重金属迁移与土壤性质的关系

Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg runoff from yellow limestone soil and purple soils and the relationships between the mobility of the heavy metals and the soil characteristics were studied in laboratory using a rainfall simulator. The results showed that the concentrations of soluble Zn in surface runoff were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of < 0.002 mm particles and CEC of the soils, indicating that Zn was mostly adsorbed by clays in the soils. The contents of Cu and Hg in surface runoff were positively related to their contents in the soils. The amounts of Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg removed by surface runoff were influenced by the amounts of soil and water losses and their contents in the soils, and were closely related to the contents of soil particles 1~0.02 mm in size.     

生物炭对铜矿区排土场污染土壤理化性质和重金属形态的影响

为了探讨在重金属胁迫下,不同用量(0,1%,2%,4%)生物炭对土壤pH、有机碳、全氮、全磷以及重金属形态的影响,以铜矿区排土场污染土壤为研究对象,开展室内盆钵试验。结果表明：与对照K相比,在不同剂量生物炭处理下,土壤pH、有机碳、全N和全P增幅分别为3.5%～23.0%,5.6%～13.2%,2.9%～6.8%和3.4%～9.5%,酸溶态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量降幅分别为65.5%～71.2%,49.9%～71.5%,34.6%～50.6%和45.3%～52.1%,可还原态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量降幅分别为71.5%～74.3%,44.4%～63.6%,38.5%～57.8%和29.1～39.1%,可氧化态Cd含量降幅为15.6%～36.9%,可氧化态Pb, Cu和Zn含量增幅分别为16.9%～20.5%、3.9%～26.0%和18.8%～55.9%,残渣态Cd, Pb, Cu和Zn含量增幅分别为42.4%～44.2%,11.0%～23.5%,15.0%～37.9%和20.0%～41.9%。添加生物炭可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,对土壤全磷含量也略有增加,但...     

基于路径分析的土壤性质与硒形态的关系

选择我国15种不同类型土壤,采用连续浸提法测定了土壤中硒的形态,并以Amos18.0路径分析法研究了土壤理化性质对土壤硒形态的影响。结果表明,除江西红壤(水田和旱田)和黑龙江黑土中硒主要是以残渣态存在外,其余土壤中硒主要以有机结合态为主,可溶态硒仅占土壤硒总量的0.4%～14.6%。土壤可交换态及碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态硒含量间呈显著正相关(p<0.01),而可溶态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒含量与其他形态硒含量间无显著相关。路径分析表明,土壤有机质含量对铁锰氧化物结合态硒有负影响作用,而对其他四形态硒均为正影响作用。无定形铁含量对可溶态硒含量无影响作用,但对其他四形态硒的正影响作用大于有机质含量的。除可溶态硒外,土壤有机质和无定形铁含量分别对有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态硒的影响最大。pH和黏粒分别通过对土壤有机质和无定形铁的负和正作用而影响硒形态。有机质和无定形铁对硒在土壤中的分配起直接决定作用,而pH和黏粒也是不可忽略的影响因素。     

新疆伊犁土壤硒资源分布及与土壤性质的关系分析

调查研究了伊犁州土壤中硒资源的分布特征,为该地区富硒农产品的开发提供理论指导。用原子荧光光度法测定了新疆伊犁州6个县158个农田土壤样品的全硒含量,并运用统计分析方法对伊犁州土壤硒资源的分布特征及与土壤理化性质的关系进行了分析。结果表明,伊犁州6个县土壤中全硒含量范围为0.14~2.75 mg·kg-1,几何均值为0.33 mg·kg-1,其中昭苏县土壤全硒含量均值最高,巩留县最低。所检测的土壤样品中有2.38%属于少硒土壤,78.57%属于足硒土壤(0.175~0.45 mg·kg-1),19.05%属于高硒土壤(0.45~3.00 mg·kg-1)。统计分析的结果表明,有机质、速效钾、碱解氮与全硒含量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),p H值与硒含量成显著负相关(P0.01)。伊犁州土壤中硒的含量水平偏高,可以优先考虑富硒农业的开发建设。     

洛川县不同种植年限果园土壤基本性质与重金属含量评价

研究了洛川县20 a与60 a果园土壤基本性质和土壤中的重金属含量,并对土壤环境质量进行了评价.结果表明,洛川县20 a与60 a果园土壤为壤土,CaCO3含量最大值为141.71 mg/kg,土壤TOC平均含量大于1.26%,土壤pH值在7.95～8.62之间,土壤特征基本满足苹果生长的要求,20 a与60 a果园土壤重金属含量均略大于其背景值,砷的最大平均含量值为14.4 mg/kg,铬为84.4 mg/kg,铜为31.7mg/kg,铅为24.8 mg/kg,镍为33.1 mg/kg,锌为144.5 mg/kg,但两果园土壤环境指标的单项污染指数均小于1,综合污染指数小于0.7,土壤环境质量为清洁.     

