Community Succession Analysis of Naturally Colonized Plants on Coal Gob Piles in Shanxi Mining Areas, China

Data were collected simultaneously at different succession stages using a space-for-time substitution, and were analyzed using the quantitative classification method (Twinspan) and the ordination technique (DCA). The community succession analysis of naturally colonized plants on coal gob piles in Shanxi mining areas was as followings: Assoc. Setaria viridis + Amaranthus retroflexus → Assoc. Tribulus terrester + Setaria viridis → Assoc. Setaria viridis + Artemisia annua → Assoc. Bothriochloa ischaemum + Artemisia capillaries → Assoc. Bothriochloa ischaemum + Artemisia scoparia → Assoc. Periploca sepium ? Artemisia gmelinii → Assoc. Periploca sepium + Lespedeza daurica ? Artemisia gmelinii → Assoc. Periploca sepium + Vitex negundo var. heterophylla ? Bothriochloa ischaemum → Assoc. Ailanthus altissima ? Lespedeza daurica ? Artemisia gmelinii → Assoc. Robinia pseudoacacia ? Vitex negundo var. heterophylla ? Bothriochloa ischaemum. This established a model of the recovery of natural vegetation on coal gob piles in Shanxi mining areas. The structure, composition and life-forms changed significantly during succession. Six indices of species diversity were used to analyze changes in the richness, evenness and heterogeneity of species during the succession process. As the succession progressed, the richness of plant communities increased significantly, the evenness increased slightly and the heterogeneity increased obviously. The plant development could obviously increase the organic content in the surface layer of coal gob piles. Pioneer species of Setaria viridis, Amaranthus retroflexus, Tribulus terreste, Artemisia gmelinii, Bothriochloa ischaemum, Periploca sepium, Lespedeza daurica, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Ailanthus altissima and Robinia pseudoacacia, etc. could colonize successfully and play important roles on the vegetation restoration of coal gob piles.     

风化煤施用对复垦土壤理化性质酶活性及植被恢复的影响研究

针对黄土高原气候特征以及露天矿区复垦土壤存在的土壤土体松散、抗蚀能力弱、有机质含量低、养分贫乏等问题,利用风化煤为修复介质,通过室内模拟分析试验,研究了种植不同品种紫花苜蓿后,冻融交替作用和水分状况对矿区复垦土壤理化性质、酶活性及植被恢复的影响。结果表明,合理施用风化煤对露天煤矿复垦土壤物理、化学、生物学性质有明显的改良效果。各个指标间存在显著的相关性,有机质含量的提高能够促进其他物理、化学、生物学指标的改善,团聚体百分含量最大达到95．80％,较对照增加1．20％;脲酶活性最高达到0．181（NH4-Nmg·g^-1·24h^-1）,较对照增加88％。土壤水分状况对复垦土壤性质影响显著,含水量10％处理的土壤水稳性团聚体百分含量显著高于含水量5％和15％的处理,适当的水分条件,对改良效果有明显的促进作用。经历冻融交替作用后,施用风化煤对紫花苜蓿种植区土壤的理化性质、酶活性均有显著的良性影响。研究结果显示施用风化煤可有效促进矿区土壤的结构改良及生态重建。     

风沙区采煤塌陷对沙质地貌及植被生境的影响

为了探究风沙区采煤塌陷引起的“二次荒漠化”问题与治理对策,通过野外分区调查及统计分析,对塌陷区塌陷边缘、塌陷中部及塌陷盆地引发的塌陷裂缝变化、植被位移及倾斜、干沙层及风蚀/风积情况进行了详细的研究。结果表明:塌陷边缘形成的裂缝宽度、密度最小,塌陷中部次之,塌陷盆地最大,而裂缝错落和地表破损变化则反之;塌陷区植被平均位移长度达60 cm以上,倾斜率变化为5.67~28.63,主干根部风蚀/风积最大深度达-30.52 cm/+25.41 cm,以塌陷边缘最为严重;植被的位移长度和倾角变化与塌陷裂隙高度和地表破碎呈正线性相关;塌陷边缘干沙层平均厚度达14 cm以上,比对照增大了4~6 cm,而塌陷中部和塌陷盆地变化在11 cm左右,比非塌陷增加了1~4 cm;塌陷边缘风蚀率高达83.34%,塌陷中部次之52.06%,而塌陷盆地风积率为51.84%。塌陷边缘对沙质地表和植被生境影响最为强烈,为生态修复的重点区域,建议采煤塌陷后及时进行分区治理,避免“二次”荒漠化现象的发生。     

干旱半干旱地区植被恢复类型对林地小气候的影响研究

以甘肃省渭源县一林区为研究对象,对云杉林、油松林、杨树林、混交林4种不同植被恢复类型的林地和荒草地进行了小气候环境的监测研究,结果表明:土壤温度以荒草地的年变化幅度最大,4种林地的年变化幅度较小且差异不大,深层土壤的温度变化比浅层土壤更为稳定;荒草地的环境温度最高、环境湿度最低,混交林的环境温度最低、环境湿度最高;植被覆盖可以在一定程度上降低环境温度,提升环境湿度,阔叶林比针叶林更能够增加环境的湿度。     

