国外黑荆树资源利用状况及我国发展的前景

黑荆树是一种周期短、用途广、效益高的好树种。它原产于澳大利亚,现已在南美和亚洲广泛种植和利用。世界现有黑荆树人工林40多万公顷。黑荆树栲胶年产量11万多吨,占总产量的20%。本文着重介绍了南非和巴西的经验且结合国情认为我们应借鉴国外经验改变传统经营方式走发展工业人工林的道路。     

黑荆树施肥研究*

黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)作为短周期工业人工林进行集约经营,施肥是一项重要的增产措施。南方各省一般用于营造黑剂树的山地土壤较瘠薄,加上黑剂树生长快、伐期短,吸收土壤养分多,而只有少数枝叶能形成矿质养分回到土壤。南非试验表明:施一定量过磷酸钙的黑荆树人工林,10年轮伐时,每公顷可增加鲜树皮6t、木材30t。本试验主要探讨N、     

黑荆树对低温的适应性

黑荆树(Acacia Mollissima)属豆科金合欢属,原产澳洲.树皮作制革鞣料,现已被七十多个国家所采用,占世界植物鞣料的第一位.我国解放后,也开展了黑荆树的引种工作,经过几年的试验,在南方省区营造了较大面积的黑荆树林.黑荆树生长于热带和亚热带,生长迅     

引种黑荆树情况分析

黑荆树(Acacia Mearnsii de Willd)又称澳洲金合欢,是一种速生、多用途的树种,属含羞草科金合欢属,乔木,亚热带山地树种.黑荆树的皮、根、枝和叶都含有单宁,树皮的单宁含量40%以上,纯度不低于83%.南靖县是1970年开始引种黑荆树的,现有黑荆树林一万七千多亩.现就南靖县的自然条件和引种成果分析如下.     

黑荆树四种主要病害及防治

<正> 黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii De Wild),又名澳洲金合欢。树皮含单宁量42.8—49.63%,纯度81%以上,是当今世界上最优质的凝缩类烤胶原料;也是良好硬质材和薪炭材树种。我国自五十年代引种以来,南方各省栽培面积日益扩大,福建漳州地区、尤溪、长汀等县营造了大面积黑荆树人工林。但由于几种主要病害的危害,给黑荆树生产造成了很大的经济损失。我们从1983年起,应生产之急,开展了四种主     

黑荆树引种栽培经验

<正> 1962-1963年我省平阳县山门林场、省林科所和本所引种黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii Wi-nd)获得成功,并保留较多的片林和母树。引种的黑荆树7-8年后陆续开始采伐利用。1980-1981年,温州地区各县、市及台州地区的温岭、玉环等县又陆续造林1万余亩。我省在引进黑荆树的同时,又引进银荆(Acacia dealbata Link)和绿荆(A. decurrensWilld)。一、环境条件黑荆树适应性较强,对环境要求不严,其表现如下:     

黑荆树幼林施肥试验

黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)是世界著名的速生优质鞣料树种,也可作用材、水土保持、造纸原料和薪炭林树种。近年来,我州对于黑荆树进行了大量种植,并建立了基地.为了弄清黑荆树幼树对肥料的需要情况,以便制定合理施肥措施,指导黑荆树生产。我们从1987至1988年,连续两年进行了氮、磷、钾和复合肥四种肥料,以及复合肥不同用量对黑荆树幼树生长效应的试验。现将结果整理于后.     

黑荆树天然林、人工林主要树皮质量性状的差异

一、前言 黑荆树自然分布于澳大利亚东南部和塔斯马尼亚岛。它是一种速生、伐期短、单宁含量高的多用途树种。黑荆树单宁的主要组分为多类黄酮(C-C-C化合物),它与甲醛的缩合反应物是黑荆树单宁胶粘利的基础。目前,单宁胶粘剂广泛用于刨花板、胶合板和其他木制品工业。 50年代,我国南方开始引种黑荆树。种子产地不清,多数进口种子来源于非原产地国家     

《黑荆树及其利用》一书之我见

《黑荆树及其利用》是一本具有重要生产意义和丰富科学内容的专著。本书由20多位中国和国外有关黑荆树专家编写而成。其中有著名的黑荆树专家和优秀年轻科学家。虽然,这是一本集体创作的著述,但编排合理,序列清晰,成为一本内容丰富,系统性强的专著。国外专家的论文,由中国专家翻译成中文,内容翔实,文笔流畅。黑荆树是多用途而又速生的优良树种。黑荆树树皮生产栲胶已成为当前全世界最重要的单宁原料。黑荆树适应性强、生长快、更新容易,是热带和亚热带地区的优良水土保持和固     

