杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子叶球的发育解剖和生理生化的比较研究

1978年我们在浙江省首次发现杉木(Cunnighamia lanceolata)雄性不育株。本文对杉木雄性不育株的小孢子叶球进行了有关形态学和生理生化方面的初步研究。结果表明:杉木的雄性不育属于无孢子型。造成雄性不育的直接原因是绒毡层的过早解体和小孢子母细胞不能完成减数分裂。雄性不育株的雌球花发育正常,并能正常开花、授粉和结籽。在小孢子发生和发育过程中,不育株小孢子叶球的呼吸强度明显低于可育株的小孢子叶球,并表现出一定的规律性。不育株与可育株之间过氧化物酶同工酶谱具有明显差异,前者的酶带数始终多于后者。作者认为,杉木不育株中可能存在雄性不育细胞质基因,通过影响或调节编码过氧化物酶的核基因的表达,或影响核基因遗传功能的正常发挥,引起核质之间的不协调而导致雄性不育。     

Inhibitory effect of a novel combination of Salvia hispanica (chia) seed and Punica granatum (pomegranate) fruit extracts on melanin production

In recent years, dietary fatty acids have been extensively evaluated for nutritional as well as cosmetic benefits. Among the dietary fats, the omega-3 (ω3) and omega-6 (ω6) forms of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been found to exhibit many biological functions in the skin such as prevention of transepidermal water loss, maintenance of the stratum corneum epidermal barrier, and disruption of melanogenesis in epidermal melanocytes. In this study, we examined the effect of chia seed extract, high in ω3 (linolenic acid) and ω6 (linoleic acid) PUFAs, for its capacity to affect melanogenesis. Chia seed extract was shown to inhibit melanin biosynthesis in Melan-a cells; however, linoleic and α-linolenic acids alone did not effectively reduce melanin content. Further investigation demonstrated that chia seed extract in combination with pomegranate fruit extract had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis with no corresponding effect on tyrosinase activity. Investigation of the possible mechanism of action revealed that chia seed extract downregulated expression of melanogenesis-related genes (Tyr, Tyrp1, and Mc1r), alone and in combination with pomegranate fruit extract, suggesting that the inhibition of melanin biosynthesis by a novel combination of chia seed and pomegranate fruit extracts is possibly due to the downregulation of gene expression of key melanogenic enzymes.     

白桦APETALA2(AP2)转录因子基因的分离及其表达

白桦(Betula platyphylla Suk.)是我国常见阔叶树种,用途广泛。其花单性,雌雄花均为不完全花,只有两轮花器官,雌雄同株,其雌雄花发育特殊,同年生雌雄花异熟,花期不遇,且雄花发育存在越冬宿存现象[1]。这些不同于模式植物两性花的特征,预示着单性花发育的特殊性,具有重要的研究价值。     

