用磁珠富集法分离亚麻基因组微卫星分子标记

应用Dynal磁珠-生物素标记的微卫星探针(CT)₁₅与亚麻基因组DNA酶切片段杂交,捕获300~1 500 bp含有微卫星序列的DNA片段,连接到pMD18-T载体中,构建富集微卫星序列的小片段插入文库。利用接头引物和根据微卫星核心序列设计的引物VRV(CT)₁₅使用PCR方法直接对文库筛选,从422个转化子中获得了104个阳性克隆,对其进行测序分析,获得了97个微卫星序列,微卫星序列的富集效率达到22.99%,PCR扩增筛选效率93.27%。对97个微卫星序列进行比对分析,其中51个重复序列的两端序列高度相似,据其设计的特异引物对阳性克隆进行2次筛选,能淘汰相似度高的同类序列,提高筛选亚麻微卫星标记的效率。     

地黄微卫星富集文库构建及特性分析

应用Dynal磁珠-生物素标记的微卫星探针(AC)8,(AG)8和(ATG)12与地黄基因组DNA酶切片段杂交,捕获含有微卫星序列的DNA片段,连接到pMD 18-T栽体上,转入感受态细胞Trans 5 α,构建地黄富集微卫星文库.利用M13F和M13R载体序列引物筛选文库,对插入片段长度为400～ 800 bp的克隆进行测序.共获得96条序列,48条(50％)含有微卫星位点,其中完美型占66％,非完美型22％,混合型12％.微卫星重复基元中,二核苷酸(AG)n和三核苷酸(CAT)n最为常见.     

苎麻基因组微卫星的分离与鉴定

以苎麻[Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.]栽培品种芦竹青为材料,经MseⅠ酶切并与相应接头连接,然后与生物素标记的探针(CT)15杂交,再用链亲和素包被磁珠(Dynabeads M-280)捕捉杂交产物,以21碱基接头寡核苷酸为引物经PCR扩增获得了双链目的片段,回收300~1 000 bp DNA片段,然后克隆到pMD18-T载体上,转化至DH5α中,这样就构建了苎麻富含(GA)n微卫星的部分基因组文库。随机挑取36个克隆,以锚定简单重复序列为引物对其进行PCR筛选。测序分析了22个阳性克隆,每个克隆都含有微卫星DNA,阳性克隆率为61.1%,微卫星种类以与探针互补的（GA/CT）_n为主,占83.3%,同时还存在（TG/AC）_n和三碱基、六碱基为单元构成的苎麻微卫星,如(GAC)_n、(ACG)_n、(TCT)_n、(TCG)_n、(GAA)_n、(CCGACG) _n、(GAGAAA)_n等。最后以18个微卫星位点设计了18对苎麻微卫星特异引物。GA/CT重复单元的长度从7到40范围内变化,平均为19.2,显示了它们将产生良好多态性,为一种强有力的遗传标记。苎麻微卫星DNA标记可广泛应用于苎麻基因型鉴定,基因和QTL分析,分子标记辅助育种,系谱分析等。     

磁珠富集法筛选马尾松微卫星标记

将马尾松核基因组DNA用Sau3A Ⅰ酶切后,电泳回收300～1 000 bp片段.在回收的片段上连接接头PCR后与用生物素标记的微卫星探针(AC)15、(AG)15杂交运用磁珠富集含有微卫星序列的DNA片段.将获得的序列通过PCR扩增后,连接pGEM-T载体,转化入感受态大肠杆菌,得到微卫星序列文库.然后用PCR法直接对文库进行扩增,获得58个阳性克隆,经测序分析,获微卫星序列33个,并成功设计出马尾松微卫星引物19对.     

