Assessment of Eco-Physiological Performance of Quercus ilex L. Leaves in Urban Area by an Integrated Approach

Bioretention cells, also known as raingardens, are increasingly being constructed as a means to collect, infiltrate, and treat stormwater runoff. There are concerns, however, about how stormwater management practices might function in terms of infiltration and pollutant removal as they age. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K _sat) values were obtained for eight cells in 2006 and again for three of those cells in 2010 using an infiltrometer. A strong positive correlation of mean K _sat with service time was observed (slope = 10.2?±?2.4 cm/h per year, R ² = 0.67). Results from metals analyses of bioretention media cores collected from six bioretention cells showed the expected trend of Cu and Zn enrichment at the surface while Cd was detected only in one out of 72 media samples analyzed. Sorption isotherms from batch testing of field media samples (T = 22.5 °C, pH = 7.2) were used to estimate metal sorption capacities based on representative stormwater Cd and Zn concentrations. Cu was not considered, as very little of the metal is dissolved under these conditions (22.8?±?7.1 %). The mean equilibrium sorption capacities for Cd (10.2?±?3.1 mg/kg) and Zn (294.9?±?14.9 mg/kg) far exceeded observed levels in the bioretention media such that the remaining sorption capacity was ≥83 % for Zn and ≥90 % for Cd for the cells. Overall, the results of this investigation suggest that bioretention cells can provide many years of effective infiltration (>6 years) and metals removal performance (>25 years).     

Physiological responses of Quercus ilex Leaves to Water Stress and Acute Ozone Exposure Under Controlled Conditions

The combined effect of water stress and ozone (O₃) on stomatal O₃ flux, damage to photosynthesis, and detoxification by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) in Quercus ilex leaves was studied. A 4-weeks O₃ exposure (250 ppb, 4 h per day) caused a reduction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which was fully recovered 1 week after the end of the treatment, in well-watered and water-stressed plants. Measurements of stomatal O₃ flux revealed a low stomatal flux of the pollutant, which became minimal after stomatal closure caused by water stress. An induction of volatile monoterpenes, important compounds in the O₃ scavenging system in Q. ilex, and a burst of lipoxygenase compounds (LOX), which are released as gaseous by-products of membrane peroxidation, was observed after 2–3 weeks of O₃ fumigation. However, these compounds were also released in control leaves that were exposed to ozone only briefly, to determine stomatal O₃ flux. The low stomatal flux that occurred in water stress conditions helped avoiding permanent damage to Q. ilex leaves, although during the O₃ treatment photosynthesis was severely limited by stomatal closure. In well-watered plants, O₃ fumigation caused a noticeable increase of nocturnal stomatal conductance. If confirmed on adult plants under field conditions, this effect can imply larger flux of O₃ at night and possible detrimental effects of O₃ on leaf functions in plants exposed to high nocturnal O₃ levels.     

Microbial activity and quality changes during decomposition of Quercus ilex leaf litter in three Mediterranean woods

Changes in enzyme activities during litter decomposition provide diagnostic information on the dynamics of decay and functional microbial succession. Here we report a comparative study of enzyme activities involved in the breakdown of major plant components and of other key parameters (microbial respiration, fungal biomass, N, lignin and cellulose contents) in homogeneous leaf litter of Quercus ilex L. incubated in three evergreen oak woods in Southern Italy (Campania), differing for chemical and physical soil characteristics and microclimatic conditions. The results showed that the litter mass loss rates were similar in the three wood sites. Independently of the incubation sites, cellulase, xylanase and peroxydase activities showed seasonal variations with maximum and minimum levels in wet and dry periods, respectively, and this pattern closely matched microbial respiration. Activities of α- and β-amylase, instead, were high at the beginning of incubation and quickly decreased with decomposition progress because their substrate was rapidly depleted. Laccase activity, in contrast, was low at the beginning of incubation but after 6 months it increased significantly. The increase of laccase activity was correlated to an increase in fungal biomass, probably reflecting a major shift in the litter microbial community. As concerns quality changes, N and lignin content did not significantly change during decay. The cellulosic component started being degraded after about 6 months in the litter incubated in two of the three wood sites and from the start of decomposition in the third site. Apart from minor differences in the levels of certain enzyme activities, the data showed that the functional microbial succession involved in the decomposition of Q. ilex leaf litter did not change appreciably in response to differences in soil and microclimatic conditions in the incubation sites.     