山鸡椒水分及氮素利用效率性别特异性动态

【目的】以雌雄异株山鸡椒为研究材料,分析雌雄植株在生殖生长过程中水分及氮素利用策略的性别特异性动态变化规律,以期为雌雄异株植物资源分配动态变化机制提供理论依据。【方法】测定雌雄植株在开花后105～165天共5个时期叶片养分含量(碳含量、氮含量、碳氮比)、稳定碳同位素组成(δ¹³C)、稳定氮同位素组成(δ¹⁵N),并分析其动态变化规律。【结果】1)雌雄株叶片δ¹³C平均值分别为-29. 38‰和-28. 08‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹³C值影响均显著,5个时期雌株δ¹³C值均显著低于雄株;且随发育进程雌雄植株δ¹³C值均不断下降。2)雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N平均值分别为1. 90‰和2. 95‰。性别和发育时期对雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均有极显著影响,开花后105～150天(即雌株果实中精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期)雌株δ¹⁵N值显著低于雄株;随着发育进程,雌雄株叶片δ¹⁵N值均表现出双峰变化趋势,双峰出现在开花后105天和135天,雌株叶片δ¹⁵N在开花后120天达到最低值,雄株叶片在开花后165天时达到最低值。3)雌雄株叶片碳含量平均值分别为49. 44%和49. 28%。开花后105天和120天,雌株叶片C含量高于雄株叶片C含量,开花后135～165天(果实精油快速积累期到稳定期),雌株叶片C含量低于雄株。雄株叶片C含量随发育进程显著升高,而雌株叶片C含量在不同时期无显著差异。4)雌雄株叶片N含量平均值分别为1. 71%和1. 51%。性别对N含量影响显著,雄株叶片N含量均低于雌株(除开花后135天)。5)雌雄株叶片C/N平均值分别为29. 15和33. 72。性别对叶片碳氮比影响显著,雌株C/N值在不同发育时期均小于雄株,但发育时期对其无显著影响;随着发育时期推进,雄株C/N值下降程度高于雌株。6)雌雄植株叶片δ¹³C与N含量以及δ¹³C与δ¹⁵N之间均无显著相关性。【结论】山鸡椒雌雄植株在养分含量、水分及氮素利用策略存在差异,且在开花后105～165天表现出动态变化规律。雌株水分利用效率低于雄株,从果实精油及柠檬醛含量快速积累期到稳定期,雌株水分利用效率不断下降;雌株氮利用低于雄株,且随着植株发育,雌雄株叶片氮素利用效率均表现出双峰变化趋势;雄株叶片氮含量低于雌株,分配更多的氮素至花芽以保证花粉形成;果实精油快速积累期到稳定期,雌株叶片碳含量低于雄株,为果实及种子的形成提供更多的碳元素。     

Cytological and genetical studies on male sterility inCryptomeria japonica D. Don

Genetic male sterility is a useful trait in plant breeding, especially in angiosperm crops such as corn, onion and carrot. We found a male sterile sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) tree in Toyama, Japan. Pollen of sugi is one of the major causes of pollinosis in Japan. We carried out this research in an attempt to make clear the characteristics and inheritance of this male sterility. Microsporogenesis of the male sterile tree proceeded meiosis, however, the microspores collapsed after they were separated from pollen tetrads in locules, resulting in complete male sterility. Most likely, ethylene evolution was responsible for male sterility expression. Full seed setting in the male sterile tree indicated normal macrosporogenesis. Seeds obtained from crossing between male sterile and normal lines showed relatively high level of germination and their seedlings grew vigorously. The somatic chromosome numbers of 241 germinated seeds, derived from the male sterile tree, were mostly 22, euploid. These results indicated that male sterile tree was different from other similar previously reported trees with low pollen fertility, resulting from triploid or trisomics. Probably, male sterility in sugi is either nuclear genetic male sterility or cytoplasmic male sterility. The study was partially supported by Program for Promotion of Basic Research Actives for Innovative Biosciences.     

芍药种子含油率与脂肪酸成分研究

[目的]本文对芍药种子含油率、脂肪酸成分及含量进行了探讨,为芍药开发成油料植物提供参考。[方法]选取芍药36个栽培品种和1个野生居群为样本,采用索氏提取法提取种子油脂并测定含油率,用气相色谱—质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对提取的籽油成分进行分析。[结果]表明:芍药36个栽培品种和1个野生居群种子平均含油率为20.20%。芍药籽油主要含有豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈一烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生酸8种脂肪酸,其中,亚麻酸含量最高,平均达34.14%,其次为油酸和亚油酸,这3种不饱和脂肪酸的含量占全部脂肪酸的93.37%。芍药籽油脂肪酸含量变化相对稳定,各脂肪酸成分的变异系数从大到小依次为亚油酸(13.90%)油酸(13.51%)亚麻酸(10.71%)棕榈酸(0.18%)硬脂酸(0.09%)花生酸(0.002%)、棕榈一烯酸(0.002%)豆蔻酸(0.00%)。[结论]芍药种子含油率高,富含亚麻酸、亚油酸和油酸,且含量相对稳定,变异很小,具有开发为高含量亚麻酸食用油潜力。     

