Pomegranate enriched diet enhances the hematology, innate immune response, and disease resistance in olive flounder against Philasterides dicentrarchi

Olive flounder, Paralichythys olivaceus fed with pomegranate enriched diet and challenged with or without Philasterides dicentrarchi had a significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) count on weeks 2 and 4 than the infected group fed with non enriched diet (standard diet). Similarly the red blood cell (RBC) counts did not significantly change in control and treated fish on weeks 1 and 2. It was significantly increased in treated fish on week 2 when compared to the control. In both the groups the hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Ht) levels significantly increased on weeks 2 and 4. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) did not significantly change at any time in both groups whereas mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased significantly on week 4 in the treated group. The leukocytes such as lymphocytes (Lym), monocytes (Mon), neutrophils (Neu), and biochemical parameters such as total protein (TP), glucose (GLU), and calcium (CAL) levels significantly increased in treated groups on week 2 or 4 as compared to the control. The scuticocidal activity and respiratory burst activity were significantly enhanced in treated groups with or without parasite on weeks 2-4. However, the serum lysozyme activity was significantly enhanced from weeks 1 to 4. The protective response in terms of cumulative mortality was low in groups fed with enriched diet against parasite when compared to control. Therefore, we suggest that pomegranate enriched diet following challenge with P. dicentrarchi restores the altered hematological and biochemical parameters, and improves the innate immune system in olive flounder against P. dicentrarchi.     

Korean mistletoe enriched diet enhances innate immune response in kelp grouper, Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi

The present study investigated the immunostimulatory effect of Korean mistletoe Viscum album extract (KM-E) on innate immune response in kelp grouper Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Kelp grouper were divided into four groups of 25 each and fed with 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% enriched diets with Korean mistletoe extract (KM-E). After feeding for 30 days, the fish were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 100 μl of P. dicentrarchi (4.2 × 10(7)ciliates/ml) to study the immune responses at weeks 1, 2, and 4. The respiratory burst activity did not significantly enhance when fed with 0.5% and 1.0% supplementation diets on week 1 when compared to control diet. On weeks 2 and 4, the respiratory burst activity significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% diets. The phagocytic activity significantly enhanced with 1.0% and 2.0% diets, but not with 0.5% diet at any time. When fed with 1.0% KM-E-diet the lysozyme activity did not significantly vary at any week whereas with 1.0% and 2.0% diets it was significantly enhanced. The total protein level significantly increased with 1.0% and 2.0% KM-E-diets from weeks 1 to 4 as compared to control. The present study suggests that 1.0% or 2.0% KM-E-supplementation diet positively enhances the innate immune response in E. bruneus against P. dicentrarchi infection.     

The efficacy of amoxicillin sodium against streptococcosis in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and its pharmacokinetics

The efficacy of amoxicillin sodium for controlling field and experimental Streptococcus iniae and S. parauberis infections in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) was evaluated after a single intramuscular administration. Furthermore, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against 21 Streptococcus strains were determined. In addition, the pharmacokinetics and residue depletion in olive flounder were investigated. Single intramuscular doses of amoxicillin sodium at 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg/kg b.w. fish significantly reduced cumulative mortality rates to 18.8–31.3% (P < 0.05) for S. iniae and to 5.0–15.0% (P < 0.01) for S. parauberis, whereas the S. iniae‐ and S. parauberis‐infected positive control groups showed cumulative mortality rates of 68.8% and 60.0%, respectively. In a S. parauberis outbreak, amoxicillin sodium reduced the cumulative mortality rate to 7.5% and 4.8% at 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w. fish, respectively, whereas that of the untreated control group was 35.2%. Peak plasma concentrations (C_max) following a single intramuscular dose of 40 and 80 mg/kg b.w. fish were 62.64 (T_max, 1.59 h) and 87.61 (T_max, 3.02 h) μg/mL, respectively, with large AUC_0?t/MIC and C_max/MIC ratios, and sufficient T > MIC (time for maintaining plasma drug concentration greater than MICs) for S. iniae and S. parauberis. The estimated withdrawal period of amoxicillin sodium from muscle of olive flounder was about 8 days at 40 mg/kg b.w. fish (at 22 ± 1 °C). These results demonstrated a single intramuscular administration of amoxicillin sodium to be effective against streptococcosis in olive flounder.     

