矿山废弃地人工草地调亏灌溉试验研究

[目的] 以草原矿产资源开发形成的排土场为研究对象，研究不同调亏灌溉处理排土场边坡人工栽培牧草生长状况、土壤含水率和坡面侵蚀的变化，为完善草原矿区废弃地植被恢复灌溉技术提供科学依据。 [方法] 设置5种调亏灌溉处理，以充分灌溉为对照(CK)，通过对比试验分析不同调亏灌溉处理对边坡人工牧草群落总盖度、地上生物量、坡面径流及水分利用效率的影响，采用秩和比法确定废弃地边坡人工草地最佳补水方案。 [结果] 草原矿区废弃地边坡人工草地建设过程中，随着亏水程度的加重，植物生长发育受到限制，当土壤含水率在土壤田间持水率的45%以下时，植物地上生物量和群落盖度下降明显(p＜0.05)；植物生长初期，坡面产沙量和径流量随着灌水量的增加显著增加(p＜0.05)，快速生长期和生长旺盛期各处理之间的产沙量、径流量变化不明显；对比各灌溉处理水平，轻度、中度调亏灌溉(土壤水分含量分别达到土壤田间持水率的55%，45%时)水分利用效率较高。 [结论] 人工草地建植效果、蓄水保土能力、灌溉水利用效率综合评价结果表明，轻度调亏灌溉(土壤水分含量达到土壤田间持水率的55%)在人工草地建植效果与水分利用效率方面结合较好，水土流失防控效果明显，可作为草原区矿山废弃地建设人工草地主要节水灌溉模式优先选择。     

石灰岩露天采石矿区土地农用复垦类型划分研究

矿区土地复垦是社会经济发展到一定阶段解决矿区土地利用问题的必然选择,复垦类型划分对指导土地复垦的科学发展具有重要意义。本研究以满城县李兵露天采石场废弃地立地特性调查资料为基础,运用GIS空间叠加法对研究区进行了矿区土地农用复垦类型划分的研究,并对划分结果从复垦类型空间分布、总体数量结构和复垦效益三个方面进行分析,得出结论:构建的矿区土地农用复垦类型划分体系科学合理的将研究区土地划分为宜耕地区、宜园地区、宜林地区和宜牧草地区四个类型区域,并取得十分显著的综合效益。本文以矿业快速发展的满城县为研究区,得到的土地复垦类型划分符合实际生态保护和建设发展需求,为建立矿区土地复垦理论体系与技术规范提供一定的依据。     

Antimony and Arsenic Uptake by Plants in an Abandoned Mining Area

Abstract

The degree of antimony (Sb) and arsenic (As) pollution and their bioavailability in mining‐affected grassland soils were determined. Antimony and As concentrations in aboveground parts of plants, collected in three consecutive years, were measured to investigate their uptake capacity, food chain contamination, and ecological risks. Total Sb and As contents in soils ranged from 60 to 230 mg/kg and from 42 to 4530 mg/kg, respectively, indicating a high degree of pollution of soils. The mobile fractions of Sb (0.02–0.27% of the total Sb content) and As (0.02–0.70% of the total As content) in soils, which reflect the plant‐available portion, are extremely low compared to total Sb and As contents in soils. The Sb and As contents in plants were also very low in both study areas. This lower accumulation of Sb and As in the plants is attributed to the low bioavailability of Sb and As in mine soils. Antimony and As contents in some plants were lower than the controls, and the concentrations in some plants were slightly higher than the normal grass mean level but were less than the phytotoxic or toxic levels for human or livestock consumption. The results of this study demonstrate that the plants growing in these mining areas, which have evolved As and Sb tolerance and detoxification capacity, can be cultivated to phytostabilize the metalloid‐contaminated mining sites.     

昆明磷矿废弃地复垦探讨

昆明市是云南省最大的磷矿生产基地,随着国内外市场对磷需求的扩大,磷矿资源开采的强度与范围及矿区废弃土地资源数量呈大幅度增加之势,致使矿区生态环境遭到严重破坏。在对昆明地区磷矿开采区生态环境进行调查的基础上,指出了磷矿废弃地复垦中存在的问题及复垦难点,提出了强化水土保持措施的建议。     

The Impact of Underground Longwall Mining on Prime Agricultural Land: A Review and Research Agenda

Coal mining and agriculture have repeatedly come into conflict when they co‐occur. Although seemingly benign when compared with surface mining, underground coal extraction techniques (including longwall mining) cause subsidence of agricultural land and loss of productivity. Despite growing concerns for global food security and increasing demand for coal resources, there is little peer‐reviewed literature on the impacts of longwall mining in prime agricultural areas. In this paper, we examined the present knowledge of subsidence impacts of longwall mining on agriculture and how this may be interpreted for specific locations such as Australia. The review found that subsidence affects soil properties, hydrology and topography. The main impacts on agriculture are altered soil and groundwater hydrology, modified topography associated with increased erosion or waterlogging risk, and zones of compaction or cracking that cause soil physical and chemical changes. Agricultural productivity is also reduced through altering the types of farming practices that are suited to subsided non‐uniform landscapes, decreasing farming efficiency through increasing paddock heterogeneity and decreasing ease of workability. There is a need to consider these multiple impacts under local conditions, with particular regard to the interaction of mine subsidence‐associated disturbances with farming practices. We conclude by describing future research directions required for Australia and other countries outside of the USA—where most of the research has been conducted. Australia has unique soil and climatic conditions making extrapolation of studies from the USA on subsidence impacts and mitigation problematic. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