甜叶菊微卫星富集文库的构建与多态性标记的筛选

甜叶菊是我国一种重要特种经济作物, 其分子标记相关遗传背景研究甚少。本研究基于生物素与链霉亲和素的强亲和性原理, 用链霉亲和素顺磁颗粒捕捉人工合成的标记有生物素的寡核苷酸探针(AG)₁₅, 间接筛选出含有甜叶菊基因组微卫星序列的DNA酶切片段, 将筛选得到的片段连接到pUC-T载体中, 构建甜叶菊微卫星序列的富集文库。挑取354个克隆进行菌落PCR检验, 从中筛选出158个阳性克隆进行测序。结果表明, 134个(84.81%)克隆中含有微卫星序列, 其中完美型85个(63.43%)、非完美型15个(11.19%)、复合型34个(25.38%)。根据微卫星序列共设计出71对微卫星引物, 其中62对能扩增出稳定的条带。利用24个甜叶菊品系对这62对引物的遗传多样性的分析表明, 有16个位点表现出多态性, 等位基因数为2~8个, 平均每个位点扩增得到4.5个等位基因, 多态性信息含量在0.3163~0.7595之间, 观测杂合度(H_o)与期望杂合度(H_e)的范围分别为0.2174~0.9167与0.3555~0.8076。通过聚类分析, 将甜叶菊分为大小叶两大类。本研究开发出的微卫星标记可为甜叶菊的分子遗传育种提供有效的遗传标记。     

扁吻鱼微卫星分子标记的筛选及特征分析

通过磁珠富集法筛选扁吻鱼的微卫星分子标记。利用限制性内切酶Sau3AI对扁吻鱼的基因组DNA进行酶切,并选取片段大小在250～750 bp间的片段,利用PCR技术进行全基因组扩增,采用生物素标记的(CA)8探针对微卫星片段进行富集。富集后的片段与T载体连接后利用DH5α大肠杆菌进行转化,然后以Sau3AI为引物对菌落进行PCR扩增,扩增后选片段大小符合条件的菌落挑取至测序板,进行测序。结果表明:PCR筛选共获得563个阳性克隆,其中测序192个阳性克隆后发现有53个微卫星序列;序列分析表明,完美型占67.92%,非完美型为22.64%;混合性标记占9.43%。根据测序结果设计微卫星引物24对,经PCR扩增筛选,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示,其中22对引物可扩增出清晰的条带,其中具有多态性的13对。利用13对多态性引物对扁吻鱼野生群体进行扩增,PCR扩增结果显示,等位基因数为3～6,多态信息含量(PIC)为0.625 3,12个位点处于高度多态水平(PIC>0.5)。     

利用FIASCO技术进行波纹巴非蛤微卫星

为揭示波纹巴非蛤种质遗传特性、开发种质库,利用FIASCO(Fast Isolation by AFLP of Sequences Containing Repeats)技术开展了其基因组微卫星标记的分离与筛选研究。基因组DNA经限制性内切酶Mse I 酶切后与接头连接,用生物素标记的(CA)15或(AAG)7探针与其杂交,然后用磁珠富集、洗脱获得单链目的片段,经PCR扩增后形成双链,最后进行克隆转化,构建微卫星富集文库。挑选克隆用探针引物(CA)15或(AAG)7和载体引物进行PCR筛选,测序得到含有微卫星DNA的序列,根据序列设计和合成微卫星引物,进行引物适用性分析,并分析了湛江群体的遗传结构。结果表明,8对微卫星引物在湛江群体共检测到108个等位基因,每个位点等位基因数为5~19,期望杂合度为0.666~0.926,观测杂合度为0.400~0.882,4个位点(Pun4,Pun5,Pun6,Pun7)显著偏离哈迪-温伯格平衡(P<0.00625);PIC介于0.62~0.92,所有位点均属于高度多态位点(PIC>0.5)。说明FIASCO技术适合于波纹巴非蛤微卫星标记的分离与筛选,筛选得到的8个微卫星位点能用于波纹巴非蛤遗传多样性分析及野生群体与养殖群体的群体结构分析。     

香椿(Toona sinensis)微卫星富集文库构建及特性分析

采用Dynal磁珠富集法构建了香椿微卫星富集文库,通过测序结果对文库的特性进行了分析。实验使用改良CTAB法提取香椿基因组DNA,用(AC)8、(AG)8和(ATG)123种带有生物素标记的探针与香椿基因组DNA的酶切片段进行杂交,将磁珠捕获的含有微卫星序列的DNA片段插入p MD 18-T载体,并转入感受态细胞Trans 5α构建克隆,经筛选后得到含356个克隆的香椿基因组微卫星富集文库。从富集文库中挑选插入片段长度为400~800 bp的128个克隆进行测序,其中含有SSR的序列77条,得率达60.16%,其中完美型占82.69%,非完美型8.65%,混合型8.65%。上述结果为SSR位点的进一步开发奠定了基础。     