重庆市不同功能区绿地土壤Hg分布特征及其污染评价

通过对重庆市居住区、公园、商业区和交通区等不同功能区绿地土壤重金属Hg的分析,讨论了绿地建成时间、土壤理化性质等不同因子对土壤重金属Hg的影响。重庆市不同功能区土壤重金属Hg平均含量均低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,土壤Hg污染较轻。但82.89%的调查样点土壤汞含量超过当地土壤背景值,表明该市大部分区域存在外源汞的影响。总体上,居住区和公园绿地土壤Hg污染不明显;但交通区绿地土壤重金属Hg污染较为严重。地质累积指数表明,重庆市34.21%的区域土壤未出现汞的明显污染,65.79%的绿地土壤已有不同程度的Hg污染。研究发现,调查区域绿地土壤中,建成时间对重金属Hg含量影响最大,土壤理化性质对Hg影响次之。     

桂林市土壤汞存在形态的研究

采用连续浸取-形态分析(Speciation)方法,对桂林市及市郊土壤样品中以7种形态(species)存在的汞进行了测试分析,结果表明,以残渣态或晶格态形式存在的汞含量最高,达165. 2ng·g-1,占总汞含量的41. 60%;其次为腐殖酸结合或络合态汞、难氧化降解有机质或某些硫化物结合态汞,分别为86. 2ng·g-1、52. 4ng·g-1,占21. 5%、13. 2%。其它4种形态汞含量较低,相应比例均小于10% 。研究表明,桂林土壤汞虽然多以惰性形态存在,但不容忽视它们对生物体内富集汞的长期影响。     

土壤中有效态重金属Cd Hg提取方法研究

通过采用不同土液比、浸提时间、浸提剂等,研究了不同条件下对提取土壤中Ｃｄ、Ｈｇ含量的影响,及各种条件下提取量与小麦吸收相关关系。结果表明,在褐土上土液比１：１２．５,浸提时间６０ｍｉｎ,１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＮＨ４ＯＡｃ浸提剂提取量表示土壤有效态Ｃｄ量较为合适;土液比１：１０,浸提时间３０ｍｉｎ,０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ ＣａＣｌ２浸提取量表示土壤有较态Ｈｇ量较为合适。     

土壤磷有效性及其与土壤性质关系的研究

选取我国14个不同地点土样,测定理化性质、全磷、速效磷、水溶性磷含量,采用通径分析研究土壤磷有效性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明,土壤磷有效性是各个土壤性质综合作用的结果。土壤CEC、有机碳、粘粒、砂粒、碳酸钙含量对土壤速效磷比例影响显著,土壤CEC、粘粒、砂粒含量对土壤速效磷比例贡献为正值,而土壤有机碳对土壤速效磷比例贡献为负值;土壤pH和CEC含量对土壤水溶性磷含量影响显著,土壤pH对水溶性磷比例贡献为正值,土壤CEC对土壤水溶性磷比例贡献为负值。本文所选土样基本符合土壤磷有效性与土壤性质之间通径分析的结果。     

The quality of exogenous organic matter: short-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions

We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10⁻³ m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10⁻³ m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.     

有机肥施用年限对碱化草甸土腐殖质组成的影响

以黑龙江省肇州县永乐镇15年的长期施用有机肥试验为平台,分析了有机肥不同施用年限对碱化草甸土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸光学性质的影响.农牧结合长期施用有机肥,使土壤中总有机碳含量以及腐殖质中胡敏酸碳、胡敏素碳含量随改良年限的增加而增加,分别提升了116.3％、120.7％和259.2％,与对照比较差异显著,对富里酸碳含量的影响不大;同时胡敏酸与富里酸的比值也提高了129.2％,土壤的理化性质得到了改善;使色调系数(△logK)在15年间总体呈增大趋势,提高了35.7％.为利用农牧结合的方式改良碱化草甸土提供依据.     