The efficacy of a single intraperitoneal injection of oxolinic acid in the treatment of bacterial infections in goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) and corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) studied under field and laboratory conditions

The efficacy of a single intraperitoneal injection of oxolinic acid to control an outbreak of atypical Aeromonas salmonicida infection in goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris) and in the treatment of systemic vibriosis in corkwing wrasse (Symphodus melops) was examined. In addition a field study was performed to examine the effect of medication on the survival rate of goldsinny wrasse in Atlantic salmon cages. Four groups of wild caught goldsinny wrasse, each of 50 fish, were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of propylene glycol:saline (50:50) (control) or 50 mg/kg oxolinic acid at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. Three days after medication the fish in all groups were treated by an intraperitoneal injection of prednisolone acetate and an increase in seawater temperature from 9.0 to 11.5 degrees C. Cumulative mortalities were 18% in the two groups treated with oxolinic acid and 94 and 100% in the unmedicated control groups, giving a 'relative percentage survival' (RPS) value of 82%. A laboratory maintained population of originally wild caught corkwing wrasse experiencing high daily mortality was treated with oxolinic acid (50 mg/kg) or propylene glycol:saline (control). Cumulative mortalities were 84% (control) and 42% (oxolinic acid medicated group) giving an RPS value of 50%. In a field investigation using goldsinny wrasse approximately 30% were medicated with oxolinic acid (50 mg/kg) prior to stocking in cages with Atlantic salmon. In two of three cages the cumulative mortality was significantly lower (P = 0.025 and P < 0.001) in the medicated groups.     

Effects of dietary pyridoxine on haemato-immunological responses of Labeo rohita fingerlings reared at higher water temperature

A sixty-day feeding trial was carried out to elucidate the effect of dietary pyridoxine (PN) on hemato-immunological parameters in Labeo rohita fingerlings exposed to an elevated temperature (ET) of 33 °C. Two hundred and seventy fingerlings (6.71 ± 0.32 g) were randomly distributed into six treatments in triplicates (15 fish/tank). Five iso-nitrogenous (356.3 ± 2.7 g/kg crude protein) purified diets were prepared with graded levels (0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg diet) of PN. Six treatment groups were P10T26 (10 mg PN + ambient temperature (26 °C), P0T33 (0 mg PN + ET), P10T33 (10 mg PN + ET), P50T33 (50 mg PN + ET), P100T33 (100 mg PN + ET) and P200T33 (200 mg PN + ET). The responses of L. rohita fingerlings to dietary PN were assessed in terms of growth and by analysing some hemato-immunological parameters. When PN supplementation increased from 10 to 200 mg/kg diet, a significant improvement in weight gain percentage was observed. Erythrocyte (RBC) count, leucocyte (WBC) count, haemoglobin content and respiratory burst activity were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in 100 mg PN/kg diet-fed group than their non-PN-fed counterpart. Also, serum albumin, globulin and lysozyme activity were found significantly (p < 0.05) higher in PN-fed groups. The overall results indicated that dietary PN supplementation at 100 mg/kg diet may reverse the negative effects caused by ET and may protect the haemato-immunological status of L. rohita fingerlings reared at higher water temperature.     

Effect of ellagic acid on some haematological,immunological and antioxidant parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, effect of ellagic acid on some haematological, immunological and antioxidant parameters in the blood and various tissues of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were examined. Four groups of rainbow trout were fed experimental diets containing either no ellagic acid (control) or supplemented with ellagic acid at 50 mg/kg diet (EA‐50), 100 mg/kg diet (EA‐100) or 150 mg/kg diet (EA‐150) for 21 days. Samples of the blood and tissue (liver, kidney and spleen) were collected at the end of the experiment and analysed for their haematological profile (the red blood cell count, the haemoglobin concentration and the haematocrit level), immune response (the white blood cell count, the oxidative radical production (NBT activity), the total plasma protein and total immunoglobulin level) and oxidant/antioxidant status (the malondialdehyde level, the superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity as well as the reduced glutathione concentration). The findings of this study demonstrated that ellagic acid had a positive effect on the haematological parameters, the immune response and the antioxidant enzyme activities of the fish.     

