贵阳市耕地土壤重金属分布特征及评价初步研究

对贵阳市4郊区1市3县耕地土壤重金属As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg污染现状进行了调查和分析。结果表明:土壤中重金属含量在地区内及地区间差异都较大,除Cr外,As、Pb、Cd、Hg富集度较高;1市3县是贵阳市主要工业区,土壤属轻度污染,明显高于4郊区;Cd元素污染十分突出,其次是Hg和As。分析认为磷化工、煤化工及铁合金等工业与之密切相关,需进一步深入研究。     

Chemical Fractionation and Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Soil Amended with Metal Salts or Metal-Spiked Poultry Manure

Chemical fractionation patterns and plant tissue concentrations were used to assess nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead phytoavailability to maize in a soil amended with metal salts or poultry manure. A sandy loam was treated with 80–400 mg kg^?1 doses of a quinternary mixture of the metal nitrates either directly or as spiked poultry manure. The European Communities Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure partitioned the metals among three operationally defined pools in the soil. Metal mobilities were lower in the poultry manure–amended than the metal salt–treated soil, indicating the manure's ability to fix the metals in soil. Pot experiments revealed high metal transferabilities with no apparent phytotoxic symptoms in maize at the doses applied, suggesting some degree of tolerance to the metals. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize increased linearly with metal doses in metal salt–treated soil, but were less phytoavailable in soil amended with poultry manure. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize were reasonably predicted from soil parameters using stepwise multivariate regression models. The findings are useful in the assessment and remediation of heavy metal–contaminated soils.     

不同土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响

在广西环江开展了土壤改良剂对大豆富集重金属的影响研究,结果表明:土壤改良剂(煤灰、菌渣、蚕沙)均能在大豆苗期、结荚期和成熟期有效降低大豆中重金属含量。菌渣对大豆苗期重金属抑制效果最好,蚕沙对成熟期重金属吸收的抑制效果最佳,而煤灰在结荚期抑制重金属效果优于其他的改良剂,并且对减少大豆籽粒中重金属含量作用效果最好。     

长期定位施肥对棕壤重金属全量及其有效性影响

以沈阳农业大学长期定位试验为基础,选取（0～20cm）不同年限土壤样品,分析了无肥对照（CK）、单施化肥（N4P2）、中量有机肥（M2）、高量有机肥（M4）和高量有机肥＋化肥（M4＋N2P1）5个处理下土壤重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd全量及其有效态含量的变化。结果表明,20多年的定位施肥增加了土壤中重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd全量,虽然有所波动但总的趋势明显,其中以M4＋N2P1处理对Cu和Zn增加最为明显,而Pb和Cd在M4处理增长量最大,单施N4P2处理对4种重金属元素全量影响不明显。施有机肥能显著提高Cu、Zn和Cd有效态含量,与对照相比分别平均提高61.28%、169.3%和123.7%,不同施肥处理土壤中Cd含量已超标,属污染水平。有效态Pb在N4P2处理要显著高于其他各处理,而各年份M4处理有效态Pb的含量要低于CK处理。20年来有效态Pb含量相对于CK平均降低了4%。土壤中4种重金属全量与其有效态含量相关性表明：Cu、Zn和Cd全量与其有效态含量呈极显著正相关关系,全量Pb与有效态Pb呈显著负相关而与有效态Cu和Zn不显著相关。     

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization Strategies on Soil Productivity and Soybean Rhizobial Diversity in a Chinese Mollisol

Rhizobial diversity is affected by interactions between soil features, fertilization strategy, and cropping system. However, interactions among the rhizobial community, chemical-organic manure fertilization, and plant production have not been well documented in Mollisols from long-term experiments. Aimed at maintaining and recovering the productivity of Chinese Mollisols, a long-term fertilization experiment had been carried out for 29 years under a wheat-maize-soybean rotation system, involving the application of recycled organic manure (ROM), chemical fertilizers (N, P, and/or K), or ROM plus N, P, and/or K. In the present study, the effects of different treatments were evaluated by determining soil physicochemical features, soybean production, and soybean rhizobial diversity. The results showed that application of ROM plus NPK maintained or increased soil fertility, which was accompanied by higher production and higher diversity of rhizobia, as compared with the other treatments. The negative association of Bradyrhizobium japonicum with N fertilizer, positive association of B. diazoefficiens with soil pH, and alleviation of N-inhibition on the diversity of Bradyrhizobium by the addition of ROM were recorded as new findings. Therefore, application of ROM or ROM plus NPK could be a feasible strategy for maintaining and recovering the fertility of Chinese Mollisols, whereas rhizobial diversity could be an indicator of soil fertility.     