攀枝花矿区废弃地复垦现状及发展对策

攀枝花市位于长江上游,拥有全国最大的钒钛磁铁矿。主要探讨了攀枝花市近年来在矿业废弃地的土地复垦方面的现状,大量数据表明土地复垦已经在该市取得显著的经济和社会效益;然而多年的矿业开发带来的环境影响尚未完全消除,就此亦提出了可行性建议,可供政府决策参考。     

稀土废矿区的快速绿化治理技术探讨

稀土废矿区土壤中残留了大量的NH4^＋离子,这是一批宝贵的氮素资源。根据土废矿区土壤的深入分析,采用在废矿区种植桉树、香根草、鸭拓草、宽叶雀稗等植物的方法,取得极显著的快速绿化治理效果,为稀土废矿区治理找到了一个投资省、见效快、效果好的新模式。     

生态修复对采矿废弃地土壤性质的影响

以南京幕府山采矿废弃地生态修复为例,探讨生态修复如何影响采矿废弃地土壤的性质。研究结果表明:生态修复在先的废弃地土壤有机质含量相对高,因修复模式不同,同一时期修复的土壤有机质含量存在差异;土壤pH值与土壤容重主要取决于修复覆盖的土壤性质,且随修复时间增加,容重降低,而修复植被的生长也影响土壤pH值与土壤容重;土壤水文效应则主要取决于覆土厚度,其次是土壤孔隙度,而土壤孔隙度与土壤容重也与修复植被有关。     

Application of Fuzzy Logic to Qualify the Environmental Impact in Abandoned Mining Sites

This work deals with the topic of qualification and prioritization of environmental impact in abandoned mining sites using fuzzy logic. It aims to classify old mining sites and describe their environmental impact through a numeric index. This is variable in the interval [0,1], and was named as index of environmental impact (I _EI). Its determination was made through a fuzzy inference system that allows the integration of several characterization components. The system was supported by data obtained in five sites in NW Portugal, which is a paradigmatic region regarding the variety of typical environmental problems provoked by old metallic mines. These sites may be considered environmental patterns as they represent such regional diversity. In a general way, the I _EI can be applied to other sites where the existence of abandoned mining structures generates environmental impact.     

金强河上游采金废弃区生态修复模式研究

为提高甘肃天祝藏族自治县金强河采金废弃区生态修复效果,研究了不同修复模式对植被数量、多样性、保存率、盖度和水土流失的影响。结果表明:修复3年后,回填整地+覆土+种草+种树+封育修复模式的植被数量、多样性、保存率、盖度及0~20 cm土层土壤相对含水量均最高或最多,且林草间作的互作效应明显,修复后的样地内没有形成雨水径流痕迹,地表疏松程度表现为坚硬,修复效果最优。     

抚仙湖流域磷矿开采废弃地恢复滇油杉群落的物种配置研究

运用法瑞学派野外群落样方调查方法,对抚仙湖流域磷矿开采区物种较丰富的滇油杉群落的结构特征及各物种在群落内的地位进行了分析,制定出用滇油杉群落乔灌层优势种滇油杉、高山栲、滇石栎、厚皮香、常绿蔷薇,及当地抗逆性强的乡土物种地石榴、葛根、滇蔗茅、狗牙根做磷矿开采废弃地恢复的物种配置方案,以使恢复后的滇油杉群落结构合理、物种丰富、系统稳定,尽快恢复矿区的生态服务功能。     

城郊废弃地潜在价值及其利用探讨——以世利农业生态园为例

废弃地是在剧烈人为干扰下形成的一种特殊景观类型。城郊废弃地造成土地资源的巨大浪费,但废弃地恢复后又可成为土地利用效率较高的景观类型,具有较大的开发潜力。以世利农业生态园为例,着重阐述了城郊废弃地恢复后所具有的景观美学价值、文化教育价值、休闲旅游价值、科学研究价值和环境保护价值及其利用方式。进行了经验总结并提出了城郊废弃地恢复的发展前景。     

Water Quality Impact of Mining in the Wolmyoung Area of Korea,and its Short-Term Changes

The water quality of a stream affected by miningactivities was investigated on the basis of a mineralogical studyfor the related solids, and their subsequent changes weremonitored for a year, so as to clarify the impact of the acidmine drainage (AMD) to the stream. The mine-affected stream wasclassified into Ca–Mg and sulfate type, and the concentrations ofits major constituents ranged from tens to hundreds times higherthan those of the background stream. This was most likely due toacid-generating reactions involving the oxidation of sulfides inthe mineralized zone, and subsequent neutralizations involvingcalcite and chlorite as possible sources of Ca and Mg,respectively. This interpretation is consistent with thethermodynamic and mass-balance calculations. The concentrationsof the dissolved constituents changed seasonally, dependinglargely on rainfall in the mine-affected stream. However, thedramatic decrease in the ratio of Mg/Ca, independent of rainfall,indicates that some changes did occur in sources, including theheterogeneous distribution of main source materials, the changein chemical conditions, especially in pH, pe(Eh), and P_{CO 2},in the reacting fluid, and the consequential solubility changesin sources. In spite of the limitations of short-term monitoring,it does provide some meaningful information in order to constructa long-term monitoring program.     