Non-enzymatic hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) in a Mediterranean oak (Quercus ilex L.) litter

We show the presence of interfering substances when the total microbial activity in litter samples is measured with fluorescein diacetate (FDA), and we propose some methodological modifications to avoid such interference. Three distinct litter layers (the OhLn, the OhLv and the OhLf) of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) were characterized by ¹³C CPMAS NMR and the spectra show that the recalcitrant aromatic and phenolic compounds increase with the degree of degradation of litter. A wide range of sources of interference in the hydrolysis of FDA was found. To understand the origin of this interference, sterilized litter materials (i.e. γ‐irradiated or autoclaved) and a wide range of organic substances (i.e. amino acids, glucose, sorbitol and organic humic acids) were investigated. Insignificant differences on the FDA hydrolysis activity (FDA activity) were found in the γ‐irradiated and non‐irradiated OhLn litter, indicating that γ‐irradiation does not destroy enzymes. Conversely, after heat‐sterilization of litter, samples showed FDA activity corresponding to 60, 34.8 and 30.8% (in the OhLn, the OhLv and the OhLf layers, respectively) of that of control litters. This indicates the presence of non‐enzymatic interfering substances in the FDA assays. As the humification and litter depth increased, hydrolysis of FDA due to interferences decreased, indicating degradation and/or chelation of interfering substances. We hypothesize that lysine, arginine, histidine and cysteine are mainly responsible for the hydrolysis of FDA. We suggest that the use of phosphate buffer (50 mm , pH 7.0) with incubation < 30 minutes, in combination with a temperature between 30 and 40°C, produces insignificant interference in the determination of the final FDA activity in litter samples.     

Effects of nitrogen availability on microbial activities,densities and functional diversities involved in the degradation of a Mediterranean evergreen oak litter (Quercus ilex L.)

The effect of available nitrogen N ((NH₄)₂S0₄) amendments on various microbial variables in three different layers (OhLn, OhLv, OhLf) of a Mediterranean litter profile under an evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex L.) were studied. Since Mediterranean litters are generally N limiting, the goal of the study was to understand how low (0.1 and 1%) and high (5 and 10%) N amendments impact specific biological variables such as hyphal length, community-level-catabolic-profiles (CLCPs) in ECO and FF Biolog? plates, basal respiration, enzymatic activities (i.e. alkaline phosphatases (AlP), laccases, peroxidases and cellulases), and laccase and cellulase isoforms from three different litter layers. Results indicated that the effects of N amendments occurred over very short incubation time (3 d), and varied depending on N concentration and litter organic matter (OM) quality (i.e. depth). Thus, it appeared that the more active layer was the intermediate (OhLv) layer, which probably contained the most labile and available C pools. As a consequence, OhLv was also the layer showing globally the more intensive microbial responses following low N amendments. Indeed, in this layer, low N supplies caused several marked increases in enzymes activities (i.e. laccases, cellulases and alkaline phosphatases), hyphal length and isoenzyme patterns, suggesting a microbial reallocation of C to biomass and enzyme production. On the contrary, high N supplies resulted in adverse effects on almost all the variables, suggesting repression or cytotoxic phenomena.     

Ranges of nutrient concentrations in Quercus ilex leaves at natural and urban sites

The leaf nutrient concentrations and the N‐to‐nutrient ratios were analyzed to evaluate the nutritional status of holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.) experiencing various anthropogenic pressures. Leaves (1 year old) of Q. ilex and surface soil (0–5 cm) surrounding the trees were collected at seven natural and seven urban sites in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyzed for the concentrations of macro (C, N, P, S) and micronutrients (Mn, K, Na, Cu, Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). The available soil fraction of micronutrients was also evaluated. The nutrients showed different concentration ranges for the natural and the urban sites in the soil (total and available) and in the leaves, that we reported separately. Organic‐matter content and macronutrient concentrations were higher in the natural soils, while the highest leaf N, S, and P concentrations were found at some urban sites. Concentrations of Cu, Na and Zn both in leaves and soil, and Mg and Fe in leaves from the urban sites appeared to be affected by air depositions. Manganese was the only micronutrient to show higher concentrations at the natural than at the urban sites, both in soil and leaves. For this nutrient, in addition, a relationship between leaf and available soil concentrations was found at the natural sites. The ratios between the concentrations of N and each studied nutrient in the leaves highlighted a different nutritional status between the plants from the natural and urban sites.     

Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern PortugalElena Cubera1, 2

In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilex trees and herbaceous plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design. The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium ammonium nitrate ha^–1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha^–1 (8% P), while the water‐supply treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30. Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil‐water resources with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%, 49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively. During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots. Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and negative effects of trees on understory forage are discussed.     

遮光处理对温室黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数的影响

以黄瓜品种“津优35号”为试材,在温室内设置遮光20%（T1）、遮光40%（T2）和遮光60%（T3）3个处理,处理时间为5、10、15、20、25d,以自然光强为对照（CK）,测定不同处理下黄瓜幼龄植株叶片光合参数和荧光参数。结果表明：遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量均有不同程度增加,叶绿素a/b的值减小,遮光25d后,T3、T2、T1处理的叶绿素a含量较CK分别高30.6%、16.5%、15.4%;不同遮光处理下黄瓜叶片的光饱和点（LSP）、最大光合速率（Pmax）以及表观量子效率（AQE）随着处理天数的增加而减小,光补偿点（LCP）则随处理天数的增加而升高。处理25d后,T1、T2、T3处理的黄瓜叶片气孔导度分别较CK低47.3%、57.4%、57.9%,蒸腾速率分别比CK低34.7%、34.0%和52.4%;随着处理天数的增加,黄瓜叶片的气孔限制值（Ls）和水分利用效率（WUE）均呈增加趋势;遮光处理黄瓜叶片的光系统II潜在效率（Fv/Fm）随着遮光天数的增加呈下降趋势,而光化学淬灭（qP）减小,同时非光化学淬灭(qN)增大。本研究证实遮光导致黄瓜叶片叶绿素含量增加,光合能力降低。     

Heavy metal accumulation in leaves affects physiological performance and litter quality of Quercus ilex L.

This study aimed to investigate the relationships between leaf functional modifications and heavy metal concentrations of Quercus ilex L., a good bioindicator of air quality. In addition, as metal concentration in litter plays an important role in decomposition and, in turn, in biogeochemical cycles, samples of undecomposed and whole‐leaf litter were analyzed for heavy metals. Leaves and leaf litter of Q. ilex were collected at six sites (roadsides, motorway sites, and urban parks) in Naples (Southern Italy) and characterized for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb concentrations. The investigated functional leaf traits were: leaf area (LA), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry‐matter content (LDMC), water content (WC), leaf relative water content (RWC), maximal PSII photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m, variable fluorescence / maximal fluorescence), and total chlorophyll concentration. The motorways were the most contaminated sites, and Pb was the main responsible source of contamination. The metal contamination caused slight variation of F_v/F_m, suggesting that metals did not significantly alter functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus. On the other hand, it can be supposed that higher leaf deposit can cause an increase of pigment biosynthesis in response to the shading increase caused by dust deposition.     

冬小麦阴阳叶光合特性的差异研究

利用LI-6400R便携式光合测定系统测定了冬小麦不同生育期的光响应曲线,并将植株分为阴阳叶,观测其不同叶位叶片的光合速率及相关因子日变化。结果表明：冬小麦最大光合速率出现在孕穗期,光响应曲线模拟值与实测值有很好的一致性。光合有效辐射是造成阴阳叶光合速率及其他生理因子差异的主要原因。阳叶在高光强时表现出“午休”现象,而阴叶受光合有效辐射限制,光合速率偏低。不同时期冠层内植株叶片水分利用效率均自下而上增大,且阴阳叶之间差异较大。     

Crown status of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) trees as related to phenology and environmental stress

In order to study the possible interactions between air pollution and climate conditions in Mediterranean evergreen broadleaf species, since 1987 we have been monitoring the annual and infra-annual variations in crown density of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) in a permanent sample plot. The behaviour of crown density has been compared with litterfall pattern and aging processes in leaves. The results of this study confirm the important impact of climate on crown condition in Mediterranean broadleaves, so that even the role of nonacute pollution can be disguised. Xeromorph adaptations in holm oak leaves are also a mechanism providing a greater protection against pollutants.     