硒肥对水稻生长及其重金属累积的影响

以大田水稻作为研究对象,分析了不同硒肥量对水稻生长特性及重金属(砷、铬、镉、铅)累积的影响,探讨了通过施硒降低重金属在水稻可食部分含量的可行性。结果发现:施用不同量硒肥(30、60和120 kg/hm2)对水稻分蘖数、株高、单株干物重和产量有促进作用,但差异不显著。施用120 kg/hm2硒肥显著增加了大米中的总硒、无机硒及有机硒的含量,并使有机硒比例增加了16.6%。施用120 kg/hm2硒肥有效抑制了水稻穗部铬和镉的累积量(53%和45%),而对铅无明显抑制作用。施用硒肥促进了硒向精米、糠中转移,同时有效降低了精米中镉、铬、铅的累积量。     

施肥与灌水对硝态氮在土壤中残留的影响

通过田间试验研究不同施氮量与灌水量对春玉米和冬小麦田土壤中硝态氮分布与累积的影响,结果表明,春玉米收获后0~2 m土壤中累积硝态氮185.7~748.0 kg/hm2,其中1 m以上占57.9%~70.1%。由于施用氮肥而增加的硝态氮占施N量的1.8%(N 112.5 kg/hm2),50.7%(N 225 kg/hm2),56.7%(N 337.5 kg/hm2)和77.0%(N450 kg/hm2)。不施N和施N 112.5 kg/hm2时春玉米田土壤剖面没有明显累积峰;施N等于或高于225 kg/hm2时在60~80 cm土层有明显累积峰,施氮量高的峰值较高;施N 450 kg/hm2时在120~140 cm深度出现另一个累积高峰。冬小麦收获后土壤0~2 m硝态氮累积量为74.9~328.8 kg/hm2,其中1m以上占67.8%~90.7%。由于施用氮肥而增加的硝态氮占施N量的19.5%(N 112.5 kg/hm2),35.6%(N 225 kg/hm2),58.9%(N 337.5 kg/hm2)和56.4%(N 450 kg/hm2)。冬小麦田收获后土壤深层(1~2 m)没有明显的硝态氮累积,即使施氮量高达450 kg/hm2时也只在表层40 cm以上累积较多。不论是春玉米还是冬小麦,当生育期施氮量大于225 kg/hm2时0~2 m土层均有明显的硝态氮累积,施氮量高的累积量较高。施氮量是造成土壤中硝酸盐累积的主要因素,灌水量对春玉米田硝态氮的向下迁移有显著影响。     

Humic Acids Increase the Phytoavailability of Cd and Pb to Wheat Plants Cultivated in Freshly Spiked, Contaminated Soil (7 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Humic acids (HAs) are the most important humified component of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) present in sewage water used for irrigation. It is well known that HAs affect the toxicity and availability of heavy metals (HMs) in soil-plant systems, and may increase the human exposure to HMs in contaminated soil through plant uptake. This study was conducted to assess the effects of HAs on HM availability, plant growth and HM uptake. Materials and Methods: With wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a test plant, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of HAs in irrigation water on the phytoavailability of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in soil. Cd and Pb were added to the soil at concentrations of 1.5 and 150 mg/kg, respectively. Wheat seedlings grown in Cd and Pb-contaminated soil were watered with 4 levels of HA solution (0, 140, 280 and 560 mg/kg of HAs, respectively). Results: In control and Pb treatments, both plant biomass and plant HM concentrations increased with increasing concentrations of HAs in the solution. Plant biomass was markedly decreased when metal concentrations in plants increased, particularly in Cd and Cd/Pb treatments. In the soil, extractable metals, and water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and its fractions significantly increased with increasing HA concentrations. Discussion: The results suggested that the application of HAs in barren soils may improve plant nutrition by mobilizing soil nutrients and providing plants with carbon sources. On the other hand, HAs present in sewage water may increase both the availability and transfer of HMs in the soil-plant continuum and subsequently increase human exposure to HMs in polluted soil. Conclusions. Conclusions: HA solution as irrigation water significantly increased HM availability to plants cultivated in the HM-amended soil and may increase the environmental risk of sewage irrigation. Recommendations and Perspectives: These results suggested that, when assessing the effect of sewage irrigation on soil quality, HAs contained in sewage water should be taken into consideration.     