黑荆树人工林单株生物量研究

通过对广西黄冕林场7年生黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii De Willd.)人工林林分进行每木检尺和生物量进行测定,建立了黑荆树各器官生物量与胸径(D)、树高(H)及D2 H的相关关系,分别用幂函数等3种模型对黑荆树人工林单株生物量进行拟合。结果表明:慢生和中生类型各组分生物量分配比率大小顺序为干>皮>枝>叶>根,速生类型各组分生物量分配比率大小顺序为干>枝>皮>叶>根;黑荆树各器官生物量及全株生物量与D2 H的相关关系最为显著;各器官生物量的拟合方程拟合效果都较好,所选择的回归模型分别为:树干WS=187.689 9(D2 H)1.099 2、树枝Wb=71.786 1(D2 H)1.593 6、树皮Wtb=36.306 7(D2 H)1.025 8、树叶Wl=4.439 1e-8H7.337 8、树根Wr=e0.248 1+3.359 6D2H和Wr=1.281 6×28.777 1D2H的拟合效果相同、全株生物量Wt=313.978 3(D2 H)1.1237。     

Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system withAcacia mearnsii in Central Java

In 1922, the colonial government introducedAcacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation ofA. mearnsii and agricultural crops. Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affectA. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore,A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further. This article was written within the framework of the cooperation between the two departments in the Forestry and Nature Conservation (FONC) project sponsored by the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC).     

Factors determining the occurrence of the agroforestry system withAcacia mearnsii in Central Java

In 1922, the colonial government introducedAcacia mearnsii in the tobacco-growing region of Wonosobo. Soon this species was accepted by the local people who developed an agroforestry system based on a rotation ofA. mearnsii and agricultural crops.Now, the growing of the black wattle is becoming less popular. To study the prospects for this agroforestry system 143 farmers from 5 villages were interviewed. The functions of this agroforestry system are the production of fuelwood and bark (which contains tannin for the leather industry), soil conservation and soil improvement. The following factors affectA. mearnsii growing: population density (which affects farm size and demand for domestic fuelwood), tobacco-processing (which requires fuel), topography and commercialization. If current trends continue, the contribution of the functions of this agroforestry system to welfare will not be sufficient to compete successfully with subsistence and cash crops like potatoes and tobacco. Therefore,A. mearnsii cultivation is expected to decline further.This article was written within the framework of the cooperation between the two departments in the Forestry and Nature Conservation (FONC) project sponsored by the Netherlands University Foundation For International Cooperation (NUFFIC).     

An artificial inoculation protocol for Uromycladium acaciae,cause of a serious disease of Acacia mearnsii in southern Africa

Uromycladium acaciae is the cause of a severe wattle rust epidemic in plantations of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) in southern Africa. Research on the biology of this damaging rust is assisting in the development of control strategies. One strategy under investigation is the identification and deployment of resistant lines of A. mearnsii. Selection of resistant families currently relies on large-scale, time-consuming and expensive field trials. In this study, we present a detailed artificial inoculation protocol for U. acaciae, which can be used to screen for resistance. The results of an experiment that used the protocol to screen the relative resistance of 12 families of A. mearnsii to U. acaciae are also presented. The developed artificial inoculation protocol can also be used to investigate several other aspects of this host–pathogen system.     

Structural elucidation of condensed tannin from the bark waste of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia crassicarpa</Emphasis> plantation wood in Indonesia

Recently, Acacia crassicarpa has been planted in peatland areas with acidic soil in Indonesia for use in pulp and paper materials. Its bark is not suitable to produce bleached pulp; hence, it is discarded as waste. Meanwhile, in South Africa and other countries, Acacia mearnsii has been planted for a long time, and its bark extracts have been used as a leather tanning agent. First, the structure of condensed tannin from the bark waste of A. crassicarpa is characterized. The yield of the extracts obtained from A. crassicarpa using a 70% acetone aqueous solution (7% based on bark weight) is less than that obtained from A. mearnsii (34%). A novel flavan dimer from the condensed tannin, specific to A. crassicarpa, is isolated from the bark extracts. To the best of our knowledge, this dimer is a new compound as evidenced from pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses; it corresponds to a gallocatechin–catechin flavan dimer with the absence of one oxygen atom at the 3C of the pyran ring. In addition, 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoic acid methyl ester is identified as a novel pyrolysis product obtained from the cleavage of the pyran ring.     

Susceptibility of eliteAcacia mearnsii families to Ceratocystis wilt in south Africa

Ceratocystis albofundus is a recently described pathogen infectingAcacia mearnsii in South Africa, and it causes a disease known as Ceratocystis wilt. Symptoms of the disease include die-back, gummosis and wilting of infected trees. In order to select trees tolerant to this fungus, susceptibility tests were conducted on trees representing fourteen families ofA. mearnsii. A virulent isolate ofC. albofundus was selected and inoculated into the stems of twelve-month-old plants in a plantation. Lesion lengths, in the bark, and disease development were assessed after 6 weeks. All fourteen families ofA. mearnsii were susceptible to infection byC. albofundus. Considerable variation was, however, noticed between individual trees within the same family and the incorporation of disease tolerant trees into breeding programmes is proposed.     