Determination of amino acids from the leaves of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) at four different stages of decomposition

Summary It was established by weak ion exchange resin chromatography that 17 amino acids in proteins and 15 free amino acids account for almost all of the amino acids present in the leaves of evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.) in four different stages of decomposition. No significant change in the amounts of these amino acids was observed in the course of decomposition. The amino acid content of evergreen oak leaves is comparable to that in pine needles and beech leaves.     

西藏川滇高山栎净光合速率对环境因子的响应

使用便携式光合系统仪LI-6400测定西藏川滇高山栎净光合速率的日变化及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明:川滇高山栎的净光合速率在11:00点左右达到最大值,然后逐渐下降,到20:00左右净光合速率降到0以下,转入暗呼吸。从川滇高山栎的日进程可以看出,叶片出现明显的“午睡”现象。在温度（15.5±2）℃,大气CO₂浓度386.5 μmol/mol和相对湿度48%±5%的条件下,光补偿点为22 μmol/（m²·s）左右,光饱和点在1 029 μmol/（m²·s）左右。在大气CO₂浓度为381.5 μmol/mol,相对湿度为48%±5%,光强800 μmol/（m²·s）的情况下,15~30℃川滇高山栎的净光合速率都是比较高的。     

银杏采叶圃高效栽培技术

在黄土高原地区选择土壤盐碱较轻 ,有排灌条件的地方 ,近距离选用 1年生梅核类银杏实生壮苗 ,高标准整地 ,高密度栽培 ,实施综合管理技术措施 ,营建 0 5 3hm2 银杏采叶圃 ,平均每年苗木增高 43cm。 3年间 ,每亩 (约 667m2 ,下同 )圃地累计获得平均株高 14 4 3cm的银杏大苗 60 0 0株 ,鲜叶产量 172 8 5kg ,纯收入 9185 5元。从第 3年起每亩产鲜叶量稳定在 13 3 8kg以上 ,仅采叶年纯收入可达 3 0 0 0元以上     

不同土壤水分条件下麻栎盆栽实生苗的光合响应

在南京林业大学树木园内,应用Li-6400光合作用测定系统测定一年生麻栎（Quercus acutissima Carruth）盆栽实生苗在不同土壤水分条件下的光合响应参数、相同光合有效辐射强度下的净光合作用参数、高光强度下的Pn-CO2变化曲线;用光合作用光响应实测值和直角双曲线修正模型对不同土壤水分条件下麻栎的光响应曲线进行拟合,探讨双曲线修正模型对麻栎幼苗的适用性及麻栎的光合响应规律.结果表明：1）在光合有效辐射强度160μmol/（m2·s）条件下,土壤含水量为24.0％、14.5％、11.4％的处理组和土壤含水量32.0％的对照组之间的净光合速率及蒸腾速率存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）;2）直角双曲线修正模型拟合出的光响应数据除了光饱和点和实测值有较大的差异外,拟合的其他光响应数据相差不大,并随土壤含水量的变化和实测值呈现相同的趋势;3）麻栎的羧化效率、CO2补偿点都随土壤含水量的降低而降低,土壤含水量抑制了1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶（Rubisco）的酶活性.     