盐分胁迫下番茄盐分离子和重金属的分布特征

采用盆栽试验方法研究了不同盐分含量处理下番茄不同器官盐分离子（Na＋、K＋、Ca2＋）和重金属离子（Cd2＋、Pb2＋、Cr2＋、Zn2＋、Cu2＋、Ni2＋）的分布特征,探讨盐分离子对番茄不同器官吸收重金属离子的影响机制,为重金属污染盐渍土壤的农业可利用性评价提供科学依据。结果表明,番茄根、茎、叶和果实Na＋含量均随盐分含量增加而增加;番茄根K＋含量随盐分含量增加小幅上升,茎K＋含量则显著下降,叶K＋含量无显著变化;番茄各器官Ca2＋含量随盐分含量增加无明显变化。番茄根Cd、Pb、Cr、Zn和Cu含量以及番茄茎、叶Cd含量均随盐分含量增加而增加;番茄根Ni含量、番茄茎叶Pb、Cr、Ni、Zn和Cu含量以及番茄果实各重金属含量受盐分含量变化影响不大。因此,土壤盐分含量的增加对番茄根部吸收重金属（Ni除外）有促进作用。     

Responses of Wheat Genotypes to Zinc Fertilization Under Saline Soil Conditions

ABSTRACT

A greenhouse experiment with four bread wheat [Triticum aestivum L.] genotypes, ‘Rushan,’ ‘Kavir,’ ‘Cross,’ and ‘Falat,’ and a durum wheat [Triticum durum L.] genotype, ‘Dur-3,’ at two zinc (Zn) rates (0 and 15 mg Zn kg^?1 dry soil) and four salinity levels (0, 60, 120, and 180 mM NaCl) was conducted. After 45 d of growth, the shoots were harvested, and Zn, iron (Fe), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and cadmium (Cd) concentrations were determined. In the absence of added Zn, visual Zn deficiency symptoms were observed to be more severe in ‘Dur-3’ and ‘Kavir’ than in other genotypes. The effect of Zn deficiency on shoot dry matter was similar to its effect on visual deficiency symptoms, such that shoot growth was most depressed in ‘Kavir’ and ‘Dur-3.’ At the 180 mM treatment, Zn fertilization had no effect on shoot dry matter of genotypes. Genotypes with high Zn efficiency had greater shoot Zn content than genotypes with low Zn efficiency. In the absence of added Zn, the Dur-3, and ‘Cross’ genotypes had the highest and lowest Cd concentrations, respectively. Application of Zn had a positive effect on salt tolerance of plants.     

Interrelationships of Heavy Metals Macro and Micronutrients, and Properties of a Soil Cultivated with Brassica oleracea var. italica (Broccoli), Under the Effect of Treated Municipal Wastewater

An experiment of Randomized Block Design was conducted during 2005 in a greenhouse of the University of Ioannina, Department of Environmental Management and Natural Resources, in order to study the effect of the Treated Municipal Wastewater (TMWW) on the interrelationships of macro, micronutrients, heavy metals and physical and chemical properties of a soil cultivated with Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli). The experimental design included the following treatments: (a) TMWW, (b) Fresh irrigation water or “control”, in six replications, with a total number of 2?×?6?=?12 plots of 2.5?×?1.8?=?4.5 m² size. The following were found. Numerous interactions are taking place in the soil under the effect of TMWW, between: (a) macro-, micronutrients, and heavy metals, i.e. (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe, B, Cu)×(Ni (Co, Pb, Cd) and (b) between all the above metals and the soil properties i.e. (nutrients and heavy metals)×(pH,CaCO₃, O.M) These interactions could have an important impact on plant growth and the environment, as they can either supply the plants with nutrients, due to their synergistic effects or they can contribute to the decrease or inactivation (fixation) of some undesirable soil heavy metals, owing to their antagonism. Examples of these interactions are studied, and their significance in plants and the environment, is examined, under the effect of the TMWW reuse.     