越南油茶脂肪酸积累及相关基因表达动态分析

越南油茶(Camellia vietnamensis)茶籽油脂肪酸组成差异是影响其营养和医疗保健价值的重要因素,但目前关于其种子油主要脂肪酸含量动态变化及其分子调控机制仍不清楚。本文以16年生越南油茶实生树种子为试验材料,采用索氏提取法提油,采用气相色谱法鉴定脂肪酸种类和测定脂肪酸含量,采用荧光定量PCR法测定4个关键酶基因的相对表达量。结果表明,越南油茶茶籽油中共含有15种脂肪酸,其中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸和二十四碳一烯酸的含量在其动态变化的不同时期间存在显著变化,且油酸和亚油酸、饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸等的含量之间分别呈极显著负相关关系;8月5日到9月5日是油酸快速积累期,且油酸的积累随着种子的成熟而增加,亚油酸的积累则与之相反;不同脂肪酸含量与控制其转化的关键酶基因相对表达量动态变化特点基本一致,关键酶基因的相对表达量与硬脂酸(底物)、亚麻酸和花生一烯酸(最终的生成物)等含量之间具有极显著的典型性相关性;△9硬脂酰-ACP脱饱和酶基因(SAD)相对表达量与硬脂酸含量的偏相关系数显著且呈负相关,硬脂酸含量与脂肪酸脱饱和酶2基因(FAD2)相对表达量、SAD与FAD2和脂肪酸脱饱和酶3基因(FAD3)相对表达量、亚油酸含量与FAD3基因相对表达量等之间的偏相关系数均显著且呈正相关。可见,越南油茶茶籽油存在棕榈酸向硬脂酸、硬脂酸向油酸、油酸向亚油酸和亚油酸向亚麻酸的直接转化过程,选择合适的采果日期是提高茶籽油不饱和脂肪酸比例的有效手段之一,SAD基因表达增强促进硬脂酸向油酸转化,硬脂酸含量对FAD2基因表达、亚油酸含量对FAD3基因表达、SAD基因表达对FAD2和FAD3基因表达等均表现正调控作用。     

长瓣短柱茶种子油等在2BS细胞培养中的延缓衰老效应

将长瓣短柱茶种子油及其它木本食油经酶解处理后,以适当比例加入ＭＥＭ２培养液和培养人胚肺成纤维细胞。测定各油组细胞膜过氧化脂质水平,细胞培养传代数,细胞生长速度变化,细胞贴壁能力和细胞外观形态变化,结果表明长瓣短柱茶种子油具与橄榄油相当的延缓细胞衰老效果,其第４６代细胞的细胞膜过氧化脂质的积累显著低于普通油茶油,长瓣短柱茶油非皂化成分,三油酸甘油脂组。     

Courtship and mating behaviour in the fruit fly parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psyttalia concolor</Emphasis> (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): the role of wing fanning

Psyttalia concolor is a parasitoid of fruit flies (Tephritidae) which is used to control the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Detailed knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to optimise mass rearing conditions and use in biological control. In this study, the mating behaviour of P. concolor was investigated in order to understand the factors that can influence the success of male mating, using both high-speed video and biological assays. P. concolor males were more likely to be successful in mating during the early morning as opposed to the afternoon, and their courtship behaviour was not affected by the female mating status (i.e. virgin or mated). Wing fanning and copulation attempts were also frequently displayed among males, but male mating status did not influence male–male courtship behaviour. Video data revealed that during wing fanning, male wings were kept raised and moved rhythmically in a dorsoventral fashion. Frequency, pulse duration and interpulse interval of the fanning males during female courtship differed significantly in successful mating attempts compared to unsuccessful ones. Wingless males had significantly lower mating success compared to winged males, suggesting that wing fanning increases the likelihood of attracting a mate. Overall, the study increases the knowledge of the reproductive biology of P. concolor and suggests the importance of fanning behaviour among the range of sensory modalities used by this parasitoid in intra-specific communication.     

