密云山区油松人工林内外降雨特性初步研究

采用先进的LNM激光雨滴谱探测仪,连续不问断观测北京密云水库周边山区2006年8月-2007年1月的降水过程;结合以往研究雨滴所采用的方法和成果,从降雨产生能量的机理入手,观测分析了北京密云水库周边人工林林内外降雨雨滴特性和降雨动能的变化.林外天然雨滴平均直径和雨滴中数直径都有随降雨强度的增加而增加的趋势;林外的雨滴直径较林内分布范围小,林外雨滴直径与累积雨量之间的关系曲线较林内平滑;小雨强(≤0.35 mm/h)气象条件下,林内降雨动能显著高于林外降雨动能,可初步认为在小雨强时林冠层对降雨能量有增大作用.     

滇中高原常绿阔叶林对天然降雨雨滴动能的影响

为探究滇中高原优势群落常绿阔叶林植被对降雨雨滴动能的影响,于2016年和2017年5—9月,在天然降雨条件下运用自计雨量计和滤纸色斑法,通过定位监测磨盘山常绿阔叶林林外降雨和林内穿透雨特征及其雨滴特性,针对不同降雨条件研究了常绿阔叶林对雨滴动能等特征的影响。结果表明:林外的雨滴个数比林内降雨的雨滴个数多61.7%;随着雨量的增大,雨滴直径分布规律也呈逐渐增大的趋势;在小雨条件下,0.5mm林外降雨雨滴直径数量占总雨滴数的40.85%,而同径级雨滴林内仅占总数的12.22%,且以0.5~3.5mm的雨滴数量所占比例较大;当林外降雨雨滴直径超过4.5mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在9.34m/s;林内降雨雨滴直径超过4.1mm,雨滴终点速度稳定在7.05m/s;同一雨滴径级下,暴雨条件下的雨滴动能比小雨时的动能大98.29%,且随降雨量的增大而增大,林内累积雨滴动能的峰值达到林外降雨的20.68%。随着雨滴直径的增大,穿透雨势能、降雨总势能及林冠截留势能均呈逐渐增大的趋势,缓冲势能比穿透雨势能大46.59%,占总势能的65.18%。林冠层对小雨具有截持和增大林内降雨雨滴直径的作用,且造成林内降雨的滞后性,林冠对天然降雨的降雨速度、势能及动能起到明显的缓冲作用。     

黄土高原南部人工林林冠对降雨特征的影响分析

林冠降雨特征是森林水文作用的重要机制,同时也是植被在水土保持作用中的重要内容。以黄土高原南部常见乔木刺槐、元宝枫、桉树为研究对象,以滤纸色斑法为基本实验原理,观测了该地区天然降雨15场,分别取得3种乔木冠下雨滴谱200份。通过对比分析林冠内外降雨特征,得到以下结论:林冠降雨特征与林外降雨特征有显著区别;林下雨滴分布呈现近似的正态分布,大雨滴数量较林外明显增多;林冠下雨滴中数直径（D₅₀）受降雨强度的影响很小,且在降雨强度小于0.1 mm/min时,林冠下D₅₀大于林冠外,当雨强大于0.1 mm/min,林外D₅₀有大于林内的趋势;降雨动能与雨滴中数直径有着相似的变化趋势。     

中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林地表径流和产沙影响机制

为探究中亚热带地区常绿阔叶林地的地表径流和侵蚀产沙的影响机制,于2016年和2017年的5—9月在天然降雨条件下,采用野外定位观测结合室内试验分析方法,得到磨盘山常绿阔叶林林外降雨和林内穿透雨及其雨滴特性数据,采用RDA排序及CANOCO的Forward分析筛选出主导环境影响因子。结果表明:(1)产沙量与林外降雨量和林内穿透雨量存在正相关关系。当径流量0.064mm时,研究区内形成的地表径流才开始携带泥沙;林冠层对降雨动能的缓冲作用在降雨强度小的情况下较明显。(2)林冠缓冲动能、叶面积指数和树干茎流量与径流量产沙量存在负相关关系,降雨历时、林外降雨量、林内降雨量、平均雨强、雨滴个数、雨滴直径、雨滴速度、林内降雨动能、降雨总动能对径流量产沙量产生正相关影响。(3)对12个环境因子进行主导因子筛选,降雨总动能、林外降雨量、平均雨强、林冠缓冲动能、降雨历时对径流量产沙量的影响效果较为显著。从典范特征值分析结果显示,仅选择这5个主环境影响变量可解释环境影响因子与径流量产沙关系73.2%的信息量,比12个变量所解释的信息量仅少16.8%。     

泾河南小河沟流域自然降雨特性

采用德国HSC-OTT Persivel32激光雨滴谱探测仪监测南小河沟流域自然降雨的雨滴谱,分析不同雨型自然降雨雨滴特征及其分布规律,并分析了降雨特性各要素间的相互关系。结果表明:(1)该区自然降雨雨滴直径集中在0.3~1.5mm,与黄土高原利用传统的滤纸色斑法测定结果基本一致,但略小于东北和闽南地区。当雨强I10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径随雨强的增大而增大;当I≥10mm/h时,雨滴中数直径骤然下降,这在一定程度上和雨强增大后大雨滴破裂有关。该地区雨谱随雨强的变化可用Best分布拟合。(2)普通型降雨雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较平缓,其动能与雨强呈线性相关;而短阵型降雨的雨滴数量随直径的分布曲线较陡峭,其动能与雨强呈幂函数关系。两种雨型的降雨动能均随雨强的增大而增大,但短阵型降雨动能增大的更快,因此短阵型降雨的侵蚀力更大。     

