Comparisons of Ophiostomatoid fungi associated withTomicus piniperda andT. minor in Japanese red pine

Five species ofOphiostoma, twoLeptographium species and aGraphium species were isolated from two morphologically and ecologically similar bark beetle species,Tomicus piniperda andT. minor, and their infested Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Honshu, Japan. An underscribedOphiostoma species andO. minus were isolated mainly fromT. piniperda and its galleries.Ophiostoma canum which was found for the first time in Japan was mainly fromT. minor and its galleries. Specific relationships between the beetles and fungal species are suggested. Contribution No.140, Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba. Part of this study was presented at 108th Annual meeting of Japanese Forestry Society, April 2, 1997, Fukuoka, Japan.     

Virulence of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with the spruce bark beetleIps typographus f.japonicus in Yezo spruce

Yezo spruce trees (Picea jezoensis), approximately 40-year-old were inoculated with eight ophiostomatoid fungi associated withIps typographus f.japonicus to compare relative virulence of the fungi. Among them,Ophistoma penicillatum formed the longest necrotic lesion on inner bark around inoculation points, followed byO. aenigmaticum, Ceratocystis polonica, andO. bicolor, whileC. polonica formed a larger dry zone in sapwood than the other fungi. Yezo spruce trees were also mass inoculated withC. polonica, O. penicillatum, O. piceae singly or mixed to demonstrate the ability of the fungi to kill Yezo spruce trees. The trees inoculated withC. polonica, O. penicillatum or the mixed inoculum showed discoloration of needles in the early summer of the next year and died by autumn. However, the trees inoculated withO. piceae or the control inocula did not die, except for one tree. These results indicated thatC. polonica andO. penicillatum were more virulent thanO. piceae and suggested that they might be at least partially responsible for the mortality of the beetle-infested Yezo spruce trees. Part of this study was supported by the Sumitomo Foundation, Japan to Y. Yamaoka and I. Takahashi. Part of this study was presented at the 107th meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, April 1–4, 1996, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, at the 42nd annual meeting of the Mycological Society of Japan, May 16–17, 1998, Kyoto, and at the 110th meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society, April 2–5, 1999, Matsuyama, Ehime. Contribution No. 143, Laboratories of Plant Pathology and Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

Protective effect of floor cover against soil erosion on steep slopes forested with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> (hinoki) and other species

 We evaluated the protective effects of floor cover against soil erosion in three types of forest located on steep slopes under a humid climate: 22- and 34-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), 34-year-old Cryptomeria japonica (sugi), and 62-year-old Pinus densiflora (red pine) stands. We measured sediment transport rates (sediment mass passing through one meter of contour width per millimeter of rainfall), using sediment traps, before and after removing floor cover. Raindrop splash erosion was dominant in the experimental stands. Floor cover percentage (FCP) during the preremoval stage varied from 50% to 100% among the four stands, and sediment transport rates ranged from 0.0079 to 1.7 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹. The rates increased to 1.5–5.6 g m⁻¹ mm⁻¹ immediately after removing floor cover, and remained high throughout the experiment. The presence of physical cover near the ground has a crucial effect on sediment transport on forested slopes. The protective effect ratio (the ratio of the sediment transport rate in a control plot to that in the removal plot) in a young hinoki stand, in which the FCP decreased markedly, was 0.3 at most, which is close to the rate for bare ground. The protective effect ratio in the red pine stand was ≤0.003. We concluded that the protective effect of floor cover in undisturbed forests in Japan differs by over two orders of magnitude, based on comparisons with previous studies. Received: March 11, 2002 / Accepted: August 16, 2002 Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Present address: Department of Forest Site Environment, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Ibaraki 305-8687 Japan Tel. +81-298-73-3211; Fax +81-298-74-3720 e-mail: miura@affrc.go.jp Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Research Council of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, of Japan. We thank H. Ujihara, S. Ujihara, and M. Ogasawara in Otoyo, Kochi, who provided the experimental stands used in this study. We also thank K. Hirai, S. Kuramoto, E. Kodani, and the rest of the staff at the Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their help in conducting the experiments. Correspondence to:S. Miura     

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles onAbies veitchii in wave-regenerated forests