大豆甙元对生长期锦江黄牛生产性能、抗氧化能力及免疫性能的影响

本试验旨在研究大豆甙元对生长期锦江黄牛生产性能、抗氧化能力及免疫性能的影响。选取20头健康状况良好、体重为(140±5)kg的生长期锦江黄牛,随机分为4组,每组5头牛。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(精粗比为4∶6),试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮中添加了100、200和400 mg/kg大豆甙元的试验饲粮。限饲各组的干物质采食量均为3.98 kg/d。预试期为10 d,正试期为60 d。结果表明:1)各试验组平均日增重显著高于对照组(P0.05),400 mg/kg组较对照组高126.6 g/d。2)各试验组粗蛋白质表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。3)与对照组相比,各试验组血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性均显著升高(P0.05);各试验组血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性相比于对照组均有升高的趋势(0.05≤P≤0.10);各试验组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均低于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05)。4)各试验组血清免疫球蛋白(Ig)M含量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),同时400 mg/kg组显著高于100 mg/kg组(P0.05);各试验组的血清IgG含量相比于对照组均有一定程度的升高,但差异均不显著(P0.05)。由上述结果可见,饲粮中添加适量的大豆甙元可以提高生长期锦江黄牛养分消化率,促进犊牛的生长,同时提高免疫及抗氧化性能。     

饲粮添加壳寡糖对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加壳寡糖(COS)对肉鸡肉品质、抗氧化性能、小肠黏膜组织结构及肠道菌群的影响。选用300只1日龄健康的爱拔益加(AA)雄性肉鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。空白对照组饲喂不含抗生素的基础饲粮,正对照组饲喂添加100 mg/kg金霉素的基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂添加50、100和150 mg/kg COS的基础饲粮。试验期42 d。结果表明,与空白对照组相比:1)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了胸肌和腿肌的红度(a*)值(P0.05)。2)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄血清总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和T-SOD、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性(P0.05),饲粮添加50 mg/kg COS显著提高了22~42日龄血清T-SOD和GSH-Px活性(P0.05)。3)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了1~21日龄和22~42日龄空肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05)。4)饲粮添加50和100 mg/kg COS显著降低了回肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.05)。5)饲粮添加100 mg/kg COS显著提高了肉鸡的平均日增重(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮添加COS可提高肉鸡抗氧化性能,改善肉鸡肉品质和肠黏膜组织结构,并在一定程度上改善肠道菌群结构。COS在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加量为100 mg/kg。     

维生素E和氯化汞对比目鱼生长性能和汞生物学蓄积的交互作用

本研究进行6周的饲养试验,评估维生素E(VE)和汞对比目鱼生长性能和汞生物学蓄积的影响。试验采用2×3因子设计,将360条比目鱼随机分到6组,每组3个重复,每个重复20条鱼。对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别在基础日粮中添加100、200 mg/kg VE、15 mg/kg汞、15 mg/kg汞+100 mg/kg VE、15 mg/kg汞+200 mg/kg VE。结果显示,日粮添加汞显著抑制比目鱼的增重、特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白效率(P<0.05),而VE显著改善增重(P<0.05)。汞和VE对试验期间比目鱼的存活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。日粮补充VE对比目鱼粗脂肪、水分有一定影响。VE显著降低肌肉、肝脏和肾脏汞含量(P<0.05),但日粮添加汞降低了组织VE含量(P<0.05)。汞显著降低了比目鱼机体二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸含量(P<0.05),补充VE后显著改善了机体亚麻酸和二十碳五烯酸含量(P<0.05)。结果表明,日粮中添加VE对比目鱼生长发育具有促进作用,同时有降低无机汞在机体蓄积的潜在作用。     