城市信息化建设软环境因素分析

城市信息化是中国城市发展的新主题与新动力,是解决目前我国城市发展中诸多难题的重要途径。城市信息化建设过程中会受到多个因素的影响,其中信息化建设规划、信息人才的培养、市民信息素养的提高以及信息政策、法规和标准的制定等都是直接影响城市信息化建设水平和质量的重要因素。     

基于高光谱的小麦旗叶净光合速率的遥感反演模型的比较研究

植物净光合速率是植物生产的基础,是体现植物生长状况的重要生理指标。本文将小麦旗叶高光谱波段反射率进行一阶导数变换后与净光合速率(Pn)进行相关性分析确定敏感波段,分别采用二次多项式逐步回归(QPSR)、偏最小二乘法(PLSR)、BP神经网络法(BPNN)3种方法构建小麦旗叶的净光合速率反演模型,并对3种模型的预测精度进行比较分析。结果表明:(1)将小麦旗叶的原始光谱进行一阶导数变换后与Pn进行相关性分析确定的敏感谱区集中在750~925 nm之间,确定的6个敏感波段分别是:760、761、767、814、815、889 nm;(2)基于QPSR、PLSR、BPNN3种方法以及敏感波段的反射率一阶导数构建的Pn估测模型预测精度都较高,说明用这3种方法以及敏感波段对Pn的估测是可行的,其中模型估算能力顺序为QPSRBPNNPLSR,说明小麦旗叶Pn的最佳高光谱分析模型为小麦叶片750~925 nm反射率一阶导数变化后的QPSR模型。     

寡照条件下补光频率对番茄幼苗叶片光合特性的影响

以番茄“粉冠”为试材,于2019年12月−2020年4月在南京信息工程大学试验温室内开展控制试验。设计持续补光300min为对照（CK）,每日补光两次每次150min、间隔120min为处理1（L1）;每日补光3次每次100min、间隔两次每次60min为处理2（L2）;每日补光4次每次75min、间隔3次每次40min为处理3（L3）;每日补光5次每次60min、间隔4次每次30min为处理4（L4）,光通量密度为600μmol·m⁻²·s ⁻¹,测定不同间隔频率的补光下番茄幼苗叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数、快速荧光诱导动力学参数和光谱特征。结果表明：（1）补光间隔频率的增加可以促进番茄幼苗叶片部分色素的合成,处理36d时,L4处理的叶绿素a比CK高出16.3%,类胡萝卜素含量比CK多出19.6%。（2）间歇补光下的番茄叶片3个红边参数λ_red、S_red和D_red随间隔频率的增加呈现出典型的“红移”现象,但在补光初期（9d）,叶片叶绿素变化与光谱规律有所差异。（3）长时间（36d）间歇补光下的番茄幼苗叶片光饱和点（LSP）、表观量子效率（AQE）和光补偿点（LCP）均高于连续光处理,且间隔频率越高,净光合速率越高,光合能力越强。但番茄叶片气孔会对光照波动产生延迟效应,而气孔延迟改变了叶片光合作用的光捕获过程,同时限制了气孔运动的蒸腾和碳交换过程。（4）间歇补光对PSII反应中心能量分配的影响表现为短期内降低叶片最大光化学效率,当处理天数增加时,反应中心捕获的量子产额（φ_Po）和用于电子传递的量子产额（φ_Eo）增加,用于热耗散的量子比率（φ_Ro）减少,其中L4变化幅度更大,L4的φ_Po相较于CK在9d时降低3.8%,36d时增加11.6%,φRo在L4处理下相较于CK在9d时增加4.8%,36d时降低6.9%。     

基于叶绿素荧光参数的栓皮栎叶片PSⅡ失活高温指标

利用Mini-PAM叶绿素荧光仪测定离体栓皮栎叶片高温胁迫下光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大量子产量Fv/Fm和实际量子产量△F/Fm＇,以研究栓皮栎叶片高温胁迫下PSⅡ失活的温度指标.试验设35～55℃共10个高温处理,处理时间5～85min.结果表明,（1）PSⅡ最大量子产量Fv/Fm和实际量子产量△F/Fm＇均随胁迫温度升高和处理时间延长而呈下降趋势,△F/Fm＇的下降过程呈Logistic曲线形式;（2）高温胁迫显著影响栓皮栎叶片的光合作用,△F/Fm＇降低50％的温度T50是PSⅡ失活的临界温度指标,可作为确定高温胁迫温度指标的特征点,栓皮栎的高温胁迫叶温指标为42℃.研究结果可用于栓皮栎高温胁迫强度和持续时间的定量分析,并为确定其它作物农业气象指标提供方法.