不同基肥对油用牡丹结籽性及籽脂肪酸组分的影响

【目的】为给南方地区油用牡丹高效栽培种植技术的完善提供理论参考,以四川湿润气候区的油用牡丹‘凤丹’品种为研究对象,比较了不同基肥的施用对牡丹结实情况和籽脂肪酸组分及含量的影响。【方法】共设置了油枯(0.1、0.5 kg/株)、牛粪(0.1、0.5 kg/株)、牛粪(0.1、0.5 kg/株)+复合肥(0.1 kg/株)6个基肥处理,观测不同基肥处理下油用牡丹结籽性,采用索氏抽提法测定油用牡丹籽粗脂肪含量,采用气相质谱法(CG-MS)对油用牡丹籽单体脂肪酸进行定性定量分析。【结果】在单株施牛粪0.1 kg+复合肥处理下,油用牡丹的单籽质量(0.470±0.029) g,籽长(10.452±0.266) mm,籽宽(8.660±0.056) mm,均好于其他施肥处理。油用牡丹籽粗脂肪含量在不同基肥处理下差异不明显,但单体脂肪酸含量存在显著差异。经GC-MS分析,在油用牡丹籽油中检测出13种单体脂肪酸,其中有8种饱和脂肪酸(癸酸、月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、花生酸、榆树酸和木蜡酸),3种单不饱和脂肪酸(棕榈烯酸、油酸和顺-11-二十碳烯酸),2种多不饱和脂肪酸(亚油酸和亚麻酸);其中亚麻酸的含量最高(40.27%),其次为亚油酸和油酸,分别为29.02%、22.03%。【结论】单株施牛粪0.5 kg+复合肥处理对促进油用牡丹籽亚麻酸含量提高的效果最佳,在该处理下亚麻酸含量可达(45.97±0.01)%。     

杨树R2R3 MYB基因PeMYBLI的克隆及表达

An R2R3 MYB gene,PeMYBL1,was isolated from male inflorescence of Populus×euramericana by homologous cloning combined with in silico cloning techniques.The full length of PeMYBL1 cDNA was 1 094 bp encoding 276 amino acids.The deduced amino acid sequence contained two conserved MYB domains near the N-terminus,a conserved E1 motif and an acidic Ser/Thr rich region toward its C terminus.Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PeMYBL1 was clustered with AtMYB85 from Arabidopsis thaliana,ZmMYBL1 from Zea mays,OsMYB15...     

Boron remobilization at low boron supply in olive (Olea europaea) in relation to leaf and phloem mannitol concentrations

For plant species in which a considerable portion of the photoassimilates are translocated in the phloem as sugar alcohols, boron is freely translocated from mature organs to growing tissues. However, the effects of decreased plant boron status on boron remobilization are poorly understood. We conducted a growth chamber experiment (CE) and a field experiment (FE) to study the effects of low boron supply on boron remobilization in olive (Olea europaea L.), a species that transports considerable amounts of mannitol in the phloem. For the CE, several physiological parameters were compared between control (B+) and boron-deficient olive plants (B-) during the expansion of new leaves. Boron remobilization was assessed by measuring boron content of selected leaves at the beginning and at the end of the CE. As expected, boron was remobilized from mature leaves to young leaves of B+ plants; however, considerable boron remobilization was also observed in B- plants, suggesting a mechanism whereby olive can sustain a minimum boron supply for growth of new tissues despite an insufficient external boron supply. Boron deficiency caused inhibition of new growth but had no effect on photosynthetic capacity per unit leaf surface area of young and mature leaves, thereby altering the carbon utilization pattern and resulting in carbon allocation to structures within the source leaves and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates. Specifically, in mature B- leaves in the CE and in B- leaves in the FE, mannitol concentration on a leaf water content basis increased by 48 and 27% respectively, compared with controls. Carbon export ability (assessed by both phloem anatomy and phloem exudate composition of FE leaves) was enhanced at low boron supply. We conclude that, at low boron supply, increased mannitol concentrations maintain boron remobilization from source leaves to boron-demanding sink leaves.     