卧龙地区针叶林及亚高山灌丛对降雨的雨滴谱及能量的影响

在运用色斑法研究岷江冷杉及川滇高山栎灌丛林下的雨滴滴谱及降雨动能的基础上,探讨了上述两个生态系统林冠雨谱特征及降雨动能削减特征,比较了3种雨滴终速计算方法的适用性。结果表明:两种生态系统树冠层对降雨动能的改变作用有一定差异,灌丛林下的降雨动能一般小于林外降雨动能,而且雨强增大时灌从对动能的削减作用更加明显一些;但针叶林下的降雨动能却显著高于林外降雨动能,雨强增大时林下的降雨动能比有下降的趋势。在计算雨滴终速时,比较好的计算方法为Beard经验公式法,沙玉清公式(及修正的牛顿公式)法。     

QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置降雨特性试验

为了使基于人工模拟降雨装置的水土保持试验更可靠,采用人工降雨试验方法,通过研究QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置的降雨特性,探讨该装置在水土保持科学试验中的适用性。结果表明:1)雨滴达到终速时雨滴-色斑直径的关系为d=0.383 9D0.709;2)QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置有效降雨均匀度超过80%;3)在试验范围内,雨滴直径随降雨强度增大而增大,雨滴中数直径与降雨强度呈d50=0.559 5I0.280 5的幂函数关系,相同降雨强度条件下的雨滴直径较天然雨滴偏小20%~70%;4)降雨动能与降雨强度呈E=0.004 2I-0.021的线性关系,可通过控制降雨强度实现降雨动能与天然降雨的相似性;5)QYJY-503C人工模拟降雨装置性能稳定、可控性强,可适用于室内土壤侵蚀的研究。     

基于激光雨滴谱仪的降雨特征研究

激光雨滴谱仪的应用对于更清楚地认识自然降水的发展演变过程具有重要意义.利用激光雨滴谱仪记录不同模拟降雨条件下的降雨特征,分析雨滴谱,计算雨滴动能,并与自动气象站的测量降雨装置进行对比分析发现,激光雨滴谱仪测量值相对于自动雨量计测量值整体偏低,但两者观测到的每分钟降水量变化趋势基本一致.雨滴谱分析结果显示,雨滴平均直径与总动能、雨强相关性甚微,与雨滴数量呈负相关;雨强与降雨总动能、直径0.25～ 6.00 mm雨滴动能在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关;直径0.25～6.00 mm雨滴动能对总动能贡献最大,占总动能的99％以上;5 min总动能与5 min雨强之间关系密切.     

黄土高原降雨雨滴动能的分布律

降雨强度、雨滴速度、雨滴动能等参量与土壤侵蚀关系密切。根据BestA．C．提出的雨滴直径分布函数，从理论上导出了符合黄土高原实际情况的雨滴动能分布密度和分布函数，它们都符合不同参数的韦伯分布。不同雨型、雨强条件下的雨滴速度和降雨总动能的理论计算值与前人的实测值吻合较好，表明韦伯分布的确可用于描述雨滴动能分布，其参数确定也是恰当的。因此可直接由降雨强度和雨型决定的雨滴动能分布经积分得出降雨总动能，而无须通过经验回归模型(通常存在地域差异)求取降雨总动能。     

黄土高原南部降雨侵蚀力试验研究

基于Wischimeier关于降雨侵蚀力R=EI30的经典算法,以黄土高原南部杨凌天然降雨为研究对象,较详细地分析了一次降雨过程雨滴大小分布;拟合了雨滴中数直径、降雨动能与降雨强度的关系;分别以EI10、EI30、EI60为降雨侵蚀力R指标,计算了该地区6-9月降雨侵蚀力大小,研究分析了降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的关系。得出以下结论:雨滴大小分布满足Best提出的分布式;雨滴中数直径反映次降雨过程中雨滴大小的总体趋势,与降雨强度关系密切,其关系式可表示为D50=2.25I0.21;降雨动能由降落雨滴从高空下落而具有的能量,以及与雨滴直径和下落速度有直接关系,得出降雨动能与降雨强度的关系式为E=26.57I0.28;杨凌区降雨量多集中于6-10月,月降雨侵蚀力分布随着月降雨量变化而变化;3种R指标计算的降雨侵蚀力值,EI10>EI30>EI60,且3种指标计算结果与CREAMS月雨量经验模型的相对偏差中,EI10与其相对偏差最小,但波动幅度较大,EI30与其相对偏差居中,但相对较稳定,分析得出EI10更适用于短阵型降雨,EI30适用于普通型降雨。基于上述理论,本研究旨在为今后建立黄土高原南部地区降雨侵蚀力简易计算模型提供理论依据。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.