西部矿区土地退化因素评价与分析

基于文献分析理论并结合西部矿区实际,从代表性、普遍性和可操作性原则出发,运用定性研究与定量分析相结合的研究策略,提出了西部矿区土地退化评价指标体系.选择极具代表性的乌海矿区作为实证区域,选取2000—2015年的多种驱动因素,综合运用标准离差法、CRITIC法两种客观赋权法判定各指标的权重,初步得出各因素的影响程度,随...     

国内外矿区土地复垦研究进展

人类对矿产资源的大规模开采导致的矿区土地受损及环境恶化一直是国内外研究关注的热点,矿区土地复垦和生态环境恢复也一直受到世界相关国家的高度重视。本文在概括国内外土地复垦历程及阶段特征的基础上,介绍了世界发达国家土地复垦新进展及我国在土地复垦理论、方法和技术方面取得的成绩;针对我国新发布的《土地复垦条例》,借鉴国外先进土地复垦的理论和技术,探讨了我国矿区土地复垦未来的研究方向。     

不同管理措施对铝矿废弃地复垦区土壤有机碳的影响

试验设置于山西省孝义铝矿废弃地复垦区,采用施肥及轮作双因素完全随机区组设计,研究铝矿废弃地复垦过程中不同管理措施对玉米田土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明,不同管理措施下,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而降低,土壤δ13C值随着土层深度的增加而增加;施肥能显著提高土壤有机碳含量,其中以有机＋无机肥为最佳施肥方式,与对照相比,在前茬种植晋豆28和晋豆25条件下,土层0～20cm的有机碳含量分别提高了1.85、1.35g.kg-1,土层20～40cm的有机碳含量分别提高了1.50、1.45g.kg-1;与前茬种植晋豆25的轮作方式相比,前茬种植晋豆28处理的土壤δ13C值普遍偏低;玉米籽粒δ13C值显著高于秸秆,说明玉米籽粒比秸秆更容易富集13C,但玉米籽粒和秸秆的δ13C值之间无显著相关性;豆科作物-玉米轮作的土壤有机碳主要来源于豆科作物,前茬晋豆28和晋豆25对土壤有机碳的贡献率分别为64.82%、60.64%。以上结果表明,在铝矿废弃地的复垦过程中,采取施肥配合轮作的管理措施有利于土壤有机碳的积累。     

矿山废弃地3种人工植被恢复模式土壤水源涵养特征

[目的]分析评价福建省大田县银顶格矿区三种人工植被恢复类型土壤的水源涵养功能。[方法]采用土壤入渗率、最大可蓄水量、有效蓄水量和非毛管孔隙等指标进行测定分析。[结果](1)邓恩桉×马尾松类型土壤初渗率、稳渗率和平均入渗率均较快,母质层与淋溶层的初渗率和稳渗率之差均较小,其次为邓恩桉×紫花泡桐类型,马尾松×杉木类型最差;(2)各植被类型各土层入渗率与入渗时间呈显著幂函数关系;(3)邓恩桉×紫花泡桐类型土壤最大可蓄水量、有效蓄水量和非毛管孔隙均较大,邓恩桉×马尾松类型次之,马尾松×杉木类型最差;(4)用主成分法综合评价各植被类型土壤涵养水源能力从高到低依次为:邓恩桉×紫花泡桐类型邓恩桉×马尾松类型马尾松×杉木类型。[结论]邓恩桉×紫花泡桐类型改良矿山废弃地土壤结构效果较好,可在类似地区推广应用。     

山丘区农业综合开发土地治理的探索与实践

系统论述了国家农业综合开发项目的规划设计、产业结构调整、完善治理政策、提高土地利用率和土地生产力.     

弃耕地苜蓿耗水规律及灌溉制度研究

通过对弃耕地苜蓿生长过程中水分变化的研究,发现在苜蓿生长的苗期、分枝期和花期,日平均耗水强度依次表现出递增的趋势,结实期则有所下降;水分变化与生长过程具有相似的变化规律。初步给出了弃耕地苜蓿生长过程中灌溉制度。     

潞安矿区景观尺度的土地质量定量评价初探

以山西潞安矿区为例,以基于“P-S-R”框架的矿区景观尺度的土地质量指标为主线,综合运用空间信息科学、景观生态学、生态学等学科原理与方法,探讨矿区景观尺度的土地质量定量评价的指标体系、内容和方法等,并根据结果提出潞安矿区土地质量建设和保护的措施和建议。