紫云英SSR分子标记的开发及在品种鉴别中的应用

利用生物素标记的(AG)₁₅、(CT)₁₅、(AC)₁₅、(GT)₁₅探针及链霉素亲和磁珠,从紫云英的基因组中富集微卫星(SSR)序列。在用富集片段构建插入文库的950个转化子中,经PCR检测及测序共得到127个SSR序列,微卫星序列的富集效率达15.8%。除去重复或无效的序列,得到33个序列用于引物设计。对征集的9个紫云英品种进行多态性分析,有6对引物扩增出明显且稳定的多态性位点18个。在紫云英的品种水平上,这些SSR位点产生的多态率为50%~100%,有效等位基因数为1.19~1.64,Nei氏遗传多样性为0.13~0.38,Shannon多态信息指数为0.22~0.56;利用这6对引物可将参试品种完全区分开,证明这些SSR位点可用于紫云英品种的指纹鉴别。根据SSR位点的相似性系数,将 9个紫云英品种主要聚成两个类群, 与传统按生育期的紫云英品种划分结果无必然的联系。     

首批海岛棉基因组来源的微卫星标记的分离、评价和定位

海岛棉(Gossypium barbadense)是世界上最重要的栽培棉种之一。海岛棉纤维品质优良,是优质棉的重要产源。为了研究海岛棉的遗传多样性,为海岛棉育种提供参考依据,从海岛棉遗传标准系中分离基因组来源的微卫星标记用于海岛棉遗传评价。采用两种方法分离微卫星标记,一是用ISSR (inter simple sequence repeat) 引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记;二是利用简并引物扩增Pima3-79,克隆测序后从中开发微卫星标记。共挑选1 447个克隆,筛选出239个独立克隆。测序后得到214个单一序列,其中包含微卫星并可用于引物设计的序列70个,获得86对引物。86对引物用于扩增56个海岛棉材料和4个陆地棉材料,16对引物没有扩增,43对引物在所有材料中没有多态性;27对引物在海岛棉和陆地棉之间有多态性,19对引物在海岛棉中表现多态性。利用Jaccard相似系数和UPGMA方法进行聚类分析可以明显区分陆地棉和海岛棉,并且将海岛棉分为4类。14对引物在BC₁群体中表现多态性,产生14个位点。9个位点整合到BC₁连锁图的7个染色体上,4个位于A亚基因组,5个位于D亚基因组。海岛棉微卫星标记扩展了棉花微卫星标记,有助于海岛棉遗传多样性的研究,有利于棉花遗传图谱的进一步丰富。     

Regression analysis of genotype x environment interaction in sweet potato

Summary Two experiments, each involving a set of 10 sweet potato clones, were conducted for three years at 4 sites (Ekona, Ebolowa, Nkolbisson, and Bambui Plain) in Cameroon. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the presence of genotype x environment (G x E) interactions, and to regression analysis to assess the performance of clones across anvironments. Environments were assessed in two ways: (i) the mean response of all clones (dependent assessment), and (ii) the average performance of a different set of clones (independent assessment).The first experiment (Expt 1) produced higher yields but had fewer stable clones than the second (Expt 2).The analysis of variance revealed that the clones interacted significantly with environments for all traits.The study has identified high yielding and stable sweet potato clones for distribution to growers in the major areas of cultivation in the tountry. Despite slight differences in numbers of clones judged stable by the various regression indices in the two methods of environmental assessments, the rankings of clones on the basis of their linear regression coefficients were similar. In a developing country like Cameroon, with limited resources and where sophisticated equipment for obtaining physical or biological measures of the environment may be lacking, the mean performance of genotypes may still be the most reliable measure of environment in evaluating the stability of performance of crop cultivars.     

Analysis and description of first year's growth of Salix alba L. clones

To distinguish twelve clones of Salix alba L. in the first year of growth, three major characters were selected by numerical analysis: length/width ratio of leaf blade, length of petiole and position of maximum width of leaf blade.Other characters are sometimes of additional use: length and width of the leaves; length/width ratio of the leaf bud; incisions of the margin and shape of base of the leaf blades; colour of the upper and lower side of the petiole; intensity of hairiness of the upper and lower side of the leaf.     

