滇中华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡

根据滇中高原的华山松林集水区径流场连续 3a的降雨和径流观测数据 ,进行了华山松人工林的水文特征及水量平衡的研究。结果表明 :( 1)本区域降水量的季节分配不均 ,湿季 ( 6～ 10月 )降水量占全年的 80 % ,降水量主要由大于 10mm以上的降雨带来 ,且降雨强度大部分小于 5.0mm·h- 1。 ( 2 )集水区年平均降雨量 10 0 5.6mm ,在林冠作用面降雨量的分配中 ,林冠截留雨量 2 10 .6mm ,截留率 2 0 .9% ;穿透过林冠层的降雨 74 5.3mm ,树干茎流量 4 9.7mm ,分别占降雨量的 74 .2 %和 4 .9%。 ( 3)集水区径流的月变化滞后于降雨 ,总径流量 172 .2 9mm ,总径流系数 17.13% ,其中 ,地表径流 8.0 3mm ,地下径流 164.2 6mm ;地表径流主要集中在雨季产生 ,一次性降雨对地表径流的影响显著 (R =0 .91)。 ( 4 )土壤蓄水年变化量 11.2mm ,约占年降水量的 1.1% ,但月变化较大 ;系统水量最大的输出是蒸散 ,每年以气态形式返回大气的水量 82 2 .1mm ,占降水量的 81.8% ;在蒸散的水量中 ,林冠截留雨量的直接物理蒸发量 2 10 .6mm ,占总蒸散量的 2 5.6%。     

豫南山区典型森林类型径流变化规律研究

采用连续定位观测的研究方法和小集水区技术,对豫南低山区针阔叶混交林等4种林型径流变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、毛竹林以及杉木林等4种林型均具有较强的涵养水源和保育土壤功能,坡面径流系数在1.06%～3.20%之间,土壤侵蚀强度均为微度侵蚀。坡面径流总量,落叶阔叶林〈针阔叶混交林〈杉木林〈毛竹林;水土流失量,针阔叶混交林〉落叶阔叶林〉毛竹林〉杉木林。4种林型坡面径流量与1次降雨量均存在显著的幂函数曲线回归关系,曲线回归相关系数分别达到0.886、0.919、0.913、0.868。针阔叶混交林小集水区年总径流量为547.19 mm,径流系数为34.8%,其中地下径流为498.39 mm,坡面径流仅为48.80 mm;月径流总量与降水量、蒸发量均存在显著的回归关系,可分别用幂函数和指数函数曲线式表示,曲线回归相关系数分别达到0.969、0.758。     

乌江板桥河小流域水量平衡研究

研究了乌江中下游板桥河小流域的水量平衡和地表径流量。水文站定位观测结果表明：小流域年平均降水量为１２５９．５ｍｍ，径流量５３１．５ｍｍ，蒸散量７２８．０ｍｍ；用径流场测定资料推算小流域的径流量中，地表径流量为７１．８１ｍｍ，占年降水总量的５．７％．壤中流、浅、深层地下径流总量为４５９．７ｍｍ．杉木林和灌丛草坡的水量平衡场观测结果：蒸散是降水的主要输出形式（占降水量的８１．１％～８４．７％）；杉木林的地表径流量小于灌丛草坡，而地下径流量大于灌丛草坡．小流域中，杉木林具有较好的水源涵养功能。     

杉木、马尾松人工林径流特征的研究

为探讨亚热带人工林的水文效应,1984～1990年,在江西省分宜县山下林场22年生杉木和马尾松林中,对降雨、径流等进行定点测定,结果表明:试验区林地的年平均径流量为15.648～31.148 mm,年平均径流系数为1.245％～2.537％。降雨量与径流量的较佳回归模型为y=ab。     