雄性不育板栗雄花序败育与几种酶活性及MDA含量的关系

植物雄性不育广泛存在于开花植物有性繁殖过程中.据Kaul(1988)报道,已经在43科、162个属、320个种的617个品种或种间杂种中发现雄性不育.板栗(Castanea mollissima)也存在雄性不育现象.     

香榧的核型和性别的早期鉴别

香榧是我国特有的经济树种，雌雄异株。根尖细胞染色体分析表明：雌株有一对异形性染色体，异配性别，属ＺＷ型；雄株是同配性别，属ＺＺ型。雌株的核型为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝２２＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ＋ＺＷ），雄株的核型为２ｎ－２ｘ＝２２＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ＋ＺＺ）。雌株的体细胞中只有一条最短的Ｚ染色体，间期核的两个染色中心的差明显。雄株有一对最短的Ｚ的染色体，间期核的两个染色中心的大小相同。根据这些特征，植株的性别可...     

Maintaining <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bactrocera oleae</Emphasis> (Gmelin.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) colony on its natural host in the laboratory

The olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin.) (Diptera:Tephritidae) is a pest on olives (Olea europea) in the Mediterranean basin. An olive fruit fly colony was maintained on olives at 24 ± 1°C, 60% RH, and 16:8 h (light:dark) photoperiod with fluorescent lighting. We investigated oviposition behavior, developmental duration and weights of the biological stages, and adult longevity. A single female laid an average of 19 eggs/day and 200–350 eggs in her lifetime. The maximum number of oviposition stings in a single olive was 156.0 ± 5.77, and 28.00 ± 3.62 larvae out of it completed their development, all pupated, and all emergence successfully. Although the development period was similar for larvae and pupae, adult longevity varied. Male and female emergence percentages ranged as 38.7–52.8, and 32–39.9%, respectively. The results are presented in relation to published studies on olive fruit fly rearing.     

Variation in rooting behavior of stem cuttings in relation to their origin in Taxus wallichiana Zucc.

The present study investigates optimal conditions for the vegetative propagation of Himalayan yew Taxus wallichiana Zucc., an important medicinal tree, during spring. Effect of four treatments: (a) sex of donor plant (male and female), (b) age/type of shoot (1, 2, 3 year old, long and dwarf shoots), (c) auxin treatment (IBA and NAA at 0, 0.5, 1.25, 5.0 & 50.0 mM) and (d) rooting environment (raised beds/polythene bags) on percentage rooting in stem cuttings was studied. Randomized complete block (RBD) designs were used for experimentation. Rooting ability of cuttings was significantly influenced by all these treatments. The overall rooting response was higher in long shoot cuttings taken from female tree. Age of shoot also influenced the rooting response and was highest in 1 year old long shoot cuttings of female tree. Exogenous application of auxin, α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3 butyric acid (IBA), had significant positive effect on the percentage rooting. IBA significantly enhanced the rooting percentage in 1 year old long and dwarf shoots at lower doses and 2 and 3 year old long shoots from female tree at higher doses. Maximum percent rooting (90% ± 2.8) was obtained with interactive effect of 0.5 mM, NAA (22 h) × 1 year old long shoot from female tree; followed by the interactive effect of 50 mM IBA (5 s) × 3 year old long shoot from female tree (83% ± 4.1). Cuttings planted in soil: sand medium in polythene bags showed earlier rooting response (12 weeks) than cuttings planted in raised nursery beds (24 weeks). Overall, the findings of this study suggest that 0.5 mM IBA treatment is suitable for enhancing adventitious rooting in 1 year old long and dwarf shoots of male and female trees. IBA at higher doses is suitable for enhancing the rooting percentage of 2 and 3 year old long shoots from female tree. This study provides a significant lead towards the development of a simple and inexpensive technique for large scale propagation, aforestation of elite genotypes and raising of bush type plantation under ex-situ conditions.     