Relationships between tree mortality and bark beetle infestation onAbies veitchii at the wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Asahi, Okuchichibu area were investigated. Most of the firs with green needles and newly developed current year’s shoots in the dieback zone were heavily infested by bark beetles before the death of the trees. After heavy infestation of beetles, about half of the infested firs died within the year, and the other half died in the next year. When the species composition of bark beetles and associated ophiostomatoid fungi were investigated in Mt. Asahi and also at a typical wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Shimagare, Yatsugatake area,Cryphalus montanus andC. piceae were dominant beetle species for Mt. Asahi and Mt. Shimagare, respectively.Ophiostoma subalpinum andO. europhioides were dominant fungal species at both wave-generated forests. BecauseO. subalpinum was detected more frequently from deeper areas of sapwood thanO. europhioides, it was suggested that the fungal species may accelerate the death of stressed firs in wave-regenerated forests. Contribution No. 169, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

Blue stain fungi associated withTomicus piniperda (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Japanese red pine

A number of various species of blue-stain fungi were isolated fromTomicus piniperda adults at various stages of development, as well as from the galleries, pupal chambers and sapwood underneath galleries on Japanese red pine. This study was an attempt to identify the species, composition of blue-stain fungi associated withT. piniperda, the frequency of occurrence of the fungi, and their role in the sapwood-staining of Japanese red pine in Tsukuba City, central Japan. Among the seven species of blue-stain fungi isolated, an undescribed species ofOphiostoma together withO. minus were the dominant species and closely associated withT. piniperda. These two species occurred on newly emerging adults more frequently than the overwintered adults.Hormonema dematioides was also associated with the beetle, however, its frequency of occurrence from the emerged new adults was very low. Although the two other species,O. ips andGraphium sp. were also isolated from emerged beetles, the frequency of these fungi from gallery systems suggested that they were accidentally carried byT. piniperda. Leptographium wingfieldii, known to be associated with the beetle in Europe, was also isolated at a very low frequency and the fungus seemed not to be closely associated with the beetle.Ophiostoma sp. andO. minus appear to be the most important causes of blue-stain of Japanese red pine sapwood after infestation byT. piniperda.     

3种典型绿化植物叶功能性状对大气污染的响应及其叶经济谱分析——以北京市为例

为了解植物叶功能性状对大气污染的响应,以生长在北京市海淀区轻度污染区的海淀万柳(E1)、交通尾气重度污染区的西直门(E2)及相对清洁区的奥林匹克森林公园(CK)的典型绿化树种国槐Sophora japonica、栾树Koelreuteria paniculata和白蜡Fraxinus pennsylvanica为研究对象,测定植物叶片功能性状,进一步研究其权衡策略并分析叶经济谱的位置。结果表明:1)3个研究点的主要大气污染物SO_2、NO_2、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度存在显著性差异,表现为E2>E1>CK(P<0.05)。2)随着大气污染程度的增大,3种典型绿化植物的比叶面积(specific leaf area,S_SLA)、叶绿素含量(cholrophyll,C_CHL)和气孔面积(stomatal size,A_SS)显著降低,表现为CK>E1>E2(P<0.05),气孔开度(stomatal aperture,D_SA)也呈下降趋势,但未达到显著水平;叶干物质含量(Leaf dry matter content,C_LDMC),叶组织密度(leaf tissue density,D_LTD)及气孔密度(stomatal density,D_LTD)显著增大,排序表现为E2>E1>CK(P<0.05)。3)3个典型绿化树种的叶功能性状间存在相对一致的相关关系,SSLA与C_LDMC、D_LTD及D_SD间存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),C_LDMC与D_LTD、D_SD存在极显著正相关性(P<0.01);D_LTD与D_SA间存在显著正相关性(P<0.05);D_SD与A_SS、D_SA分别呈负相关关系,但差异不显著(P>0.05),相关性与全球尺度上的性状关系基本一致。4)研究认为,全球叶经济谱在城市大气污染的特殊环境下也同样存在,且总体上位于低的S_SLA、ASS、D_SD和_CCHL,高的C_LDMC、D_LTD、D_LTD的"快速投资-收益型"一端。     

广西核桃优良种质分布情况及坚果品质差异性分析

以81株核桃(Juglans regia)优良种质为研究对象,对广西核桃优良种质的分布情况、表型遗传及内在品质进行测定、分析。结果表明:广西核桃优良种质集中分布在海拔700~1500m云贵高原南部边缘地带及红水河两岸。海拔及温度与核桃品质的相关性分析表明,温度与核桃青皮厚度、核壳厚度、亚油酸及硬脂酸呈负相关,核桃品质与海拔总体呈正相关。对不同海拔之间核桃优良种质的青皮厚度、三径、单果重、出仁率和核壳厚度进行单因素方差分析发现,单果重及青皮厚度皆在海拔300~500m最大,而三径均值则在这个海拔时最低,仅有青皮厚度在不同海拔间差异达到显著。核仁蛋白(21.24%)、亚油酸(63.88%)及硬脂酸(3.91%)含量在海拔1301~1500m达到最高,核仁脂肪(63.03%)与亚麻酸(63.76%)含量都在海拔300~500m达到最高。核仁脂肪含量随海拔上升呈先下降再上升趋势;亚油酸含量随海拔上升呈先下降后上升趋势。不同海拔及年均气温皆会对核桃品质产生一定的影响。     