丛生竹林生态系统的水文效应研究：Ⅰ.麻竹人工林地表径流规律 …

对分别为８２５、４９５、３３０丛．ｈｍ＾２３种种植密度麻竹（Ｄｅｎｄｒｏｃａｌａｍｕｓ ｌａｔｉｆｌｏｒｕｓ Ｍｕｎｒｏ）人工林的地表径流进行了４年定位观察和综合分析。结果表明：麻林人工成林不发生地表径流的最大降水量为３～５ｍｍ／次。其他表径流量和泥沙流失量的大小与降水量呈正线性相关；地表径流量大降水量为３～５ｍｍ／次。其地表径流量和泥沙流失量的大小与降水量呈正线性相关；地表径流量与降水间隔时间和     

有无枯落物覆盖对加勒比松林地表径流及其K流失的影响

为了解有无枯落物对K随地表径流损失的影响,研究比较了有无枯落物加勒比松林地表径流中的K流失的特点,结果表明:有、无枯落物加勒比松林的年地表径流量分别为12.6、51.8 mm,主要发生在夏季,对应的地表径流系数分别为0.60%、2.48%,表明前者能有效削弱地表径流。2种林分的降水量和地表径流量的关系可用二项式方程表示。有、无枯落物加勒比松林各月的地表径流K浓度分别为3.2~36.3、1.8~6.0 mg.kg-1,通过地表径流输出的K量分别为701、982 g.hm-2。2008年5、6月为有枯落物加勒比松林的K流失高峰,6月为无枯落物加勒比松林的K流失高峰。地表径流的K浓度和径流量之间存在对数关系,K的流失量主要由径流量决定。     

第2代杉木近熟林水文学过程研究

根据2005年会同定位观测站第3小集水区实测数据,对第2代杉木近熟林进行了水量平衡和蒸发散研究.结果表明:2005年降水量为1077.5 mm,水分输出中,总径流量为191.90 mm,总蒸发散量899.49 mm,水分输出比水分输入多13.89 mm,这部分水量由原来贮存在土壤中的水分提供;与第1代杉木成熟林的水量平衡相比,林冠截留率降低了4.7%,总径流系数降低了2.1%,土壤蓄水多亏损0.1%左右,蒸发散系数由81.20%提高到83.48%.     

抚育间伐对不同龄林杉木人工林土壤理化性质和固土保水的影响研究

以江西靖安8a生杉木人工幼龄林和湖南华容12a生杉木人工中龄林为研究对象,利用试验测定和定量统计的方法,分析比较林分间伐(20%间伐强度)和未间伐(2015年抚育,连年调查)土壤层(0~15 cm,15~30cm)的理化性质及固土保水效益。结果表明:抚育间伐能降低杉木林的土壤容重,增大土壤毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度,且其增加值表土层大于心土层、幼龄林大于中龄林。抚育间伐对杉木林地土壤p H值的影响不明显,其酸碱度均在4.0~5.0之间;抚育间伐促进了杉木林地有机质的分解,有机质含量最高值为幼龄组达16.83 g/kg,促进作用表土层大于心土层、幼龄组大于中龄组,有机质含量均为抚育样地大于对照样地,且其差异具有显著性;抚育间伐对土壤钾、磷等营养元素的影响总体上较小。抚育间伐后第一年杉木林地表径流量有所增加,但以后杉木林地表径流量呈现抚育样地低于对照样地的趋势,中龄组的效果好于幼龄组;抚育间伐对净水率、净泥率、径流系数等的影响与地表径流量相似。试验结果有利于为科学合理经营杉木人工林提供依据,对生产具有一定指导意义。     

不同林龄华北落叶松人工林土壤蒸发特征及地表径流研究

以塞罕坝机械林场华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,结合该地区2009年气象资料,主要研究不同林龄林下土壤蒸发特征及产生地表径流情况。通过对幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林和林外对照样地的研究,结果表明:林分密度对于林下土壤蒸发量的影响较大,在整个生长季内不同林龄土壤的蒸发量在各月均是幼龄林<中龄林<近熟林<林外对照,蒸发量分别为49.00mm、58.50mm、74.00mm、118.50mm;整个生长季内幼龄林产生地表径流4次,径流量为19.30mm,占生长季降雨量的5.5%;中龄林产生地表径流1次,为13.00mm,占生长季降雨量的3.7%;近熟林产生地表径流2次,占生长季降雨量的3.9%;林外对照径流量为120.20mm,占生长季降雨量的34.5%。     

