贮藏期间马铃薯几个主要加工品质指标的变化

以宁夏南部山区近几年几个主栽品种为试验材料,测定了不同贮藏时期几个主要加工品质指标。结果表明:其加工所要求的主要的品质指标干物质、淀粉含量在收获时最高,随着贮藏时间的延长,不同品种马铃薯块茎干物质、淀粉含量均有不同程度的下降趋势。贮藏中期下降最多,贮藏末期各品种干物质、淀粉含量有所回升。还原糖等含量的变化与淀粉磷酸化酶、蔗糖转化酶的活性息息相关。随着低温贮藏天数的延长,不同品种马铃薯还原糖含量呈上升趋势。因此,在马铃薯加工利用时,对于低温长时间存贮的马铃薯根据加工利用目的如淀粉加工、食品加工必须进行升温贮藏,以降低淀粉磷酸化酶的活性,增加淀粉合成酶的活性,使糖转化为淀粉,提高块茎的淀粉含量,降低还原糖含量。     

马铃薯高淀粉生理基础的研究——块茎淀粉含量与糖的代谢

本试验以高淀粉品种晋薯2号、中淀粉品种内薯3号和低淀粉品种紫花白为试验材料,设置了小区试验,在生育期间从还原糖和可溶性糖的代谢与块茎淀粉含量积累变化的相关关系进行了研究,其结果:(1)块茎淀粉含量的积累变化与叶片可溶性糖含量变化呈显著正相关关系.因此,叶片可溶性糖含量可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的重要生理指标;(2)块茎淀粉含量积累变化与叶片还原糖含量变化呈正相关,故叶片还原糖含量亦可做为马铃薯高淀粉育种早期选择和品质预测的生理指标;(3)块茎淀粉含量积累变化与茎秆、块茎可溶性糖、还原糖含量变化相关性不强,但生育后期与茎秆可溶性糖含量呈显著正相关.     

不同贮藏条件马铃薯块茎还原糖含量变化规律测试

<正> 马铃薯块茎还原糖含量的高低,直接影响油炸片的产品质量。含量高于4‰的马铃薯容易褐化变糊,不适于油炸加工。以马铃薯为原料的淀粉加工以及马铃薯商品经营都要求还原糖含量低。不同的品种,还原糖含量不同.而且不同贮藏条件对还原糖含量的消长有着直接影响。因此,探讨马铃薯还原糖的变化规律及其调节方法对选育适合加工的马铃薯品种、马铃薯原料贮藏、食品加工及商业经营无疑是十分重要工作。在国     

不同马铃薯品种贮藏期间还原糖及干物质的变化

对 13个马铃薯品种的块茎在收获后定期进行还原糖及干物质含量的测定。结果表明 :各个品种块茎还原糖含量在收获后第一次测定时 ,一般为最低 ,其后发生变化。经过一段时间的室温下回暖 ,大部分品种表现为块茎还原糖含量较刚从贮藏窖中取出的块茎还原糖含量低。马铃薯块茎的干物质含量在贮藏期间的变化不明显 ,且不同品种的表现又各有不同 ,无明显的规律     

兼用型早熟马铃薯新品种春薯5号的选育与利用

采用常规育种途径，通过品种间有性杂交，选育出鲜食与加工兼用型早熟马铃薯新品种春薯5号。该品种突出特点是品质佳，薯块性状优良，稳产、丰产。它抗逆性强，适应性广，干物质含量高，还原糖含量低，适宜菜薯倒茬复种及油炸薯片、淀粉等食品加工。该品种现已在省内外生产上和马铃薯食品加工业中推广应用。     

不同纬度和土壤类型对马铃薯加工品质的影响

马铃薯加工性状是受多基因控制的数量性状,其表现与生态环境具有一定相关性。为研究马铃薯干物质、淀粉等主要加工品质性状在不同纬度和土壤类型的变异,选用6个马铃薯品种,在8个生态点进行试验,分析不同纬度、气候因子和土壤类型下马铃薯主要加工品质的变化规律。马铃薯干物质、淀粉、还原糖和粗蛋白的生态点（环境）、基因型×环境互作效应均在0.01水平上达到显著。在8个生态试验点,内蒙古自治区扎兰屯市试验点干物质和淀粉含量最高、吉林省公主岭市试验点最低;还原糖和粗蛋白含量吉林省通榆县试验点最高、吉林省公主岭市试验点最低。单株结薯数、单株块茎重和产量的基因型×环境互作效应均达0.01水平显著,单株结薯数和产量的环境效应0.01水平显著。综上,马铃薯加工品质和产量性状受环境效应影响较大。试验结果对于高蛋白、高干物质和高淀粉马铃薯区域化种植和新品种选育具有一定的理论指导意义。     