长期施肥下红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分对不同施肥模式的响应

采集不同施肥24年的红壤,采用物理分组的方法,观测了长期不同施肥下红壤有机碳及其组分变化,并结合历史资料分析了不同施肥模式对红壤有机碳及其颗粒组分的影响。结果表明,化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理下红壤总有机碳含量（10.33 g/kg）,砂粒（2000～53 m）、细粉粒（5～2 m）和粘粒（2 m）组分中的有机碳含量显著高于其他处理。与不施肥（CK）相比,施用化肥（NPK、2NPK）和有机肥（NPKM、M）显著地提高了红壤有机碳在砂粒和粘粒中的分配比例,而降低了其在粗粉粒和细粉粒的分配比例。施化肥（NPK、2NPK）、单施有机肥（M）、化肥配施有机肥（NPKM）处理,土壤有机碳的平均固定速率分别为0.05 t/(hm2?a)、0.18 t/(hm2?a)、0.26 t/(hm2?a)。相关分析表明,不同施肥模式下红壤有机碳的固定量与碳投入量之间存在着极显著的线性相关关系（R2=0.909, P0.01）,土壤的固碳效率为8.1%;随着碳投入的增加,粗粉粒和细粉粒有机碳储量逐渐下降,而砂粒和粘粒中碳储量逐渐增加,并且粘粒增加速率要远远高于砂粒。以上结果说明,红壤中有机碳还没有达到饱和,还具有一定的固碳潜力,增加的有机碳主要固持在粘粒中,粘粒是红壤有机碳的主要固持组分。     

Zn fractionation and availability in different soil aggregate fractions from Isfahan region,Central Iran

Zinc (Zn) distribution in different soil aggregates can affect Zn availability. In this study, the effect of soil aggregate-size fractions on Zn distribution and availability was determined in some heavy metal-contaminated soils. Air-dried samples were fractionated into four different aggregate-size fractions (2.0–4.0, 0.25–2.0, 0.05–0.25 and <0.05 mm). Extraction efficiency of available Zn determined by using Mehlich-3, DTPA-TEA, Mehlich-1 and H₂O methods in different aggregates and relation between extracted Zn and corn indices were studied. Moreover, the Tessier fractionation scheme was applied to determine the partitioning of Zn in different aggregates. Among all the extractants, Mehlich-3 showed better extractability of Zn from soils and the highest amount of extracted Zn was found in the <0.05 (87.65 mg kg^?1) and 0.05–0.25 (80.86 mg kg^?1) mm fractions. Zn extracted by Mehlich-3 and DTPA-TEA in the <0.05 and 0.05–0.25 mm fractions had significant correlation with the amount of Zn in corn. Also, correlation coefficients between carbonate-bound and Fe–Mn oxide-bound Zn and available Zn in <0.05 and 0.05–0.25 mm aggregates was higher than other aggregates, suggesting that this two fraction of Zn in finer aggregates constituted the major available Zn pools in the studied soils.     

长期不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分的影响

采用物理分组方法分析了长期不同施肥模式条件下潮土有机碳组分变化及其分布规律。结果表明,与不施肥（CK）比较,长期氮、磷、钾平衡施用（NPK）、秸秆还田（NPKS）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM和1.5NPKM）均显著提高了潮土粗自由颗粒有机碳（cfPOC）、微团聚体内物理保护颗粒有机碳（iPOC）及矿物结合有机碳（mSOC）的含量,其中以粗自由颗粒有机碳增幅最高,达114.5%～278.9％,对施肥最敏感,能较好反映长期施肥下土壤有机碳库的变化。矿物结合有机碳是潮土固存有机碳的主要形式,它占总有机碳的67.0%～80.4%。除偏施化肥（N和NP）外,其它施肥模式增加的总有机碳有49.1%～58.1%进入矿物结合有机碳组分;26.2%～31.7%进入粗、细自由颗粒有机碳组分;15.7%～20.9%进入物理保护有机碳组分。偏施化肥（N和NP）有利于自由颗粒有机碳的增加。综上分析,长期有机无机肥配施或秸秆还田是提升潮土不同组分有机碳库的较好施肥模式。     