酵母锌对肉鸡生长性能及生理功能的影响

选用1日龄白羽肉鸡100只,随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组,每组20只。Ⅰ、Ⅱ为酵母锌组,锌水平分别为50,35mg/kg,Ⅲ为硫酸锌组,锌水平为50mg/kg;Ⅳ为空白酵母组,酵母添加剂量为100mg/kg;V为基础日粮对照组。各组饲喂相同基础日粮,50d后,对生长性能、血常规、血液生化（Crea、Urea、AST、ALT、ALB）及抗氧化（抗O2-.、GSH-Px、GSH）指标进行检测。结果显示,平均日增重和料重比,21d时各组之间无显著差异（P〉0.05）,50d时与V组相比,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组生长性能显著提高（P〈0.01）,其中I组最高。各组血液常规指标均处于正常范围内,但Ⅰ组红细胞数极显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）。血清中肌酐、尿素含量以及天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和丙氨酸氨基转移酶活性各组间差异不显著（P〉0.05）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组白蛋白含量较其他组显著提高（P〈0.01）。血清抗O2-.活力、GSH含量Ⅰ组显著高于其他组（P〈0.01）,GSH-Px活力Ⅰ、Ⅱ组显著高于其他各组（P〈0.01）。结果提示,日粮添加适量酵母锌（Zn 50mg/kg）可以提高肉鸡生长性能,在一定程度上增强机体免疫机能,提高肝脏功能和机体抗氧化功能。     

Effect of T-2 toxin on egg production and hatchability in laying hens.

The effect of diets containing different levels of T-2 toxin on egg production and hatchability was studied in a four-week experiment using 100 laying hens of the SSL hybrid line and 10 cocks divided into 10 groups. Another aim of the experiment was to investigate how effectively the increased dietary vitamin E content neutralized the adverse effects of T-2 toxin. The diet of the control group (C) contained no mycotoxin, while those of the experimental groups included the following levels of T-2 toxin: groups 1, 2 and 3: 1 mg/kg, groups 4, 5 and 6: 5 mg/kg; groups 7, 8 and 9: 10 mg/kg. Vitamin E was added to the diet of groups C, 1, 4 and 7 at a rate of 50 mg/kg while to that of groups 2, 5 and 8 at a rate of 100 mg/kg. To the diet of groups 3, 6 and 9 no vitamin E was added. Contamination of the diet with T-2 toxin markedly decreased egg production and impaired hatchability. The production decrease was proportional to the T-2 toxin concentration of the diet. Increased dietary vitamin E concentration exerted no influence on egg production. However, during the first week of the experiment it significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the number of infertile eggs and significantly (P < 0.01) improved the hatching percentage. Dietary vitamin E concentration was in positive correlation with the hatching percentage; this correlation was rather close (r = 0.74) in the first week of the experiment.     

Effects of Antibacterial Peptide Cecropin on Prouduction Performance，Immune Function and Serum Biological Parameters of Weaner Piglets

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of antimicrobial peptide cecropin on production performance,immune function and serum biological parameters of weaner piglets.A total of 240 weaner hybrid piglets （Landrace×Large White×Duroc） with average body weight （8.35±0.12）kg were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 10 each.The four treatments were control group （fed a basal diet）,antibiotics group （fed basal diet＋140 mg/kg 50% kitasamycin＋100 mg/kg olaquindox ＋600 mg/kg 10% colistin sulfate）,antimicrobial peptide group （fed basal diet＋350 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide cecropin）,compatibility group （antibiotics + antibacterial peptide group）（fed basal diet＋250 mg/kg antimicrobial peptide cecropin＋50 mg/kg olaquindox ＋200 mg/kg 10% colistin sulfate）,each group was half male and half female.The pre-test period lasted for 7 days,the trial period lasted for 34 days.The results showed that compared with control group,the average daily gain in compatibility group was significantly increased （P＜0.05）,the average daily feed intake in antibiotic group and antimicrobial peptide group was significantly decreased （P＜0.05）,the feed conversion ratio and diarrhea rate in all three experimental groups were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）.The antibody blocking rate and serum IgG,IgA contents in antimicrobial peptide group and compatibility group were significantly increased （P＜0.05）,the serum urea nitrogen and blood sugar contents in antimicrobial peptide group and compatibility group were significantly decreased （P＜0.05）,but the serum total protein and albumin contents were significantly increased （P＜0.05）.In conclusion,dietary supplementation appropriate level of antimicrobial peptide cecropin could replace part of the antibiotics,and adding high dose of antimicrobial peptide cecropin could replace antibiotics used in feed completely.     

