捷的新型水果包装机设计方案。     

柑桔类水果自动包装机的研究与设计

柑桔的采后商品化过程中,不同的环节需要不同的塑料薄膜包装.通过对现有水果包装机专利技术进行分析比较,提供了一种结构简明、单果包装成本低、功能机构切换快捷的新型水果包装机设计方案.     

Comparison of drainage estimation methods in irrigated citrus orchards

Three different methods of measuring drainage were selected and applied to two irrigated citrus orchards for 3 years. The methods were: (1) a simple soil water capacity model, (2) a chloride balance, and (3) the LEACHM model. In the first method, the soil is assumed to have a given water holding capacity, plants cannot extract water from soil below a certain level, and evapotranspiration varies with soil water content in a well-defined pattern. In the second method, drainage in a given period of time is estimated from the chloride input to soil (mainly with the irrigation and rain water), the changes in soil chloride, and the average chloride concentration of soil solution at the depth where drainage is estimated. In the LEACHM model, water transport in soil is assumed to follow Richards equation, and evapotranspiration depends in soil water content, soil hydraulic properties, the evaporative conditions of the air, and root properties and distribution. Two citrus orchards planted with mature trees, under flood irrigation, were used for the comparison of methods. The three methods provided drainage estimates that differed in most cases by less than 13%, although in some particular season and plot, a given method deviated from the other two by up to 56%. The soil water capacity model is appealing because it only needs a few parameters for calibration, and can be easily programmed in a spreadsheet. The main advantage of the chloride balance approach is that it requires neither calibration nor an estimate of evapotranspiration; this latter fact converts the chloride balance into a good alternative method of measuring evapotranspiration. The precision of the drainage estimates by chloride balance is mainly determined by the spatial variability of soil chloride relative to the chloride input to the soil in the measurement period; in most cases, to obtain a reasonable precision, this period should be longer than 1 or 2 months. The LEACHM model requires more data for calibration, but it can provide additional information on water and solute distribution in the soil profile with time.     

依托农业综合开发，大力发展柑桔产业

自2006年起,云阳县双龙镇按照“统筹规划、突出重点、集中连片、规模开发”的基本思路,实行了山、水、田、林、路农业综合治理,全力推进以柑桔为主的主导产业发展,促进优势农产品基地建设,以农民增收、农业增效和农业可持续发展为基本目标,引导项目区干部群众积极投身农业综合开发主战场．精心组织．合理规划,规范建设,强化管理,全面完成了农业综合开发生态治理项目实施的各项任务。在提高农业的综合效益、防灾抗灾能力和促进农业结构调整产业化经营等方面取得了明显成效。     

Trickle linear gradient for assessment of the salt tolerance of citrus rootstocks in the orchard

Orchard trials on the effect of salinity on fruit tree rootstock combinations typically call for leaving border trees between treatments, thus limiting the number of combinations that can be evaluated and making these experiments expensive and rare. Five salinity dilution ratios were applied to orchard trees through regular drip lines by different combinations of regulated in-line drippers. This enabled the construction of an orchard experiment without border trees, with the salinity increasing linearly along the orchard rows. Leaf analysis after application of salinity for approximately 150 days revealed significant correlations between the applied dilution ratio and the concentrations of Cl, Na and K in the scion leaves of some of the rootstock combinations. Received: 3 June 1998     

Evaporation and canopy conductance of citrus orchards

Evaporation of citrus orchards has been widely studied, but differences in methodologies and management conditions have led to conflicting results, mainly due to differences in ground cover and soil evaporation. In this work the contribution of transpiration and soil evaporation has been studied in a drip-irrigated, clean cultivated mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) orchard on a sandy soil in Southern Spain. Evapotranspiration (ET) was measured using eddy covariance while soil evaporation was determined with microlysimeters, during August 2000 and May 2001. Average ET was 2.6 mm day⁻¹ in August and 2.1 mm day⁻¹ in May. The crop coefficient (K_c) was 0.44 and 0.43 in 2000 and 2001, respectively. The coefficient of transpiration (K_p) was 0.30 in 2000 and 0.25 in 2001. The daily bulk canopy conductance (g_c) ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 (average 1.8) mm s⁻¹ in 2000 and from 1.2 to 2.7 (average 1.9) mm s⁻¹ in 2001. A model of daily canopy conductance as a function of intercepted radiation was derived and applied to calculate the transpiration of orchards with different values of ground cover (GC). The ratio of transpiration over reference ET of mandarin orchards is linearly related to ground cover (K_p = 0.7 GC). Calculated crop coefficients agree with values suggested by FAO for mature orchards (around 0.65) but are substantially lower than FAO values for young plantations.     

Reclaimed wastewater: Effects on citrus nutrition

The effects of irrigation with reclaimed wastewater (RWW) were compared with well water (WW) on citrus (Citrus paradisi Macfad. X Citrus aurantium L.) nutrition. The deviation from the optimum percentage (DOP) index of macro- and micro-nutrients were used to evaluate the nutritional status: optimal (DOP = 0), deficiency (DOP < 0) or excess (DOP > 0). After 11 years of RWW irrigation the influence on nutrient concentration in plants decreased in the order: B > Zn > Mn = Ca > Cu > Mg > P > K. Reclaimed wastewater irritation positively affected citrus nutrition as it rendered the concentration of macro-nutrients, i.e. P, Ca, and K. closer to their optimum levels (ΣDOP_macro = 7). However micro-nutrients tended to be excessive in plants (ΣDOP_micro = 753) due to imbalanced supply of these elements in the RWW, particularly, for B and Cu. Citrus groves with long-term RWW irrigation may exercised caution in monitoring concentrations of B and Cu to avoid plant toxicity and soil quality degradation.     

Comparing theoretical irrigation requirement and actual irrigation for citrus in Florida

Florida ranks first in citrus production, with nearly 68% of all U.S. citrus growing in the season 2005-2006. Most of the citrus groves are located from central to south Florida, and agricultural irrigation permitting is regulated by three of Florida's five water management districts. Most of the permitting for citrus production in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties is conducted by the Southwest Florida Water Management District (SWFWMD), and quantities are based on the District's AGMOD computer program. In 2003, the SWFWMD implemented new permit criteria so that permitted amounts were more representative of actual water use. This paper compares grower reported citrus irrigation water use in Highlands, Polk and Hillsborough counties from 1994 through 2005 with permitted and theoretical irrigation requirements calculated by a daily water balance. Two different sets of crop coefficients (K_c's) developed for citrus in Florida were compared in the daily soil water balance calculation of theoretical irrigation requirements. The percentage of irrigated area considered in this study ranged from 40 to 60% to simulate a range of grower practices. Meteorological data from two weather stations and additional rainfall information from 50 locations within the three counties was used in the water balance. Missing and error values in the meteorological historical record data were filled with weather generators. The multiannual average water consumption (including cold protection water use) from growers ranged from 243 (Hillsborough) to 406 mm (Highlands) and the multiannual average permitted irrigation requirement (without cold protection) ranged from 295 to 557 mm. The simulated gross irrigation requirements under different scenarios of location-K_c-wetted area were variable but mostly lower than the limits established by the district, except for some scenarios in Polk County, whose maximum simulated irrigation value reached 578 mm year⁻¹. In general, permitted limits recommended by the SWFWMD seem to be reasonable for the actual water use by growers in these counties.