湖南春马铃薯品种比较试验

通过对8个马铃薯品种的抗性、商品性、品质、产量等特性的比较试验,结果表明:鲁引、9903、中薯3号、中薯2号分别比东农303增产25.46%、19.09%、9.59%、5.67%,它们抗性强、综合性状表现好,值得推广。大西洋的抗性好、干物质含量高、还原糖含量低,是很好的值得推广的加工品种。诺兰的抗性差、产量低,但干物质、淀粉含量高。     

不同窖藏条件下马铃薯块茎营养物质含量的变化

以克新1号为供试材料,研究了4种不同窖藏条件下马铃薯块茎中干物质、淀粉、还原糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量的变化。结果表明:在4种不同窖藏条件下,马铃薯块茎中干物质、淀粉、还原糖、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量变化趋势相同,但变化幅度不同。窖内平均温度越高,湿度越小,块茎干物质、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量降低幅度越大,而淀粉含量降低幅度与还原糖增加幅度越小;反之,窖内平均温度越低,湿度越大,块茎干物质、Vc、可溶性蛋白含量降低幅度越小,淀粉含量降低幅度与还原糖含量增加幅度越大。     

马铃薯新品种‘达芋3号’的选育

‘达芋3号’是达州市农业科学研究院从马铃薯‘合作23’的自交实生种子中选育而成的鲜食马铃薯新品种,2019年完成非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号:GPD马铃薯(2019)510003。该品种中晚熟,生育期89 d,薯块长卵圆形,黄皮,黄肉,表皮光滑,芽眼浅,商品薯率54.80%以上。生产试验产量26 850 kg/hm~2,较对照(‘米拉’)增产8.10%。干物质含量21.00%,淀粉含量13.84%,蛋白质含量1.48%,还原糖含量0.04%,维生素C含量22.30 mg/100g。抗晚疫病,高抗病毒病,贮藏性优于对照‘米拉’。该品种适宜在四川省平坝、中高山生态区域种植,春、秋、冬季均可种植。     

不同贮藏方式对木薯鲜薯品质的影响

研究了广西主要栽培木薯品种华南205鲜薯在常温、亚硫酸钠处理和沙藏3种处理方式下贮藏指标呼吸强度、失重率、淀粉含量和还原糖的变化。结果表明：沙藏效果最好，可显著降低鲜薯的呼吸作用，抑制其失重，减缓了淀粉的减少及还原糖的增加。呼吸强度与失重率相关系数为0.601，呈极显著正相关关系；含粉率与还原糖含量相关系数为-0.909，呈极显著负相关关系，在鲜薯贮藏中还原糖的增加是由于淀粉的降低。     

High temperature storage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) for processing — a feasibility study

Tubers of three potato cultivars were stored at room temperature (20–39°C, 30–75% RH), under an insulated storage run on passive evaporative cooling (16–30°C, 70–90% RH) and a refrigerated storage (2–4°C, 90–95% RH) for 14 weeks and studied periodically for storage losses, reducing sugar content and dry matter percent of tubers, in order to explore the possibility of storing potatoes for processing at higher temperatures. Physiological losses in tubers remained less than 10% until 12 weeks of storage under evaporatively cooled storage. Reducing sugar contents increased by only 52.4–242.1% in tubers stored in evaporatively cooled storage as compared to 90.5–484.2% increase in tubers stored in refrigerated storage until 14 weeks. Potatoes stored in evaporatively cooled store were more suitable for processing into chips and french fries due to lower physiological losses and lower reducing sugar content of tubers.     