Olive leaves (Olea europea L.) and α‐tocopheryl acetate as feed antioxidants for improving the oxidative stability of α‐linolenic acid‐enriched eggs

Ninety‐six brown Lohmann laying hens were equally assigned into four groups with six replicates. Hens within the control group were fed a corn–soybean‐based diet supplemented with 4% linseed oil. Two other groups were given the same diet further supplemented with 5 or 10 g ground olive leaves/kg feed, while the diet of the fourth group was further supplemented with 200 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg. Supplementing diets with olive leaves had no effect on egg production, feed intake and egg traits. Eggs collected 28 days after feeding the experimental diets were analysed for lipid hydroperoxides and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, fatty acid profile, α‐tocopherol concentrations and susceptibility to iron‐induced lipid oxidation. Olive leaves were also analysed for total and individual phenolics, and total flavonoids, whereas their antioxidant capacity was determined using both the DPPH (1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2‐azinobis3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activity assays. Results showed that neither α‐tocopheryl acetate nor olive leaves supplementation exerted (p > 0.05) any effect on the fatty acid composition of n‐3 eggs. Supplementing the diet with 5 g olive leaves/kg had no (p > 0.05) effect on the hydroperoxide levels of n‐3 eggs, while supplementing with 10 g olive leaves/kg or 200 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate/kg, the lipid hydroperoxide levels were reduced (p ≤ 0.05) compared to control. However, although hydroperoxides were reduced, MDA, a secondary lipid oxidation product, was not affected (p > 0.05). Iron‐induced lipid oxidation increased MDA values in eggs from all groups, the increase being higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the control group and the group supplemented with 5 g olive leaves/kg. The group supplemented with 10 g olive leaves/kg presented MDA values lower (p ≤ 0.05) than the control but higher (p ≤ 0.05) than the α‐tocopheryl acetate group, which presented MDA concentrations lower (p ≤ 0.05) than all other experimental diets at all incubation time points.     

饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、体成分、抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼生长性能、体成分、血清和肝脏抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力的影响。选取初始体重为(1.51±0.02)g的吉富罗非鱼840尾,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复35尾鱼。对照组饲喂基础饲料,试验组分别在基础饲料中添加50、100、300、500和1 000 mg/kg的桑叶黄酮。饲养期56d。饲养试验结束后,各组采用亚硝酸钠进行72h应激试验。结果表明:1)各组间吉富罗非鱼增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率均差异不显著(P0.05)。各组间吉富罗非鱼鱼体水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量均差异不显著(P0.05)。2)试验组血清超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均高于对照组,其中100、300、500和1 000mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清SOD活性,50、500、1 000 mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清GSH-Px活性及100、500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组血清T-AOC显著高于对照组(P0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著降低(P0.05)。100、300和500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)、SOD活性和T-AOC显著高于对照组(P0.05);肝脏GSH-Px活性以500 mg/kg桑叶黄酮组最高,显著高于1 000mg/kg桑叶黄酮组(P0.05)。3)亚硝酸盐氮应激48和72h,50、100、500mg/kg桑叶黄酮组的累计死亡率显著低于对照组(P0.05)。由此可见,饲料中添加桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼生长性能没有显著影响,但提高了血清和肝脏抗氧化指标及抗亚硝酸盐应激能力。本试验条件下,通过回归方程分析,以血清SOD活性、T-AOC为评价指标,得出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中桑叶黄酮适宜添加水平为100 mg/kg;以肝脏SOD活性、T-AOC为评价指标,得出吉富罗非鱼幼鱼饲料中桑叶黄酮适宜添加水平为371.00~441.75mg/kg。     