Parasitoid wasps on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinotia granitalis</Emphasis> (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae

 Parasitism by parasitoid wasps on the larvae of Epinotia granitalis (Butler), which is a wood-injuring pest in coniferous plantations, was observed for 6 years in two plantation forests of Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endl. and Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don that were adjacent to each other and consisted of trees of almost the same size. E. granitalis larvae were collected from early April to mid-May, then reared in glass bottles, and finally examined to determine whether or not the larvae had been parasitized. Five species of parasitoids were recorded; two of them were classified in Ichneumonidae, Campoplex spp. A and B, and others in Braconidae, Iconella repleta Papp, Bassus cingulipes Nees von Esenbeck, and Bracon spp. In all 6 years, parasitism was first observed around 20 April. Species composition of parasitoids differed greatly among years and between forests. In 1 year in each forest the percentage parasitism increased significantly with the sampling date, indicating that not all parasitoids attack the same developmental stage of E. granitalis. The mean percentage parasitism per year was significantly higher in the forest of C. obtusa [11.5(%) ± 5.7(SD)] than in the forest of C. japonica (3.0 ± 4.1). These results suggest that the efficiency of parasitoid adults in finding hosts differed between the two forests. Received: September 20, 2001 / Accepted: August 5, 2002 Acknowledgments We are grateful to Dr. K. Maeto, Shikoku Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, and to Dr. K. Konishi, National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, for identifying parasitoids, and to Dr. T. Miyaura, Forest Tree Breeding Center, and Dr. H. Kosaka, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their helpful advice throughout the study. Correspondence to:K. Kato     

Utility pole decay

Summary The Basidiomycetes associated with decay in pine, Douglas-fir, and cedar utility poles within various geographic regions of North America were investigated. On the basis of 313 isolations from these poles, 9 fungi appeared to be of major importance in internal pole decay in the United States. These fungi were the following: Lentinus lepideus, Lenzites saepiaria, L. trabea, Peniophora A., P. gigantea, and Poria radiculosa in pine, and L. lepideus, Poria carbonica, P. monticola, and P. xantha in Douglas-fir poles. Lentinus lepideus was overwhelmingly predominant in pine poles, whereas Poria carbonica was similarly predominant in Douglas-fir poles. Lenzites trabea was the fungus most often isolated from cedar poles; however, it is believed to be associated primarily with shell rot of cedar poles and to be of little significance, therefore, in causing internal decay of cedar. The fungi associated with western red-cedar and red and jack pine poles in Canada are listed, although the frequency of their occurrence is not included.This work was in cooperation with the Navy Department, Naval Facilities Engineering Command.The author is indebted to the following for furnishing cultures and pole sections or both for culturing or for information on the identities of the species of decay fungi found in Canadian poles: Joe Clark and John Kulp, U. S. Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin; Robert Graham and John Mothershead, Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; O. Floyd Hand, Bonneville Power Administration, Vancouver, Washington; John Shields, Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, Ottawa, Ontario; and John Roff, Canadian Forest Products Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia. The author is especially indebted to members of the Forest Disease Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, for their invaluable aid in identifying representative cultures of many of the fungi discussed in this investigation.The Laboratory is maintained at Madison in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.     

Structural characteristics of cell walls of kenaf (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus cannabinus </Emphasis>L.) and fixation of carbon dioxide