Starch Characteristics of Modern and Heirloom Potato Cultivars

In a number of ways, modern potato breeding efforts differ from those that created heirloom cultivars. As a result of the rapid expansion of the potato processing industry in the mid twentieth century, potato breeders shifted their focus from fresh market varieties to those intended for the fry and chip markets. Selection for higher dry matter content and lower reducing sugar levels in tubers was successful. This study sought to determine whether modern processing cultivars differ from heirloom cultivars for two major characteristics of tuber starch, amylose content and starch granule morphology. Since breeding efforts for processing potatoes have focused on the maintenance of tuber quality during storage, these parameters were measured in both fresh and stored tubers. Twenty cultivars selected to span the range of cultivar release dates in the U.S. were grown at Hancock, WI in 2009 and 2010 and evaluated for tuber amylose content and measurements of starch granule surface area, length, width, length to width ratio, and smoothness. These traits were found to be stable across years and during storage. Significant differences in the amylose content and starch granule morphology exist among cultivars, but there is no clear distinction between modern and heirloom cultivars. Genetic variation for amylose content and starch granule morphology was found within the set of clones sampled for this study. However, germplasm with higher amylose content will need to be identified and utilized in breeding if the nutritional benefits associated with high fiber and low glycemic index are to be realized.     

The development of translucent end tubers

A study was made to gain greater understanding of the development of translucent end tubers which caused problems for french fry processors duringthe processing season of 1971–72. Analysis of seven commercial and three experimental samples revealed a lower dry matter and higher reducing sugar content in the basal portion of the tubers. Normally Russet Burbank potatoes contain higher dry matter in the basal end. A study of dry matter changes during growth and development in 1971 and of moisture stressed potatoes in 1972 showed a reversal in dry matter content and an uneven distribution of reducing sugars, whereas the normally irrigated potatoes maintained a higher percentage of dry matter in the basal portion throughout. A decrease in pH of the tissue accompanied the loss of starch from the basal portion of moisture stressed potatoes. As postulated by other research workers, the loss of dry matter is attributed to initiation of active growth of the apical end, thereby utilizing carbohydrates from the basal end following a period of stress. Immaturity of tubers and storage at low temperatures immediately after harvest caused water stressed potatoes to develop increased numbers of translucent ends in storage.     

Influence of airflow rate on chip potato storage management

Through-the-pile ventilation is a common practice for potatoes stored in bulk. Research was initiated in 1986 to study the influence of ventilation rate on the temperature, moisture and market quality of bulk stored chip potatoes. Ventilation rates up to 168 m³ hr^?1 t^?1 were used. All ventilation rates achieved the required temperature and humidity control. Fan operation time (hours) was not reduced proportional to the increased ventilation rate. The higher ariflow resulted in proportionally less time being spent to correct pile temperature differentials. The Atlantic variety potatoes were utilized for potato chip production in all three seasons studied. Market quality after storage, measured by tuber sugar content, chip color and chip defects, was similar for all ventilation rates. For the last two storage seasons studies, the potatoes were marketed from the storage research bins at high levels of quality following 115 to 142 days of storage. Average weight losses for the airflow rates used were not statistically different. However, potato weight loss uniformity was proportional to increased ventilation rates.     

Biochemical and molecular control of cold-induced sweetening in potatoes

The benefits of being able to process potatoes directly into chips or fries from cold storage (2 to 4 C) include less shrinkage, retention of dry matter, decreased disease loss, extended marketability, and the elimination of the need for dormancy-prolonging chemicals. Unfortunately at low temperature, potato tubers undergo a phenomenon known as cold-induced sweetening where the rate of conversion of starch to reducing sugars (i.e., glucose and fructose) is accelerated. As raw potatoes are sliced and cooked in oil at high temperature, the accumulated reducing sugars react with free amino acids in the potato cell forming unacceptably brown- to black-pigmented chips or fries via a non-enzymatic, Maillard-type reaction. Potatoes yielding these unacceptably colored products are generally rejected for purchase by the processing plant. All commercial potato cultivars presently used for the production of potato chips and fries accumulate excess free reducing sugars when exposed to cold stress. If a “cold-processing potato” was available, energy savings would be realized in potato-growing regions where outside storage temperatures are cool. In regions where outside temperatures are moderately high, increased refrigeration costs may occur. This expense would be offset, however, by removal of the need to purchase dormancy-prolonging chemicals, by a decreased need for disease control and by improvement of long-term tuber quality. The primary goal of this review is to describe recent research of a biochemical and molecular nature that relates to the underlaying mechanisms regulating post harvest, cold-induced sweetening in potato tubers. No attempt was made to outline the extensive research conducted on the genetic manipulation of carbon metabolism between starch and free sugars during photosynthesis and/or during potato development in relation to source/sink interactions.     