Ruminal fermentation and degradation patterns, protozoa population and urinary purine derivatives excretion in goats and wethers fed diets based on olive leaves

Olives leaves, accrued during the processing of olive harvests for oil extraction, are poor in N, rich in crude fat and ADF (1.19, 8.03 and 28.2 g/100 g of DM, respectively), and relatively low in condensed tannins (11.1 mg/g of DM). Three experiments were conducted in a 2 x 3 (two animal species: goats vs. wethers; and three experimental diets: olive leaves without or with polyethylene glycol supply and olive leaves supplemented with barley and faba beans) factorial design to evaluate ruminal degradation and passage kinetics (Exp. 1), fermentation pattern and protozoa population (Exp. 2), and urinary purine derivatives excretion (Exp. 3). Polyethylene glycol was supplied to evaluate the effects of condensed tannins contained in olive leaves. Ruminal degradability of CP was low in both goats and wethers, although goats showed higher (P < 0.05) values than wethers. Supplementation of olive leaves with barley and faba beans increased (P < 0.001) ruminal degradability of DM and CP. Both goats and wethers fed olive leaves showed similarly low particulate fractional passage rates (0.021 and 0.023/h, respectively). Ingestion of olive leaves promoted low NH3-N and VFA concentrations, which reflect poor microbial activity. These concentrations, especially that of VFA, increased when barley and faba beans were added. Ingestion of olive leaves affected ruminal protozoa: Entodiniomorphida showed low concentrations and Holotricha completely disappeared. When animals received a diet based on olive leaves, barley, and faba beans, Holotricha appeared in the ruminal liquor and Entodiniomorphida increased (P < 0.001). In goats and wethers fed olive leaves alone, urinary allantoin excretion was very low (163 and 164 micromol/kg BW0.75 in goats and wethers, respectively), and moderate values (352 and 389 micromol/kg BW0.75 in goats and wethers, respectively) were observed when a diet of olive leaves, barley, and faba beans was fed. The polyethylene glycol supply did not have an effect in goats or in wethers, indicating the lack of an effect of condensed tannins in olive leaves. Ingestion of olive leaves promotes a low microbial activity, although its supplementation with readily degraded carbohydrates and protein improves microbial activity and, as a consequence, increases its ruminal degradation. In general, for most of the measured variables, there were no animal species x diet interactions. Thus, goats and wethers had similar ruminal activities when fed diets based on olive leaves.     

Vanadium stimulates immunological responses of chicks

In a continuation of studies on the interaction of dietary phosphorus (P) and vanadium (V) levels, studies have directed toward an examination of this interaction on the immune system of chicks. Antibody titers to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were increased at 7 days post-inoculation (PI) by as little as 10 mg V/kg diet in the P-deficient group, while 50 mg V/kg was required in the P-supplemented group. At 14 days PI, only the 50 mg V/kg was significantly higher in both P-deficient and P-supplemented groups. At 21 days PI, vanadium had no significant effect. P-deficiency resulted in a decrease in the percentage of phagocytic macrophages obtained from the abdominal cavity and a decrease in the number of intracytoplasmic SRBC per phagocytic macrophage. These two criteria were increased by vanadium in both the P-deficient and P-supplemented animals. In P-supplemented animals, the CD4/CD8 ratios of lymphocytes obtained from the blood and spleen were increased by the inclusion of 50 mg V/kg diet. The IL-1-like activity of macrophage supernatants was not significantly affected by dietary V, but IL-6 activity was increased. Densitometric analysis of lysates of macrophages isolated from control and V-fed chicks for anti-protein-tyrosinephosphate (PTP) bands indicate that dietary V increased PTP. While the evidence is not clear that there is a P x V interaction in the immune system studies, it is clear that dietary V at the levels used results in a positive immune response of chicks, possibly mediated through increased PTP.     

