南湖水体多相介质中PAHs的分布特征及其来源分析

以南湖水体中的水、表层沉积物、生物膜和悬浮物为研究对象,对美国EPA规定的16种优控PAHs中13种PAHs的分布与富集特征进行了研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中检出12种PAHs,生物膜和水相中均检出11种PAHs,而悬浮物中只检出7种PAHs;生物膜和悬浮物富集PAHs的能力相近,比表层沉积物的富集能力大一个数量级;相关分析表明,生物膜和悬浮物富集PAHs的能力归因于其有机质（TOC）的含量高于表层沉积物中有机质的含量。根据菲/蒽比值和PAHs环数相对丰度对南湖表层沉积物中PAHs的来源进行了分析,发现南湖沉积物中的PAHs主要来自于化石燃料燃烧释放的污染。     

Seasonal Deposition Fluxes of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lake Biwa,Japan

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the different parts of six bivalves species were determined. From the study conducted, it was found that the...     

Composting of Wood Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The addition of various nitrogen sources, such as liquid hog manure and mineral medium, to pine wood accelerated the composting process in Dewar vessels, which was obvious from the increased decomposition temperature and the more intensive oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. During composting in Dewar vessels of artificially PAH-contaminated pine wood soaked with liquid manure, the PAH degradation was influenced by the inoculum used. The fastest PAH degradation was achieved by compost addition, but the most intensive carbon dioxide evolution was measured with hydrocarbon-polluted soil as an additive. After 61 days, the PAH content of the wood was reduced from each 1000 mg/kg to 26 mg/kg of phenanthrene and 83 mg/kg of pyrene. The relation between the microbial wood decay and PAH degradation shows that the detoxification at least of artificially PAH-polluted wood demands only a partial wood decay.

A pilot scale percolator was applied to composting of artificially contaminated pine wood and really polluted waste wood. After 27 days of remediation, the portion of residual PAHs was higher in the case of the really polluted material. The slower degradation in the real waste wood may be explained by the lower bioavailability of pollutants in comparison with the artificially contaminated wood. In really polluted wood, the degradation rate of PAHs depended on their degree of condensation (the higher the number of aromatic rings the smaller the degradation rate was).     

Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Waste Wood

PAH-contaminated waste wood is a serious environmental problem. As an alternative to incineration and landfill disposal, wood containing PAHs may be detoxified by composting. The efficiency of this process depends on the composting conditions. The aerobic treatment of PAH-containing wood was therefore investigated under varying environmental conditions with particular attention to the kinetics of PAH degradation and wood mineralization. The composting of pine wood spiked with 2 g/kg phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene each and subsequently artificially aged was studied on a laboratory-scale using a respiration analyzer. The temperature was found to highly influence both PAH degradation and wood decay. The fastest and most extensive PAH degradation and wood mineralization were found at 30°C. Higher temperatures particularly inhibited the degradation of anthracene and pyrene. The addition of urea markedly accelerated both PAH degradation and wood mineralization. Only small amounts of urea were needed to maximize PAH degradation, whereas higher amounts of urea were required to maximize wood mineralization. Urea hydrolyzes to ammonium carbonate, which in turn forms highly volatile ammonia. When more then 2 g/kg urea-N was added to the wood, excessive nitrogen disappeared as ammonia via the gas phase. Using nitrate instead of urea dramatically reduced both PAH degradation and wood mineralization. Although a slightly alkaline pH seemed to promote PAH degradation, it has to be taken into account that this experiment was carried out with nitrate as an N source rather than urea to avoid any N losses at high pH values. Glucose as a cosubstrate neither accelerated PAH degradation nor stimulated wood decay. Molasses as a cosubstrate actually inhibited PAH degradation since it contains much salt and alkalinized the rot material.     