立地因子对不同龄级油松人工林生长的影响

以北京市森林资源二类调查数据和相关文献资料为基础,采用主成分分析及相关性分析方法对北京山区海拔、坡向、坡度、土壤质地、土壤类型、土壤厚度、枯落叶厚度等7个因子对林木生长影响进行了研究,结果表明:不同因子对不同龄级油松人工林平均树高、胸径及蓄积量的影响不同,对Ⅲ龄级、Ⅳ龄级各生长量影响最大。对Ⅰ龄级和Ⅲ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是海拔和坡向,对Ⅱ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是坡向,对Ⅳ龄级油松人工林各生长量均有影响的立地因子是海拔、土壤质地和土壤厚度。土壤因子对油松人工林Ⅲ、Ⅳ龄级的生长情况影响较大,对Ⅰ、Ⅱ龄级油松人工林影响较小。     

Nutrient and sediment removal by switchgrass and cool-season grass filter strips in Central Iowa, USA

Simulated rainfall and runoff were used to compare the effectiveness of 6 m and 3 m wide filter strips of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and cool-season filter strips consisting of bromegrass (Bromus inermis), timothy (Phleum pratense) and fescue (Festuca spp.) in reducing sediment, nitrogen and phosphorus in surface runoff from adjacent crop fields. The 6 m and 3 m wide strips represented 20:1 and 40:1 area ratios, respectively. Twelve plots, six each, in the switchgrass and cool-season grass strips, were laid out on Coland soil, having an average slope of 3%. Plots received simulated rainfall of 5.1 cm hr¹ intensity and simulated runoff containing known quantities of sediment and nutrients. Three runon samples, each integrated over 15 minutes, and nine runoff samples, each integrated over five minutes, were collected from each plot and analyzed for sediment, total-N, -N, total-P and P. The 6 m wide filter strips removed 77% while the 3 m removed 66% of the incoming sediment from surface runoff. The 6 m filter strips removed 46% of total-N, 42% of -N, 52% of total-P, and 43% of -P; and the 3 m filter strips removed 28% of total-N, 25% of -N, 37% of total-P and 34% of -P. Differences between 6 m and 3 m filter strips were significant (P < 0.05) for sediment and nutrient removal. Switchgrass filter strips removed significantly more total-N, -N, total-P and -P than cool-season grass filter strips (P < 0.05). This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

湖南省大围山杉木新造幼林水土流失的研究

本文对杉木新造林地进行了水土保持观测,取得了研究数据和科学结论,以指导杉木造林。１径流场地点基本情况径流场地位于湖南省浏阳县张访林场,地处幕阜山系大围山南麓。多年平均降水量１５５２３ｍｍ,历年日最大降水量为２７６１ｍｍ（１９６５０７０６）,年...     

Generation of runoff characteristics over three time periods for four typical forests in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, southwest China

In order to provide a basis for water conservation in the restoration of vegetation for an urban water resource area, we studied the generation of runoff characteristics in four typical forests over three time periods in Jinyun Mountain, Chongqing City, based on the observation data of rainfall and runoff processes during the period 2002–2005. The results show that: 1) Rainfall was distributed evenly during the years 2002–2005. Annual rainfall variability was 4.46% and coefficient of variation was 0.0618. Average monthly rainfall tended towards a normal distribution N (113.8, 4597²). 2) Both precipitation and runoff can be clearly divided into a dry and a wet season. The dry season was from October to March and the wet season from April to September. Most of annual runoff of the four forest stands occurred in the wet season. The surface runoff in the wet season accounted for more than 85% of the annual runoff, and more than 75% of underground runoff. 3) Both peak values of surface runoff and underground runoff occurred in June. The relation between monthly rainfall and surface/underground runoff was fitted by the model W=aP ² + bP + c. The order of annual surface runoff was as follows: Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > evergreen broad-leaved forest. The annual underground runoff was evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. 4) Under similar rainstorms events, the order of the surface runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest < mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest < shrub forest < Phyllostachys pubescens forest. The underground runoff coefficient was: evergreen broad-leaved forest > mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest > Phyllostachys pubescens forest > shrub forest. The relation between rainstorms and surface runoff was fitted by the linear relationship: Q = mp − n. Both mixed Pinus massoniana-broadleaf forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest have better flood regulation effects on an annual and monthly basis and per individual rainstorm. The function of Phyllostachys pubescens forest is the worst on all three bases. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2008, 30(4): 103–108 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