γ-氨基丁酸对猪生产性能及激素水平影响

为探讨日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸对猪的促生长效果及其与生长、摄食及代谢相关激素之间的联系。试验选用(34.07±0.01)kg的杜长大三元杂交猪60头,随机分到3个处理中,每个处理4个重复,每个重复5头猪。试验采用单因子设计,按日粮添加水平设基础日粮组(0 mg/kgγ-氨基丁酸)、基础日粮 50 mg/kgγ-氨基丁酸和基础日粮 100 mg/kgγ-氨基丁酸3个处理,试验期28 d。结果表明,γ-氨基丁酸对猪的促生长作用明显,但随生长阶段和作用剂量不同存在一定差异,主要体现在试验3~4周,以100 mg/kg的效果较为突出。100 mg/kg组试验猪第3周(P<0.1)、第4周(P<0.05)及0~4周(P<0.1)的ADG和第4周(P<0.01)、3~4周(P<0.1)的ADFI以及0~4周(P<0.05)的F/G都明显超过对照组。日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸显著促进了试验猪体内生长激素(P<0.05)和褪黑素(P<0.05)的分泌,明显提高了小猪体内促甲状腺激素水平(P<0.1),这也与良好的生产性能吻合,但作用程度随试验阶段和激素种类不同而存在一定差别。总的看来,日粮中添加γ-氨基丁酸能够有效改善小猪生产性能,促进生长,但为获得理想结果必须考虑添加剂量与使用时间。     

Study of immune response in pigs fed with high vitamin E-dosages

The effects of long-term vitamin E-supplementation on phagocytic cells, lymphocyte sub-populations, and SWC3+ cell count were studied in pigs. Eighteen weaned pigs were divided into three groups: 1) 100 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, 2) 200 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet, 3) control group (basic feed with 10 mg DL-alpha tocopheryl acetate/kg diet). The examination of the immune indices was performed on day 120 of feeding the supplemented diets. The higher dietary levels of vitamin E resulted in increased serum concentration of alpha-tocopherol for both experimental groups (p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in counts of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, B lymphocytes nor SWC3+ cells among the groups. Similarly, vitamin E supplementation did not affect the functions of phagocytic cells tested.     

Pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate in cultured olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

The study was aimed at investigating the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin trihydrate (AMOX) in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) following oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration, using high‐performance liquid chromatography following. The maximum plasma concentration (C_max), following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), AMOX was 1.14 (T_max, 1.7 h) and 0.76 μg/mL (T_max, 1.6 h), respectively. Intramuscular administration of 30 and 60 mg/kg of AMOX resulted in C_max values of 4 and 4.3 μg/mL, respectively, with the corresponding T_max values of 29 and 38 h. Intravenous administration of 6 mg/kg AMOX resulted in a C_max of 9 μg/mL 2 h after administration. Following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg AMOX, area under the curve (AUC) values were 52.257 and 41.219 μg/mL·h, respectively. Intramuscular 30 and 60 mg/kg doses resulted in AUC values of 370.274 and 453.655 μg/mL·h, respectively, while the AUC following intravenous administration was 86.274 μg/mL·h. AMOX bioavailability was calculated to be 9% and 3.6% following oral administration of 40 and 80 mg/kg, respectively, and the corresponding values following intramuscular administration were 86% and 53%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated high bioavailability of AMOX following oral administration in olive flounder.     

马齿苋多糖对雏鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖的影响

本研究在不同剂量(0、25、50mg/kg和100mg/kg)马齿苋多糖(POP)作用雏鸡后,通过流式细胞仪检测其免疫器官细胞增殖情况,并称免疫器官重,计算免疫器官指数。结果表明,随着POP剂量的增加,除50mg/kg与100mg/kgPOP剂量组法氏囊指数升高,差异不显著(P0.05)外,其他雏鸡免疫器官指数和细胞增殖指数显著升高(P0.05)。细胞增殖指数在雏鸡免疫器官内均以G1/G0期细胞为主,少量细胞为S期和G2/M期,且不同免疫器官细胞周期变化相似。这说明,POP能促进雏鸡免疫器官的生长发育和雏鸡免疫器官内细胞增殖,增强免疫功能,提高机体的免疫力。