沙地衬膜水稻施肥效应与技术研究

沙地衬膜水稻采用无土栽培原理，施肥以化肥为主。适宜的N肥能显著促进沙地衬膜水稻营养体的生长．P肥则对水稻后期籽粒灌浆结实有明显效应。N、P配施较单施N、P处理籽粒产量和蛋白质含量有显著提高。在本试验条件下．沙地衬膜水稻栽培中。纯N最适施用量为144．7kg／km^2，最佳N、P配比为1：0．502．以使籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、单位面积蛋白质产量均表现较高。根据沙土特点和水稻生长发育规律，衬膜水稻施肥应坚持少量多次的原则，N肥分4次施入。P肥基施为主，K肥少量追施。另须基施Si等微肥。基肥采取沟深施。追肥撒施，采取前促、中控、后补的原则，主攻分蘖肥和穗粒肥。     

Thirty-Year Manuring and Fertilization Effects on Heavy Metals in Black Soil and Soil Aggregates in Northeastern China

To evaluate the effects of thirty years of manure and chemical fertilizer applications on metal accumulations in soil and soil aggregates, fresh soils were separated by wet sieving into four aggregate fractions and heavy-metal concentrations in soil and aggregates were determined. The soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration in microaggregates ranged from 20.2 to 39.6 g carbon (C) kg^?1, which was significantly greater than those in the other fractions. The proportion of heavy metals in small macroaggregates and the silt + clay fraction accounted for 45.5 ± 10.6% and 35.8 ± 14.1% of the total amount in soil, respectively, which might be due primarily to their greater mass percentages in soil. Both chemical fertilizer and manure significantly stimulated iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) accumulation; horse manure also increased copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) concentration in bulk soils as compared with the control. The results also indicated that heavy-metal distribution in aggregates was not controlled by SOC but possibly by soil clay.     

三峡库区耕地重金属分布特征初步研究

通过对三峡重庆库区16个市、县(区)旱地和水田土样分析、统计、评价,研究了库区耕地土壤主要重金属元素分布特征。结果表明,库区耕地土壤有不同程度污染,重金属As、Cd、Cu、Ni的含量均有超标,Cd有最大超标;旱地土壤重金属含量略高于水田,紫色土略高于黄壤,各采样点重金属含量差异大;重金属元素Cd、Pb、Cu、As、Zn间存在极显著正相关,土壤污染有复合污染趋势;主要淹水区县土壤环境质量评价结果显示,仅巫山县污染综合指数评价为中污染,主城区、开县为轻微污染,涪陵区、长寿区、奉节县为警戒级,其余为安全级;耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展。同时对三峡库区耕地重金属淹水和非点源污染进行风险分析,指出库区开展淹水重金属形态与非点源污染输出研究意义.     

长春市城区土壤重金属健康风险评价

为评价长春市城区表层土壤重金属人体健康风险,采集了352件表层土壤样品,测定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、As、Hg和Cd含量。统计分析、环境背景值法和地质累积指数法分析表明所监测的7种重金属元素均为健康风险因子。采用《污染场地风险评估技术导则》推荐健康风险模型对表层土壤进行了健康风险评价,结果表明:除Cd外,各元素经口摄入暴露是人体城市表层土壤重金属暴露的最主要途径,Cd主要通过吸入和经口摄入两种方式暴露;从各元素的总非致癌危害指数(HIn)来看,As的非致癌健康风险最高,其次依次为Cr、Pb、Cu、Hg、Cd和Zn;叠加后的总非致癌风险指数平均值为1.13,表明研究区表层土壤金属污染已对城市居民构成了潜在健康风险,As对总风险的贡献最大。叠加后的总致癌风险指数(CRT)平均值为6.25×10-5,处于安全值范围内,不会对当地居民的健康构成较大风险,但应加强防范,As污染是主要风险因子。     

长期定位施肥对两种小麦耕作系统土壤肥力的影响

为寻求既能提高土壤肥力又能改善土壤环境的科学施肥模式,本研究以黄土高原长武30 a长期小麦连作和小麦–豌豆两个轮作系统为研究对象,以长期肥料定位试验(包括氮磷+有机肥配施NPM、氮磷配施NP、单施磷肥P、单施氮肥N、单施有机肥M和CK)土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、全磷和全钾为基础数据,应用土壤的综合肥力指标值(...     