 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) plants are widely known for their contribution to the global and regional environment because of their ability to fix CO₂. On the other hand, some scientists have doubts about CO₂ fixation by kenaf and have misgivings about the effect of kenaf on the ecosystem. We have characterized the structural characteristics of cell walls of bast fibers, cores, roots, and leaves of kenaf during the maturation of plants and investigated the rate of photosynthesis. During maturation of the kenaf plant the cellulose (bast fiber 52–59%, core 44–46%) and lignin (bast fiber 9.3–13.2%, core 18.3–23.2%) contents increased significantly. The aromatic composition of the lignin of bast fiber was significantly different from that of the core lignin and of other plants. The lignin of bast fiber appears similar to pure syringyl lignin. Fixation of CO₂ by kenaf plants and their contribution to the global environment are discussed. A significatly high rate of photosynthesis of kenaf plants was observed compared to that of woody plants in Japan, but the amount of CO₂ fixation depends on the characteristics of the plantation. If the kenaf was planted in high density, about twice as much CO₂ was fixed as was fixed by trees in a tropical rain forest. Received: April 22, 2002 / Accepted: July 24, 2002 Acknowledgments This project was supported by the Science and Technology Agency (STA) fellowship of the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC), which has been successfully applied by Dr. Shuji Hosoya, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. We thank Dr. Toshio Sumizono and Mr. Masao Sakurai, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their kind help in determining the rate of photosynthesis and cultivating the kenaf plants, respectively. We also express our appreciation to Dr. Quang Hung Le, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for offering information about the cultivation of kenaf at Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City.     

基于多元统计分析的马尾松人工林健康评价研究——以广西热带林业实验中心为例

为构建一套科学实用的马尾松人工林健康评价体系,为马尾松健康经营提供理论依据。以广西热带林业实验中心的84块马尾松人工林样地为例,选取13个评价指标进行因子分析,计算森林健康指数(FHI)并对FHI值进行Ward聚类,以划分健康等级。此外,研究分析评价了马尾松样地的健康状况,并用判别分析建立Fisher判别函数对健康评价结果进行检验。结果表明:在调查的马尾松人工林中,健康林占32.1%,亚健康林占35.8%,不健康林占32.1%,且不同龄组马尾松人工林健康水平排序为:近熟林>中龄林>成熟林>幼龄林。判别分析与聚类结果具有较好的一致性,其中自身验证法正判率为97.8%,交互验证法正判率为94.3%。因此,构建的指标体系能够科学客观地反映广西热带林业实验中心马尾松人工林的健康状况。     

切根和生根剂处理对红锥幼苗生长的影响

通过对红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)胚根进行不同试验处理,探讨不同的切根强度和施用生根剂对红锥幼苗的影响。结果表明:切除1/4胚根+生根剂拌黄泥浆进行浆根处理,显著提高红锥幼苗真叶抽出速度,且苗木成活率在90%以上;切除1/2胚根+生根剂拌黄泥浆进行浆根处理,显著提高红锥幼苗苗高、地径,1级侧根数比CK增加46.5%。适当的切根强度和生根剂处理能有效促进红锥幼苗生长,增加侧根数量,可在红锥苗木实际生产中应用。     

斑皮桉5个种源光响应特性比较分析

以斑皮桉(Corymbia maculata) 5个种源的苗木为研究材料,采用Li-6400测定其光响应曲线。结果表明,各种源净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间二氧化碳(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和水分利用效率(WUE)随光强梯度变化的趋势一致。种源20598和20772光饱和点较大(分别为1 571.43、1 550.00μmol·m^-2·s^-1),但光补偿点较高(分别为45.05、36.92μmol·m^-2·s^-1),其利用强光能力最强,利用弱光的能力最差;种源20884光饱和点和光补偿点均最低(分别为1 350、1.28μmol·m^-2·s^-1),利用强光的能力差,弱光的能力最强;种源20772属于高净光合速率、中等水分利用效率类型,种源20599属于较高净光合速率、低水分利用效率类型,种源20884属于中等净光合速率、高水分利用效率类型,种源20598和21075属于低净光合速率、中等水分利用效率类型。通过分析斑皮桉5个种源的光合特性,引种和栽培时可根据栽植地的地形、地貌选择适宜的种源。     

不同施肥方法对江南油杉苗期生长的影响

为探索江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)合理施肥方法,以江南油杉播种苗木为材料进行试验,分析了15种不同施肥方法对江南油杉苗木生长发育及干物质积累的影响。结果显示,除处理15(50%沼液)以外,其他14种施肥处理的江南油杉苗高、地径、地下鲜重、地上鲜重、地下干重、地上干重、总生物量、根颈粗、小根数量均显著高于对照处理(清水)(P<0.05),而对江南油杉苗期最大根长增长不显著。15种施肥处理对江南油杉地上部分的增长量的促进效果明显大于地下部分的增长量。15种施肥处理中以处理4(0.5%复合肥+0.1%尿素)对江南油杉半年苗苗高、地径生长及干物质积累效果最好,分别为22.750cm、3.095mm、2.341g,分别是CK的340%、242%和618%倍。     