微山湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃的分布及风险评价

采用现场采样及室内高效液相色谱分析测试的方法,探讨了微山湖表层沉积物中多环芳烃（PAHs）的分布,并进行了风险评价。结果表明,微山湖表层沉积物中16种优控PAHs的总量范围在324.93～1576.65ng.g-（1干重）之间,平均值为699.01ng.g-1,属中等污染水平,沉积物中的多环芳烃主要来源于煤炭、木材及石油的不完全燃烧。利用沉积物质量基准法（SQGs）、沉积物质量标准法分别对微山湖沉积物中多环芳烃的风险评价表明,严重的多环芳烃生态风险在微山湖沉积物中不存在,负面生物毒性效应则会偶尔发生,风险主要来源于低环的多环芳烃,以芴（Flu）和苊（Ace）为主。     

One-Hundred-Year Sedimentary Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Lake Sediments from Wuhan, Central China

The concentrations and depositional fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in a dated sediment core collected from Donghu Lake, central China. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 33.32 to 937.24 ng?g^?1 based on dry weight. Depositional fluxes of total PAHs, ranging 15.84?C387.37 ng?cm^?2?year^?1, were in relatively higher levels compared with those in the cores collected from other areas of China. The concentrations and fluxes of total and individual PAHs changed dramatically with depth, reflecting energy usage changes and closely following the historical economic development in central China. Since the initiation of the ??Reform and Opening-Up policy?? in the late 1970s, the levels of PAHs, especially the high-molecular-weight carcinogenic PAHs, increased rapidly and reached the highest value in recent years, indicating the growth of incomplete combustion of coal and petroleum with the development of economy in this area. Furthermore, analysis of isomer ratios and principle component analysis commonly revealed the main contribution of anthropogenic pyrolytic source to PAH contamination in the largest urban lake of China.     

多环芳烃长期污染土壤的微生物强化修复初步研究

本研究通过室内模拟试验,以急性毒性较强的菲(Phe)和遗传毒性较强的苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)为代表性多环芳烃(PAHs)污染物,以不同C源、通气状况和水分条件为调控因子,对PAHs长期污染土壤的土著微生物强化修复进行初步研究。结果表明,搅动处理使污染土壤中Phe和B[a]P的降解率分别达59.44%和26.14%,而淹水处理使两者降解率分别达46.48%和13.27%。添加C源(淀粉和葡萄糖)处理提高了土壤中PAHs的降解率,且随着C源的施用量而增加。同时也发现污染土壤中PAHs降解菌和微生物总量呈正相关,并随着PAHs降解菌数量的增加,土壤中PAHs降解率也随之提高。可见,土壤中PAHs降解速率主要决定于PAHs的降解菌数量。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Forest Floors of the Northern Czech Mountains

Forests of the Northern Czech mountains decline due to industrial emissions. To examine the state of soil contamination with PAHs we analyzed the concentrations of 20 PAHs in the O and A horizons of 4 lower and 4 upper slope sites under beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Western (WE) and the Eastern Erzgebirge (EE, Kru?né Hory), the Isergebirge (IS, Jizerské Hory), and the Riesengebirge (RI, Krkono?e) at microsites affected and not affected by stem flow. Average PAH sum concentrations in the organic layers ranged between 2000 and 30000 μg kg^?1 increasing in the line WE <RI<EE<IS. PAH concentrations were significantly higher at upper than at lower slope sites indicating long-distance transport. Microsites affected by stem flow had significantly higher PAH concentrations but lower percentages of lower molecular PAHs than microsites not affected by stem flow. This was due to the water collecting effect of the beech bark. Lower molecular PAHs preferentially were sorbed to the bark or leached from the organic layers. PAH concentrations increased from Oi to Oa horizons but decreased in the mineral soil. This was the more pronounced the higher the molecular weight was. The slope of the regression line between the enrichment factors (concentration of a single PAH in the Oa divided by that in the Oi horizon) and the octanol-water partition coefficient decreased as the PAH concentration of the soils increased. This indicates that the microbial activity of organic layers may be reduced by soil contamination. Cluster analysis suggested that the sources of the PAH contamination in the WE were different from the other sites.     