Correlations between quality parameters of potatoes during growth and long-term storage

The relationship between chip color, dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, protein, and storage temperature of commercially grown and stored Russet Burbank, Norchip, and Kennebec potatoes was investigated. Multiple correlation analysis of data, collected over a period of three years, demonstrated that while dry matter, reducing sugars, sucrose, and tuber weight were significant in determining chip color of freshly harvested potatoes, reducing sugars, tuber temperature, and sucrose were important in determining chip color of stored tubers. The relative importance of each parameter varied with the age of the tubers, year in which the potatoes were grown and stored, and cultivar. The multiple correlation coefficient among chip color, dry matter, sucrose, reducing sugars, and tuber weight was 0.901 for fresh Russet Burbank, 0.839 for fresh Norchip, 0.909 for fresh Kennebec, and 0.790 for the three cultivars combined. Similarly, the multiple correlation coefficient among chip color, reducing sugars, sucrose, and tuber temperature was 0.866 for stored Russet Burbank, 0.731 for stored Norchip, 0.914 for stored Kennebec and 0.790 for the combined stored material. Regression equations varied from cultivar to cultivar and from one season to another. This indicates that the quantitative relationship between the factors assayed was not sufficiently stable to serve as a general measure of prediction.     

贮藏温度对中国水仙鳞茎碳水化合物含量的影响

以中国水仙‘金盏银台’品种3年生休眠鳞茎为试验材料,研究在5、15、25、35℃和室温(CK)贮藏下鳞茎内鳞片、外鳞片和主芽的可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变化。结果表明:鳞茎内鳞片、外鳞片和主芽淀粉含量变化受贮藏温度的影响显著;不同贮藏温度下内鳞片、外鳞片和主芽的可溶性糖含量都基本稳定在一定的水平,而淀粉含量整体波动较大。在鳞茎贮藏期的叶芽和花芽分化期间,不同温度对淀粉水解产生显著影响,对可溶性糖的影响不显著,淀粉水解跟主芽的发育密切相关。因此,通过淀粉来研究了解水仙鳞茎贮藏期间碳水化合物的变化更适宜。      

微型薯生理年龄对马铃薯生长发育的影响

试验测定了不同生理年龄微型薯的干物质含量、含糖量、淀粉含量及其发芽势,研究了微型薯生理年龄对植株生物量、商品产量及总产量的影响。结果表明,微型薯经过贮藏,含水量逐渐下降,干物质含量上升,淀粉所占比重也有所提高,而含糖量在冷藏条件下上升,在常温条件下贮藏下降。在一定贮藏阶段内,随着时间的延长,微型薯的发芽势逐渐增强,达到一定时间后,发芽势又逐渐下降。生理年龄较老的微型薯播种后出苗快,植株分枝较多,易衰老;生理年龄较短的微型薯播种后出苗晚,主茎少,生长期长。在中原二季作地区由于适于马铃薯生长的气候条件较短,以生理年龄壮龄或较老的微型薯作为种子,结薯个数较多,薯重较大,产量高;而生理年龄较短的微型薯所结薯块个数少,重量较轻,产量低。     

温度对马铃薯α淀粉老化的影响

采用挤压膨化技术制作马铃薯α淀粉,并利用酶水解法及X-射线衍射法等研究了在同一贮藏时间内,不同贮藏温度对膨化马铃薯α淀粉老化变化的影响,探讨了影响机理。研究结果表明,贮藏温度从23℃±1℃降低到-18℃±1℃时,贮藏期为180d的样品α度也从87.8%明显降低到80.2%,样品的结晶度从8.4%上升为16.45%;说明样品α度的高低与贮藏温度的高低成正比,而样品的老化程度高低与贮藏温度的高低成反比。