不同桉树无性系对比试验

以15个桉树(Eucalyptus spp.)无性系为研究对象,调查2.5、3.5、4.5年生无性系试验林的胸径和树高,研究其生长性状。结果表明,历年胸径、树高和单株材积在无性系间存在极显著差异。根据4.5年生的生长量分析,基于Q型聚类初步筛选出6号、8号和14号等3个优良无性系,它们的生长量均达到甚至高于对照的生长量。本研究可为该地区无性系进一步选育和应用提供依据。     

越南抱茎茶油脂主要脂肪酸组分测定

为了开发越南抱茎茶(Camellia amplexicaulis)资源,运用GC-MS对其油脂主要脂肪酸组成进行分析,并与普通油茶(C.oleifera)进行比较。结果表明,越南抱茎茶油脂中,饱和酸的含量较高,与不饱和酸的比例接近1∶1,棕榈酸达到43.81%～45.23%,与普通油茶油脂差异较大。在油茶籽油生产中,不能将两者混在一起,以免影响油茶籽油的品质。     

不同树龄油茶林分中土壤养分的变化特征及对细根生物量的影响

以岑溪软枝油茶(Cenxi soft branch Camellia oleifera)无性系林分为研究对象,分析幼龄期(2年生)、结果初期(5年生)和盛产期(8年生) 3种林分中土壤养分的变化特征及对细根生物量的影响。结果表明:3种油茶林分中土壤养分总量差异显著,2年生油茶林分中有机质和水解性氮含量最高,5年油茶林分中有效磷含量最高,8年生油茶林分中速效钾含量最高。水平方向上,4种土壤养分在不同林地中分布较为均匀;垂直方向上,4种养分主要分布在土壤中上层0～30 cm处,整体上元素含量随着土层深度的加深而减少。偏相关分析表明:水解性氮对细根生物量的作用主要表现在40～60 cm土层;有效磷细根生物量的影响主要体现在10～40 cm土层,表现为不同程度的正相关性;速效钾对细根生物量的影响主要体现在10～20 cm土层中,表现为显著的负相关。有机质和有效磷与细根生物量呈极显著相关。     

不同育苗方式对杉木苗根系生长的影响

为探究育苗方式对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)苗根系生长的影响,从生长量、生物量以及根系生长状况等方面,分析采用沙床及托盘培育的1年生杉木苗的生长差异。结果表明,采用沙床培育的轻基质杉木苗的平均苗高和平均地径分别为31.38 cm、4.51 mm,高于采用托盘培育的轻基质杉木苗(25.69 cm、3.34 mm)。采用沙床及托盘培育的杉木苗的根冠比分别为0.24、0.16;采用沙床及托盘培育的轻基质杉木苗的侧根数量分别为84.3、68.8条。采用沙床培育的轻基质杉木苗的侧根数量以及根冠比显著高于采用托盘培育的轻基质杉木苗,说明沙床较托盘培育的苗木根系发达,更利于保持苗木水分的平衡。采用沙床培育的苗木出圃率为88.75%,显著高于托盘培育的苗木出圃率。     

黄野螟成虫触角电镜观察及其对7种杀虫剂的EAG反应

黄野螟(Heortia vitessoides)是土沉香(Aquilaria sinensis)的重要食叶害虫。本文利用扫描电镜技术对黄野螟雌、雄成虫触角进行观察,利用触角电位技术分析触角对7种杀虫剂的电位反应。结果表明:黄野螟成虫触角长8600~9100μm,雌雄触角均为线状,感受器主要有毛形感器、鳞形感器、腔锥感器、刺形感器、耳形感器和栓锥形感器6种。其中毛形感器分布最广、数量最多。黄野螟雄虫的毛形感器在数量上多于雌虫。在触角电位检测中,雌雄黄野螟成虫存在差异,黄野螟雄成虫对乙多·甲氧虫酰肼的反应相对平均值最大;黄野螟雌成虫对苏云金杆菌的反应相对平均值最大。     

超声波辅助提取多穗柯棕色素工艺优化

利用超声波辅助提取多穗柯(Lithocarpus ploystachyus)棕色素。在单因素试验的基础上,运用响应面分析法,研究碱液浓度、提取温度、提取时间、液固比对多穗柯提取液中棕色素含量的影响,建立二次回归方程,并确定了多穗柯棕色素的最佳提取工艺条件:NaOH溶液的浓度为0.8%,提取温度60℃,提取时间1.8h,液固比55︰1。采用该工艺条件,提取2次,多穗柯棕色素提取液的吸光度值为0.792,而理论预测多穗柯棕色素提取液的吸光度值为0.795,与理论预测值的误差为0.4%,证明采用响应面法得到的优化结果可靠。