Biological Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Amazonian Rain Forest

Hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) widely occur in the environment and are believed to be mainly anthropogenic. Here we present strong indications for large biological sources of the PAHs naphthalene, perylene, and possibly also phenanthrene in the Amazonian basin. Termite nests, plant wood, and soils were sampled. Naphthalene is detected in plant wood and is accumulated in the nests of termites from the genus Nasutitermes. Perylene is found in all studied termite nests including six different genera. Phenanthrene occurs at substantial concentrations in wood, soil, and termite nests.     

SYNOPSIS Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Soil — a Review

PAHs are mainly produced by combustion processes and consist of a number of toxic compounds. While the concentrations of individual PAHs in soil produced by natural processes (e.g., vegetation fires, volcanic exhalations) are estimated to be around 1—10 μg kg⁻¹, recently measured lowest concentrations are frequently 10 times higher. Organic horizons of forest soils and urban soils may even reach individual PAH concentrations of several 100 μg kg⁻¹. The PAH mixture in temperate soils is often dominated by benzofluoranthenes, chrysene, and fluoranthene. The few existing studies on tropical soils indicate that the PAH concentrations are relatively lower than in temperate soils for most compounds except for naphthalene, phenanthrene, and perylene suggesting the presence of unidentified PAH sources. PAHs accumulate in C‐rich topsoils, in the stemfoot area, at aggregate surfaces, and in the fine‐textured particle fractions, particularly the silt fraction. PAHs are mainly associated with soil organic matter (SOM) and soot‐like C. Although the water‐solubility of PAHs is low, they are encountered in the subsoil suggesting that they are transported in association with dissolved organic matter (DOM). The uptake of PAHs by plants is small. Most PAHs detected in plant tissue are from atmospheric deposition. However, earthworms bioaccumulate considerable amounts of PAHs in short periods. The reviewed work illustrates that there is a paucity of data on the global distribution of PAHs, particularly with respect to tropical and southern hemispheric regions. Reliable methods to characterize bioavailable PAH pools in soil still need to be developed.     

Distribution of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of Tokushima,Japan

The distribution of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) inthe soil samples of rural, suburban and urban areas of TokushimaCity was studied, HPMC with UV and fluorescence detection wasused for the determination of PAHs. The separation was acquiredby an ODS column and acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase.Results showed that the distribution of PAHs in the samplingsites were similar but differed from that in river sediment. Amodel test suggested that the burning of rice straw and otherplants was not the main source of PAHs in the soil of this citybut could be one of the important sources of PAHs in the river ecosystem.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Trace Metals in Sediments from a Coastal Lagoon (Northern Adriatic, Italy)

Surface sediments (0–5 cm) were analysed to provide information on levels, spatial trends and sources of the 16 USEPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 15 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and trace metals (copper, chromium, mercury, nickel and zinc) in channel and wetland habitats of Pialassa Baiona lagoon (Italy). The highest levels of PAHs, PCBs and Hg (3,032–87,150, n.d.–3,908 and 1.3–191 mg kg⁻¹) were mainly found at channel habitats close to industrial sources. Pyrogenic PAH inputs were significant, with a predominance of four-ring PAHs and combustion-related PAHs in both channel and wetland habitats. Among PCB congeners, chlorination class profiles show that penta- and hexachlorinated PCBs are the most prevalent homologues accounting for approximately 33% and 47% of the total PCB concentrations in channel sediments. Total toxicity equivalent factors (TEQs) of potentially carcinogenic PAHs varied from 348 to 7,879 μg kg⁻¹ and from 4.3 to 235 μg kg⁻¹ in channel and wetland sediments; calculated TEQs for dioxin-like PCB congeners at channel habitats ranged from n.d. to 86.7 μg kg⁻¹. Comparison of PAHs, PCBs and metal levels with Sediment Quality Guidelines suggests that more concern should be given to the southern area of the lagoon for potential risks of carcinogenic PAHs, dioxin-like PCBs and mercury.     