马占相思与厚荚相思树皮抽提物的比较研究

对马占相思树皮和厚荚相思树皮单宁进行定性和定量分析，模拟栲胶生产小试并对制取的栲胶进行质量分析。结果表明：两种树皮所含单宁均属缩合类单宁；绝干马占相思树皮含单宁高达36.75％，纯度为85．9％．单宁与非单宁之比为6．10，约2．34t气干树皮可生产1t栲胶，制得的栲胶不仅单宁含量高，颜色浅．而且鞣革渗透速度快,富有弹性．皮质好．证明马占相思树皮是一种优良的栲胶原料；绝干厚荚相思树皮含单宁仅9.56％．生产1t栲胶约需气干树皮4．96t，制得的栲胶含单宁53．32％．含非单宁46.47％．测得栲胶中多酚含量接近70％，可代替部分酚类物质用于制取高分子材料，可见大量的厚荚相思树皮也有生产栲胶的价值。     

Chemical alterations induced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pycnoporus sanguineus</Emphasis>/<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus flavipes</Emphasis> co-cultures in wood from different tree species

Chemical alterations following inoculation of Acacia mearnsii, Eucalyptus dunnii, E. grandis, and E. macarthurii with a Pycnoporus sanguineus/Aspergillus flavipes co-culture were investigated. Several wood chemical parameters were measured using standard methods from the pulp and paper industry. The data were described and analyzed using univariate as well as multivariate statistical techniques. Boxplots and in particular biplots show clearly how the chemical composition of each tree species was differently affected by the co-culture. Lignin content was significantly decreased in A. mearnsii, while E. dunnii showed a decrease in cellulose content. The results, therefore, indicate that the manner in which wood is degraded by a specific fungal co-culture depends on the tree species involved. This phenomenon should be considered when selecting fungi for bio-pulping.     

Factors influencing infection of Acacia mearnsii by the wilt pathogen Ceratocystis albifundus in South Africa

It is well known that species of Ceratocystis, which cause canker and wilt diseases on trees, require wounds for infection. In this regard, a number of physical and environmental factors influence the success of wound colonization by these fungi. The aim of this study was to consider the influence of wound age, stem diameter and colonization of wounds by Ophiostoma quercus on the success of infection by Ceratocystis albifundus, an important wilt pathogen of Acacia mearnsii in southern and eastern Africa, under field conditions. This was performed by doing controlled inoculations on Acacia mearnsii trees, of different diameters, with C. albifundus at different time intervals after wounding and after pre‐inoculation of wounds with O. quercus at the time of wounding. The success of infection by C. albifundus decreased significantly from 8 h after wounding and was higher on stems of greater diameter. Pre‐infection of wounds by O. quercus reduced the infection success of C. albifundus. The overall results showed that managing wounds created during forestry operations by treating wounds with naturally occurring, non‐virulent fungi, such as O. quercus, could reduce the prevalence of infections by C. albifundus.     

广西几种主要单宁植物及其利用现状

从用作栲胶(或单宁酸)生产原料方面,介绍了广西的毛杨梅(Myrica esculeata)、余甘子(Phyllan-thus emblica)、栎类、盐肤木(Rhus chinensis)等野生植物,以及人工栽培的黑荆树(Acacia mearnsii)、马占相思(Acacia mangium)、木麻黄(Casuarina equisetfolia)3种单宁植物及其利用现状。     

Pathogens and Pests Threatening Plantation Forestry in Zimbabwe

The Zimbabwean forestry industry, which contributes significantly to the economy, was introduced in the 1940s and is dominated by Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia mearnsii De Wild. This paper assembles and consolidates literature on diseases and pests of forest plantations to serve as a foundation for management and future studies. Most of the outlined diseases and pests have been known since the early days of forest plantations (i.e. the 1960s) whilst some are recent, signifying their increasing importance to the forest industry. Pinus spp., Eucalyptus spp. and A. mearnsii are affected by pathogens and pests originating from the native areas of the hosts while the origins of others are not known. Disease outbreaks resulted in discontinuous cultivation of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Pinus radiata D. Don. that were important species in eastern and southern Africa. Forest health issues impacting on forest production are poorly understood and there is an urgent need to implement a structured forest health survey program and appropriate support to identify current and emerging pest and disease issues. Additionally, this information is important to support the forestry seed and timber export program.