小桐子繁育系统与传粉生态学研究

在野外定位观测小桐子花朵的功能形态特征、开花动态、传粉方式,用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)、去雄、套袋、人工授粉等方法分别测定小桐子的繁育系统.结果显示:(1)小桐子是单性花,雌雄同株同序.雄花单花期2 d,雌花单花期5～8 d,雌花直径略大于雄花.(2)雄花开花后9 h内花粉活力较高,24 h后花粉活力明显降低,48 h后花粉基本散失活力;雌花柱头可授性在开花后4 d内最强,5～8 d可授性开始降低,第9天基本失去可授性.(3)传粉方式以虫媒传粉为主,为虫媒植物.(4)繁育系统检测结果为部分自交亲和异交,需要传粉者活动才能完成授粉过程.     

夏蜡梅和美国蜡梅属间杂种的优势表现

采用重复授粉等杂交方法,获得了以夏蜡梅为母本、美国蜡梅为父本的属间杂种,该杂种结合了双亲的优点,花色紫红至粉红,表现为母本(白色)和父本(褐紫色)的中间性状,花形和花器结构与母本相似,大而娇艳;叶片形状和颜色与母本相似,而大小则偏向父本;杂种的适应性与父本相似,耐高温、强光照;植株生长优势明显,具有较高的观赏、利用价值。     

薄壳山核桃不同无性系开花物候特性观测和比较

对薄壳山核桃32个无性系的雌、雄花开花物候期和花量进行了观测和比较。结果表明:2011——2014年薄壳山核桃无性系开花物候期有所差异,但开花物候类型一致。2013年,供试的32个薄壳山核桃无性系整个花期持续时间为4月24日——5月21日。雄花花期持续时间为11 18 d,雌花花期持续时间为9 17 d;雌花最佳授粉期与雄花散粉盛期持续天数均为3 8 d。依据雌花与雄花开放的先后次序可以确定其中的16个无性系为雌先型,10个无性系为雄先型,6个无性系为同时型;并根据观测结果确定了其中86个可行的授粉组合。最佳的授粉配置方案为:将1号、5号、27号、29号、35号无性系作为马汉、28号、65号无性系的授粉配置无性系。32个薄壳山核桃无性系之间,雄花序长度无显著性差异,单枝雄花簇数、单个雄花序花粉囊数、单株雄花序总数、单枝雌花数、每簇雄花序数、单株雌花总数的差异均达到显著水平,总体变异幅度最大的是单株雄花序总数(变异系数为75.51%)。     

Molecular identification of sex in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippophae rhamnoides</Emphasis> L. using isozyme and RAPD markers

In many dioecious plants, gender affects economic value, breeding schemes and opportunities for commercial harvests. Hippophae rhamnoides L. is a dioecious plant species in which female genotypes are commercially preferred over male genotypes. Its berries have rich medicinal, nutritional and pharmaceutical properties because of their large amounts of vitamins, essential oils, proteins, fatty acids, free amino acids and flavanoids. Primary limitation for breeding H. rhamnoides L. is its dioecious nature, since gender cannot be identified by traditional methods. Therefore, some reliable and quick methods need to be developed. This communication deals with the development of isozyme and RAPD markers for early sex identification in this dioecious tree. The isozyme analysis was conducted with four enzyme systems, viz. peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase and catalase. The peroxidase enzyme system produced a female specific sex marker, which successfully differentiated between the staminate and pistillate genotypes of H. rhamnoides L. Thirty five random decamer primers were used in our study and one male sex linked marker was identified. OPD-20 (5′-ACTTCGCCAC-3′) displayed a band at 911 bp that expressed polymorphism between male and female genotypes. The staminate and pistillate genotypes could be distinguished using RAPD marker OPD-20911. These results revealed the immense potential of peroxidase isozyme patterns and RAPD as genetic markers for sex identification in H. rhamnoides L.