超声波辅助提取白果粗脂肪

以自制白果粉为原料,分析了提取溶剂、粉料粒度、提取温度、超声波功率、料液比、提取时间及提取次数对白果出油率的影响。结果表明:石油醚(沸程60～90℃)是较适宜的提取溶剂,出油率为3.88%。最佳提取工艺为:白果粉粉碎度80目,提取温度25℃,超声波提取功率200 W,料液比1∶25(g/ml),每次提取时间40 min,提取次数2次。最优工艺条件下,出油率为3.86%,较索氏提取法,该工艺对白果粗脂肪的提取率为98.71%。     

超声波辅助水提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺研究

采用超声波辅助提取法,对淡竹叶总黄酮和固形物得率的工艺条件进行研究。以水为提取溶剂,通过单因素试验研究提取温度、提取时间、超声功率、料液比以及提取次数等对淡竹叶黄酮得率和固形物得率的影响。在单因素的基础上,通过正交试验对超声波辅助提取淡竹叶黄酮和固形物的工艺进行优化。结果表明:超声波辅助提取淡竹叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为提取时间40 min,料液比1∶20,超声温度70℃,超声频率40 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下总黄酮得率为1.23%。超声波辅助提取固形物的最佳工艺条件为提取时间50 min,料液比1∶40,超声温度70℃,超声频率50 k Hz。在此最佳工艺条件下固形物得率为13.15%。     

响应面法优化辣木叶总黄酮超声波辅助提取工艺

采用超声波辅助提取辣木叶总黄酮,并利用响应面法对提取工艺参数进行优化。首先通过单因素试验分别考察超声波提取的料液比、提取时间、提取温度和提取功率对辣木叶总黄酮提取率的影响,确定各因素的适宜水平;在此基础上进行四因素三水平的Box-Behnken中心组合设计法设计响应面试验,分析不同因素、不同水平对辣木叶总黄酮得率的影响。超声辅助提取辣木叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为:料液比1∶35(g/m L)、提取时间40 min、提取温度52℃、功率210 W,在此条件下辣木叶总黄酮提取率的预测值为5.082%,验证试验所得总黄酮含量为5.17%,所得回归模型拟合情况良好。     

朱砂根岩白菜素提取条件优化

以朱砂根根为材料,对朱砂根岩白菜素提取条件进行了较系统的优化筛选试验,结果表明:(1)索氏提取器法提取岩白菜素的优化条件为:提取溶剂为95%乙醇,提取温度为85℃,料液比为1∶11,提取时间为6h,提取次数2次,在此条件下岩白菜素的提取率为2.30%;(2)超声波提取法提取岩白菜素的优化条件为:提取溶剂为95%乙醇,提取功率为50W,提取时间为50min,提取次数为2次,料液比为1∶11,在此条件下岩白菜素的提取率为2.54%。两种提取方法相比,以超声波提取法的提取率为高。     

利用复合酶结合超声法提取沙棘叶黄酮

指出了沙棘叶富含多种活性成分,其中沙棘叶黄酮具有很高的保健和药用价值。主要利用复合酶制剂在机溶剂乙醇的作用下,结合超声波法,提取沙棘叶总黄酮进行了研究。通过单因素试验优化复合酶法结合超声法提取沙棘叶中黄酮的提取工艺,并对复合酶和单酶进行了比较。实验结果表明:最优的沙棘叶黄酮提取工艺条件为:酶质量百分比5%,时间60min,超声功率300W,温度50℃,乙醇体积分数50%,液料比30∶1,利用多酶复合酶提取效率显著优于单一酶。     

超声波辅助萃取法提取乌药叶黄酮类化合物的工艺研究

以乌药叶为原料,用均匀设计试验法优化了乌药叶总黄酮(FL)的超声波提取工艺,考察了乙醇体积分数、液固比、超声波功率和超声波作用时间4个因素对乌药叶总黄酮提取率的影响,确立了乌药叶总黄酮的优化超声波提取工艺条件为:5 g乌药叶粉,超声波作用时间18 min,超声波功率250 W,乙醇体积分数40%,液固比10∶1(mL∶g),测得乌药叶总黄酮得率为2.13%。对超声波提取进行了数学模拟,模拟值与试验结果吻合良好。     

粉单竹竹叶黄酮提取工艺的初步研究

比较了几种溶剂对粉单竹竹叶黄酮的提取效果,研究了温度、溶剂浓度、提取时间、料液比等因素对黄酮提取的影响。试验表明粉单竹竹叶黄酮的最佳提取工艺为:丙酮浓度40%,时间2 h,料液比1∶20,温度60℃。影响竹叶黄酮提取的各种因素的大小依次为:丙酮浓度时间料液比温度。索氏抽提法得到的黄酮提取率高于浸提法。自然干燥的竹叶的提取率高于冷冻干燥得到的竹叶的提取率。     

金银花中总黄酮的超声波提取工艺优化

采用超声波法提取了金银花中的总黄酮,通过单因素试验研究了乙醇体积分数、超声温度、超声时间、料液比和超声频率等因素对提取效率的影响。在此基础上,选择乙醇体积分数、超声温度、料液比和超声时间进行L9（34）正交试验,得出了总黄酮的最佳提取工艺参数：乙醇体积分数为70％,超声温度为50℃,料液比为1∶25（g · mL1）,超声时间为2．0h ,超声功率为900W ,最大提取率达到9．37％。     

皱皮柑果皮中总黄酮的回流提取工艺研究

采用回流提取法,通过单因素试验和正交试验,研究了皱皮柑果皮中总黄酮的提取工艺。结果表明：皱皮柑果皮中总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇浓度70%、水浴温度90℃、料液比1∶30、回流时间60 min、粒径为20目（0.90 mm）。在此条件下,总黄酮提取率可达1.56%。各因素对总黄酮提取率影响的主次顺序为回流时间〉粒径〉水浴温度〉乙醇浓度〉料液比。     

响应面法优化乌饭树叶总黄酮超声提取工艺的研究

为确定乌饭树叶总黄酮超声辅助提取最佳工艺条件,以总黄酮提取量为指标,在单因素试验基础上,利用响应面法建立数学模型考察乙醇体积分数、液料比、超声时间及超声温度对乌饭树叶总黄酮提取量的影响,优化乌饭树叶总黄酮提取工艺。结果表明,最佳提取工艺条件为:以体积分数75%乙醇为提取溶剂,液料比65∶1 mL/g,超声时间80 min,超声温度65℃,在此工艺条件下的总黄酮提取量为23.41 mg/g。该结果与模型预测值相近,表明利用响应面法优化乌饭树叶总黄酮提取工艺合理可行。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.