Using soil organic matter fractions as indicators of soil physical quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of chemical and physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM ), rather than SOM per se , as indicators of soil physical quality (SPQ ) based on their effect on aggregate stability (AS ). Chemically extracted humic and fulvic acids (HA and FA ) were used as chemical fractions, and heavy and light fractions (HF and LF ) obtained by density separation as physical fractions. The analyses were conducted on medium‐textured soils from tropical and temperate regions under cropland and pasture. Results show that soil organic carbon (SOC ), SOM fractions and AS appear to be affected by land use regardless of the origin of the soils. A general separation of structurally stable and unstable soils between samples of large and small SOC content, respectively, was observed. SOM fractions did not show a better relationship with AS than SOC per se . In both geographical regions, soils under cropland showed the smallest content of SOC , HA and carbon concentration in LF and HF , and the largest HF /LF ratio (proportion of the HF and LF in percent by mass of bulk soil). With significant associations between AS and SOC content (0.79**), FA /SOC (r  = −0.83*^*), HA /FA (r  = 0.58*^*), carbon concentration of LF (r  = 0.69*^*) and HF (r  = 0.70*^*) and HF /LF ratio (r  = 0.80*^*), cropland showed lowest AS . These associations indicate that SOM fractions provide information about differences in SOM quality in relation to AS and SPQ of soils from tropical and temperate regions under cropland and pasture.     

不同深松时间与深度条件下土壤物理性状与玉米产量的相关分析

通过对土壤含水量、土壤容重、土壤硬度、产量及农艺性状的测定和分析,研究了不同深松时间、深松效果下土壤物理性状和玉米产量的变化并进行相关分析。试验结果表明:经过春季深松40 cm的玉米产量最高,为9 442.5 kg/hm2,比对照增产18.84%,行粒数和百粒重以春季深松40 cm处理的最大。产量与苗期土壤含水量存在极显著正相关,与土壤容重和土壤硬度存在极显著负相关。玉米生育期间对照土壤含水量低于不同处理,春季深松40 cm和深松30 cm处理的土壤含水量高于其他处理。     

不同Zn浓度对黑麦草根分泌物、根际Zn形态及植物Zn蓄集的影响

A glasshouse experiment was conducted using a root-bag technique to study the root exudates, rhizosphere Zn fractions, and Zn concentrations and accumulations of two ryegrass cultivars (Lolium perenne L. cvs. Airs and Tede) at different soil Zn levels (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 mmol kg-1 soil). Results indicated that plant growth of the two cultivars was not adversely affected at soil Zn level≤8 mmol kg-1. Plants accumulated more Zn as soil Zn levels increased, and Zn concentrations of shoots were about 540 /μg g-1 in Aris and 583.9μg g-1 in Tede in response to 16 mmol Zn kg-1 soil. Zn ratios of shoots to roots across the soil Zn levels were higher in Tede than in Airs, corresponding with higher rhizosphere available Zn fractions (exchangeable, bound to manganese oxides, and bound to organic matter) in Airs than in Tede. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids (oxalic, tartaric, malic, and succinic acids) and amino acids (proline, threonine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid, etc.) were detected in root exudates, and the concentrations of LMW organic acids and amino acids increased with addition of 4 mmol Zn kg-1 soil compared with zero Zn addition. Higher rhizosphere concentrations of oxalic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, phenylalanine, leucine, and proline in Tede than in Airs likely resulted in increased Zn uptake from the soil by Tede than by Airs. The results suggested that genotypic differences in Zn accumulations were mainly because of different root exudates and rhizosphere Zn fractions.     

Effect of biochar on soil structure and storage of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the aggregate fractions of an Albic soil

ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of corn straw derived-biochar (700 °C) applied at 0 (control), 10 (B1), 20 (B2) and 30 t ha^?1 (B3) on water stable aggregate (WSA), mean weight diameter (MWD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) in WSA fractions of Albic soil. Compared with control, WSA in > 2 mm fraction increased, by 40.8% and 51.5% (0–10 cm depth) in B1 and B3, respectively. B1, B2 and B3 (10–20 cm depth) increased by 55.2%, 69.6% and 62.4%, respectively. MWD increased by 34.4%, 21.6%, and 17.6% with B3 at 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm depths, respectively. TOC in the > 2 mm fraction increased by 28.6%, 22.1%, and 23.2% (0–10 cm depth) in B1, B2, and B3, respectively, TN in 2–0.5 mm fractions increased by 32.4%, 23.4% and 33.6% (0–10 cm depth); and in the 0.25–0.05 mm fractions increased by 14.8%, 19.8% and 18.7% (10–20 cm depth), in B1, B2 and B3, respectively. Our findings suggest biochar application at 30 t ha^?1 could improve structural stability and sequestration of TOC and TN in Albic soils.