Sources and Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals in Soils Under Different Land Uses in Bangladesh

Soil heavy metal pollution, influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, significantly reduces environmental quality. In this study, Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in eight different land-use soils from Patuakhali District in Bangladesh were assessed. Concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, As, Cd, and Pb in soils were 1-87, 5-271, 4-181, 0-80, 0.2-24.0, and 5-276 mg kg^-1, respectively, measured using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. The enrichment factor, pollution load index (PLI), and contamination factor (C_fⁱ) of metal i were used to assess the ecological risk posed by metals in soils. The PLI ranged from 0.78 to 2.66, indicating baseline levels to progressive deterioration of soil due to metal contamination. However, C_fⁱ of Cd ranged from 1.8 to 12.0, which showed that the studied soils were strongly impacted by Cd. Considering the severity of the potential ecological risk of a single metal, the descending order was Cd > As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cr. Soils under all land uses showed moderate to very high potential ecological risk.     

25年长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响

基于非石灰性潮土26年的定位试验,在12个不同处理CK、N1、N2、M1、M1N1、M1N2、M2、M2N1、M2N2、NP2K、N2P和N2K中,于2003年研究了长期定位施肥对非石灰性潮土重金属状况的影响,结果表明,长期施肥和灌溉各处理土壤Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量均高于试验前的土壤,富集量分别为10.22%～15.18%,12.66%～67.66%,18.27%～130.54%和70.31%～129.98%。长期单施有机肥及其配施无机化肥的土壤Pb的积累量低于不施肥土壤,施用无机化肥,土壤Pb的积累量比试验前高1.46～6.17倍,施用过磷酸钙和氯化钾肥料,土壤Cd富集量高出试验前340.25%～3861.58%,影响到土壤的环境质量,但对作物籽粒的卫生品质影响不大。     

Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in the Fractionated Rhizosphere Soils of Sunflower Cultivated in a Humic Andosol

Chemical speciation and bioaccumulation factor of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) were investigated in the fractionated rhizosphere soils and tissues of sunflower plants grown in a humic Andosol. The experiment was conducted for a period of 35 days in the greenhouse, and at harvest the soil system was differentiated into bulk, rhizosphere, and rhizoplane soils based on the collection of root-attaching soil aggregates. The chemical speciations of heavy metals in the soil samples were determined after extraction sequentially into fractions classified as exchangeable, carbonate bound, metal–organic complex bound, easily reducible metal oxide bound, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)–extractable organically bound, amorphous mineral colloid bound, and crystalline Fe oxide bound. Iron and Zn were predominantly crystalline Fe oxide bound in the initial bulk soils whereas Mn was mainly organically bound. Heavy metals in the exchangeable form accumulated in the rhizosphere and rhizoplane soils, comprising <4% of the total content, suggesting their relatively low availability in humic Andosol. Concentrations of organically bound Fe and Mn in soils decreased with the proximity to roots, suggesting that organic fraction is the main source for plant uptake. Concentrations of Mn and Zn in the metal–organic complex also decreased, indicating a greater ability of sunflower to access Mn from more soil pools. Sunflower showed bioaccumulation factors for Zn, Fe, and Mn as large as 0.39, 0.05, and 0.04 respectively, defining the plant as a metal excluder species. This result suggests that access to multiple metal pools in soil is not necessarily a major factor that governs metal accumulation in the plant.     

不同土培条件下荧蒽在水稻和小麦中的分布特征

通过盆栽试验方法,在荧蒽污染的黄棕壤和潮土上种植水稻和小麦,分别设置空白（CK）、低（L）、中（M）、高（H）4个污染浓度水平,比较荧蒽对作物生长的影响和两种不同土壤中植物体荧蒽的分布情况。结果显示,在试验设置的荧蒽污染浓度下,荧蒽未对两种植物的生长造成抑制,相反还促进了植物某些部位的生长;水稻和小麦各部位的荧蒽含量随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而增大;植物体内荧蒽的传导系数随土壤荧蒽含量的增加而减小,且两种土壤的趋势一致。黄棕壤和潮土有机质、养分、阳离子交换量等性质影响植物体内荧蒽的运移和富集;水稻茎叶对荧蒽的富集能力强于小麦,而小麦籽粒富集荧蒽的能力强于水稻。