我国森林植被变化对河川径流影响的研究进展

依据成果,从河川年径流量、洪水径流以及枯水径流等方面介绍了国内有关森林植被变化对河川径流影响的研究进展,将目前已经得到的研究结论进行了归纳整理及分析,并对存在的问题和未来的工作重点进行了阐述。     

黄草梁生态旅游区水土流失观测研究

对黄草梁亚高山草甸及天然林内旅游路径水土流失情况进行了观测研究,结果表明：没有游人和骡马固定行走的林地和草甸区内未发生土壤侵蚀现象,也未形成水土流失侵蚀沟;各月份累计降雨量、径流深及侵蚀量的大小变化相同,依次为8月份〉9月份〉7月份〉6月份,8月份的径流深和侵蚀量分别为6.6 mm和2.63 t/km2;游客踩踏和骡马的践踏是导致原生植被破坏,形成水土流失侵蚀沟的主要和直接原因。     

红壤区生态公益林不同类型林分降雨及产流与产沙量研究

通过对湘中丘陵红壤区不同类型林分的定位观测,对林地不同年份因降雨量差异而产生的径流量、泥沙含量的差异进行对比分析.结果表明:降雨量较大的2010年林地的径流量、泥沙含量、径流系数均大于相对干旱的2009年;径流量、泥沙含量的大小与大雨量降雨的次数和降雨量密切相关.     

黑龙江省西部丘陵漫岗区径流效益分析

本文通过观测 ,对黑土漫岗林网区不同林种的土壤结构及理化性质、树冠截留、树干截留、枯落物截留及地表径流、径流含沙量的测定 ,测定出在黑土漫岗林网区 ,有林地比无林地的径流效益值大 ,其中有林地以落叶松、小黑杨、天然栎林的径流效益值较大 ,以落叶松林的径流效益值最大 ,果树林的径流效益值较小     

THE EFFECT OF FOREST FIRE ON STREAMFLOW IN DAXING'AN MOUNTAINS

TheextraordinaryforestfirehaPpenedinl987inDaking'anMountains.Inodetodefinitethechangesofccologicalenvironment,esPeCiallytheeffeetsonthesatowahathefire,wesetupthelOCatedobservatorysta-tionatthe23rdstationdownPanguriveroftheSeriousdisas)erareainl988togethcrwithHeilonaiiangProvincehydrologicalstationcAnedoutthe,Iocationresearchbythe25thstationofEmuerRjverinthefircareaandPangustationofPanguriver.Wemadetheprimaryconc1usionbytheanalysisofthedatainlastfiveyearsasthcfollowing.NATURALCoNDIT…     

The effect of forest fire on streamflow in Daxing’an Mountains

Based on the data obtained by single watershed experiment, the changes in streamflow by forest fire had been studied. The results showed the most forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains in 1987 resulted in the increase of annual runoff in the initial stage, snowmelt runoff reduced in May. The relationship between precipitation and streamflow was closed. The changes in streamflow relied more on the precipitation.     

福建长汀河田水土流失地区的迳流试验及类芦的绿化效果分析

在福建长汀河田水土流失地区建立迳流小区，进行迳流试验研究，并以优良乡土草种——类芦为主栽草种进行快速绿化，以迳流试验分析其水土流失治理效果。经过两年的试验，获得了可靠的数据，收到了明显效果，类芦生长旺盛，植被覆盖率达90％以上，使治理区地表年迳流量减少31．2％，土壤年侵蚀量减少52％，严重的水土流失现象基本得到控制，生物多样性明显增加，绿化效果显著。类芦在水土流失地区的推广应用前景广阔。