Isolation and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Runoff and Sediments

The distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in surface runoff and sediments of Lagos, Osogbo and Ile-Ife Western areas of Nigeria. Method for the analysis of PAHs was based on Liquid-Liquid extraction of the runoff and a soxhlet extraction of the sediments followed by a clean up adsorption procedure. The PAHs were separated and quantified by Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. A blank experiment was done using triply distilled water and following the same procedure for the samples to establish blank levels. In both street runoff and sediments 13 PAHs were identified and quantified. At Osogbo and Ile-Ife areas, the mean levels of PAHs in surface runoff ranged between 0.10–15.81 mg L^-1 while in the Lagos area the levels were between 0.1–73.72 mg L^-1. Generally, the PAH levels in surface runoff of Lagos constitute 53.03 mg L^-1 average ∑ PAH detected in the study area compared to 31.96 mg L^-1 average ∑ PAH contribution made by samples from Osogbo and Ile-Ife. The levels of PAHs in sediments are relatively higher compared to those of the street runoff in the study area. PAHs in sediment of Lagos contribute an average of 228.57 mg kg^-1 ∑ PAH to the total sediment PAH burden compared to Osogbo and Ile-Ife areas that contribute only 91.13 mg kg^-1 average ∑ PAH to the total PAH burden of the study area. The relatively higher average ∑ PAHs reported for Lagos area compared with those of Osogbo and Ile-Ife, is consistent with higher industrial activities and traffic density of the former (1000–10000 vehicles/hr) than the later (450–1500 vehicles/hr).     

生物质炭中多环芳烃的潜在环境风险研究进展

作为土壤改良剂和环境污染修复材料,生物质炭在近年来得以广泛应用。生物质炭制备过程中会产生一定量的多环芳烃(PAHs),对其潜在环境负面效应和风险尚缺乏应有的认识。本文总结了生物质炭中PAHs的形成机理、影响因素(包括原材料、裂解温度、裂解升温速率和保留时间等)、总量和生物有效含量及其分析方法,旨在为生物质炭在环境中的安全应用提供理论依据和技术参考。     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Aerosol of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan: Pollution Scenario and Source Identification

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be atmospheric pollutants and well-known human carcinogens. This study analyzes the pollution scenarios of PAHs in the aerosol of Higashi Hiroshima, Japan. We examined the characteristics, the influences of meteorological conditions, the distribution and seasonal variation of PAHs in aerosol samples collected from June 2000 to May 2001. The concentration of PAHs in the aerosol of Higashi Hiroshima was ranging from 11.8 to 157.5 μg/g with a mean concentration of 63.4 μg/g. Results showed that there is positive correlation between aerosol PAH concentrations and ambient temperature but a relatively little correlation with solar radiation. Seasonal variation was observed with a higher concentration during winter and lower concentration during summer. Apart from that, principal component analysis and molecular diagnostic ratios were also used to characterize and identify possible PAHs emission sources. Results obtained strongly suggested that vehicular emissions appeared to be the major source of aerosol PAHs in this study although other sources do have some degree of influence.     

Changes in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Soil Biological Parameters in a Revegetated Coal Mine Spoil

Coal mining leads to severe land degradation and creates huge amounts of mine spoil. Coal mine spoil contains toxic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from coal, which can be alleviated through revegetation with suitable tree species. The present study was aimed at evaluating the impact of different tree species (Albizia lebbeck , Cassia siamea , Delonix regia , and Dalbergia sissoo ) on the quality of coal mine spoil and changes in PAH concentration. Soil samples were collected from the revegetated coalmine overburden dumps of Jharia coalfield, Dhanbad, India and analysed by GC‐MS for 16 priority PAHs and soil quality parameters were analyzed by standard analytical protocols. Reclamation improved the biological properties of the mine spoil: microbial biomass (+59–176%), dehydrogenase activity (+46–198%), fluorescein diacetate hydrolase activity (+104–127%), phenol oxidase activity (+150–250%), and peroxidase activity (+93–181%). PAH concentration in revegetated mine spoil ranged from 0 · 51 to 1 · 35 mg kg⁻¹, with a significance reduction in total as well as individual PAHs. For individual tree species, total PAH reduction decreased in the order: C. siamea (81 · 6%) > A. lebbeck (55 · 6%) > D. regia (51 · 9%) > D. sissoo (51 · 5%). Correlation analysis showed significant association between the degradation of PAHs and soil biological properties of revegetated site. Microbial biomass carbon and soil enzymes were negatively correlated with PAH content in the mine spoil. But microbial stress indicators like respiration/microbial carbon ratio were not correlated, which revealed no adverse effect of PAH on soil microbes. Principal component analysis revealed that most of the biological parameters were closely associated with the degradation of low molecular weight PAHs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Water and Sediment from Gully Pots