Incompatibility as a new method for identification of pyrethrum clones

Summary Pyrethrum clones cannot be satisfactorily identified by morphological traits, or by contents or types of pyrethrins.In pyrethrum a sporophytic incompatibility system operates. Most clones are strongly self-incompatible and cross-compatible. This was used as the basis of a revised identification system. It is assumed that in self-incompatibility and cross-compatibility the clones are identical. To test this assumption 128 different genotypes were selfed and crossed in 86 combinations. Only two genotypes (1.6%) were self-compatible and only one cross (1.2%) was reciprocally cross-incompatible.Since only a restricted number of clones is recommended and therefore issued, the incompatibility test together with morphology, especially of the flower, ensures an entirely satisfactory identification. Two applications are given.     

甘蓝型油菜基因组文库的构建及与硼高效基因相连锁克隆的筛选

以甘蓝型油菜宁RS-1为材料,构建了含有82944个克隆的甘蓝型油菜的BAC基因组文库.从文库中随机挑取克隆进行DNA长度检测,BAC克隆平均插入片段大小为80 kb,覆盖甘蓝型油菜基因组的5.1倍.随机挑取108克隆进行继代培养100代,分离质粒酶切检测表明不存在插入片段丢失现象,表明该文库的克隆在大肠杆菌中稳定存在;以与硼高效基因相连     

Temperature related instability of a naturally induced cytoplasmic male sterility in industrial chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)

Natural alloplasmic cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) clones of industrial chicory were obtained after crossing wild chicory with selected breeding lines. We investigated the CMS stability of 10 clones in various environmental growing conditions. CMS was stable under cool growing conditions in most of them. Fertility restoration, based on pollen production scores, was observed in all clones after a period of hot temperatures. The early flower bud stage was sensitive, resulting in fertile flowers 12–17 days after exposure to high temperatures. Experiments under controlled growing conditions at 15°C demonstrated that a heat shock of 2 days at 25 or 30°C was sufficient to restore fertility. Sterile flowers were formed when plants were again grown at lower temperatures. Significant differences between individual clones were observed, indicating the potential of genetic selection to obtain stable CMS parent lines.     

Identification of RAPD markers linked to the Ns locus in potato

Using the RAPD method and bulked segregant analysis we identified four RAPD markers linked to a dominant gene Ns, responsible for a hypersensitive reaction of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) to potato virus S (PVS) infection. The markers OPE15⁵⁵⁰, OPJ13⁵⁰⁰, OPG17⁴⁵⁰ and OPH19⁹⁰⁰ were found to be closely linked to the Ns gene in diploid potato clones. They are situated at 2.6, 3.3, 4.6 and 6.6 cM from Ns, respectively. As a source of the gene, clone G-LKS 678147/60, which is known to carry Ns transferred from S. tuberosum ssp. andigena was used. These RAPD markers were not amplified in resistant tetraploid clones containing Ns derived from the clone MPl65 118/3, also having an andigenum origin. This suggests that there may be two separate loci of Ns in the sources identified, or different alleles with the same specificity at a single locus, or that the genetic background of tetraploids tested results in different RAPD amphlification patterns.     

柑桔线虫抗性主基因座Tyrl的特异标记开发与遗传作图改进

本文利用先期从BAC文库获得的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因克隆序列Pt8a和Pt9a,进一步开发与柑桔线虫抗性丰效基因位点Tyrl连锁的分子标记.以Pt8a和Pt9a序列作探针,通过高密度克隆印迹杂交,从BAC文库筛选出200个以上的阳性克隆,以阳性克隆插入序列设计引物,对柑桔抗线虫材料和感线虫材料开展以PCR扩增为基础的集群分离分析,发现一部分克隆序列与柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Txrl紧密连锁;再通过染色体步行测序,分别从3个克隆(7A4,4L17和29F20)获得3个完整的NBS-LRR类候选抗病基因序列.从此类序列开发更高特异性的分子标记,并在利用原有分子标记的基础上,对柑桔线虫抗性杂交后代群体(9145 family)构建较高密度的遗传图谱:同时,将新开发的分子标记应用于柑桔衰退病抗性杂交后代群体(9401 family),以初步估算柑桔线虫抗性主效基因位点Tyrl与柑桔衰退病抗性基因Ctv的遗传距离.