A gully pot is often cleaned with the help of an eductor truck, which uses hydrodynamic pressure and a vacuum to loosen and remove the solids and standing liquid from a gully pot. This paper considers the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) content in the gully pot mixture (water and sediment) after it has been discharged from the eductor truck. The results show that most PAH was attached to particles, and the dissolved phase represented approximately 22% of the total water concentration. No significant difference was found for the water phase between a housing area and a road, whereas a significant difference was found for NAP, ACE, FL, ANT, FLR, PYR, BaF, and BPY in the sediment at a 95% confidence level. Source identification showed that the PAH in the gully pot mixture came from mixed sources. Both the water and sediment phase exceed all or some of the compared guidelines. The result from this paper shows that not only the sediment needs to be discussed, but also the water phase created during the maintenance of different BMPs.     

Influence of Long-Term Soils Flooding by Distilled and Post-Sewage Water on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Changes

The aim of presented study was to determine the influence of long-term inundation on the changes in the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Two soils (B, MS) with differentiated properties were selected for the presented study. The experiment was carried out in 5-l containers, irrigated with distilled or post-sewage water for seven days. The study samples were collected directly after the water had been drained and then after seven, 14, 28 and 50 days. In the material collected, the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was determined by means of the HPLC-UV method. The soils used for the presented experiment were characterised by differentiated PAH content levels. However, in both soils 28 days after water had been drained, a gradual increase of the PAH sum was noted. This increase was in relation to beginning of the experiment significantly higher in soil MS characterised by a lower PAH content (43% and 86%, respectively in the experiment with distilled and post-sewage water). The range of the PAH sum increase in soil B was from 28% to 38%. After the 28th day of the experiment, a decreasing trend was noted. The trend persisted until the last experimental date. Only in soil B, a decrease in the PAH up to a level close to the PAH level on the onset of the experiment was observed. In soil MS, PAH content on the last experimental date was still 25% (distilled water) and 52% (post-sewage water) higher than at the beginning of the experiment. In control soils (non-flooded), PAH content did not undergo any significant changes during the whole experimental period. In the presented studies, significant relationships between the values of some PAH content levels and Ca²⁺ ions content was noted.     

Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a Rural Community Leewards of a Waste Incineration Plant

In a rural community (Stephanskirchen, Southern Germany) near a waste incineration plant 7 soils, sewage sludge, waste incineration residues, the gutter sediment of a family home, and mosses were sampled to determine the total concentrations of Cd, Pb, Zn and 20 PAHs. Representative samples were used to measure NH₄NO₃- and EDTA-extractable Cd, Pb, and Zn as well as 20 PAHs in particle size separates (clay, silt, fine and coarse sand). Sites near the main road, hill top, and forested sites contain up to 1.24 mg Cd, 888 mg Pb, and 279 mg Zn per kg. The heavy metal concentrations of the sewage sludge, the gutter sediment, and especially the waste incineration residues are extremely high (up to 57 mg Cd, 3300 mg Pb, and 5700 mg Zn per kg). The extractability of Pb and Zn with NH₄NO₃ is low (< 5%), that with EDTA is high (up to 71.2% of total Cd, 82.5% of total Pb, and 47.2% of total Zn). The sum concentrations of PAHs range between 0.4 and 470 mg kg^?1. The silt has the highest PAH concentrations of the particle size separates. High saturation of organic matter with PAHs in the sand indicates high recent PAH deposition. Selected ratios of single PAHs reveal diesel and gasoline exhausts as main sources for PAH. Principal component and cluster analysis show that the pollutant pattern depends on the C_org concentration and on the time passed since deposition. There is no significant influence of the waste incineration emissions on the heavy metal and PAH concentrations.