广西喀斯特地区植被演替对土壤质量的影响

以植被演替空间序列代替时间序列的方法,在野外选取广西喀斯特地区4个主要植物群落演替阶段即草地、灌草地、灌丛、乔林的典型样地,对土壤物理、化学和生物学性状进行了比较研究,以探讨植被演替对土壤质量的影响。结果表明：不同的植被演替导致了土壤物理、化学和生物学性质的显著差异。随演替的正向进行,土壤综合肥力指标值（Q I）呈增长趋势,其土壤质量综合指数分别为：草地（0.09）、灌草地（0.16）、灌丛（0.61）、乔林（0.89）。自然植被的正向演替是提高土壤质量的有效途径。导致草地和灌草地土壤质量相对较低的主要因素是植物生产力较低,土壤养分积累较少,土壤有机质等养分含量较低,土壤微生物数量较少,土壤酶活较低。土壤微生物数量结合土壤酶是反映土壤生物学活性和土壤质量的较好指标。     

不同施肥模式对蔬菜生长、氮肥利用及模拟土柱氮素淋失的影响

采用模拟土柱试验方法,通过连续两茬蔬菜试验,研究了7种不同施肥模式(即:不施肥,化肥基施,化肥基追肥各半,化肥和双氰胺基施,化肥和双氰胺基追肥各半,化肥和有机肥各半,有机肥基施)对蔬菜株高、株重、产量、氮累积量、氮肥利用率及模拟土柱硝态氮和氨态氮随渗漏水淋溶损失的影响.结果表明,化肥和双氰胺基施、有机肥基施等2种施肥模式,不仅能改善蔬菜植株的农艺性状,提高蔬菜产量、植株氮累积量及氮肥利用率,还能明显减少蔬菜种植期间模拟土柱的硝态氮和氨态氮随渗漏水淋溶损失量,从而减少了菜地土壤氮对地下水造成的农业面源污染.     

南方红壤区植被盖度对水土流失影响初探

以南方红壤区灌草边坡为研究对象,以坡面径流小区观测为主要方法,布设了不同植被盖度灌草边坡3个,分析不同植被盖度下水土流失规律。结果表明:12号小区年侵蚀模数为2 054t/km~2·a,3号小区年侵蚀模数为2 179t/km~2·a,4号径流小区年侵蚀模数为2 433t/km~2·a;3个小区植被盖度依次为4号3号2号,即在降雨量相同的情况下,植被盖度越大,减少水土流失效果越显著,两者必然存在一定的定量关系;2从全年土壤侵蚀情况分析,在降雨强度不同的月份,同一类型边坡植被盖度呈增长趋势,土壤侵蚀量呈减小趋势,植被盖度是减少水土流失的主要因素。     

晋陕蒙接壤地区煤炭开发产生的生态环境问题及其对策

晋陕蒙接壤地区以煤炭资源丰富而著称于世,在该区域煤炭资源开发利用的同时,局部地区已经显现出一系列生态环境问题,如不加以重视并及早采取防治措施,就可能出现严重的环境问题,进而严重影响当地经济的可持续发展。针对这些问题提出了对策与建议。     

山西葛铺煤矿矿区废弃地植被恢复与重建技术

选耕地作为对照,通过对岚县葛铺煤矿矿区堆土场和排渣场的土壤水分-物理性质及人工模拟降雨时径流量和产沙量的研究,提出适合该区的堆土场与排渣场的植被恢复与重建技术模式.该研究可为我国黄土高原同类矿区的植被恢复与重建提供理论依据和成功模式.     

当年肥料深施对生土棉花根-冠-土系统建成的影响

为探求当年生土最佳施肥方式,试验连续2年采用根管土柱法,研究不同肥料(N、P、N+P+K、有机肥、不施肥对照)、不同施肥深度(0—20cm,40—60cm,80—100cm土层)对生土棉花(Gossypium hirsutum Linnaeus)根(根重)—冠(地上部生产力)—土(根际土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性,根际土壤速效氮、速效磷和有机质)系统垂直构成的影响。结果表明:(1)有机肥明显提高生土棉花地上部生产力,但对根重发育没有明显优势;单施P肥明显改善生土棉花根重垂直分布,但明显抑制地上部生产力形成;NPK配施有利于协同生土棉花根—冠建成;(2)有机肥或含P肥,有利于提高生土棉花根际土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性,提高生土棉花根际土壤速效氮、速效磷及有机质含量;(3)相关分析表明,生土棉花根土系统建成中,在酶促反应下,根系及土壤营养之间彼此互为促进,从而达到生土熟化;(4)因子分析表明,生土棉花根—冠—土系统建成的首要因素是根-冠系统,其次是根-土养分系统,根—土酶系统通过活化土壤养分而促进根—冠—土系统的良好构建;(5)聚类结果得出,当年生土棉花根—冠—土系统协调发展的最佳施肥方式是40—60cm土层单施有机肥或配施NPK肥。由此可知,当年生产见效并改良生土的最佳施肥方式是有机肥或NPK肥深施40—60cm。     

阿尔泰山采金矿区植被恢复效果初探

以阿尔泰山两河源采金废弃矿区为研究对象,设置不同恢复实验,监测恢复样地内的土壤与植被变化。结果表明:(1)采金活动后,严重破坏了当地的自然景观,形成了一个与周围环境极不协调的外观;(2)从植被恢复的角度,采取恢复措施后,地上生物量的恢复效果显著,较废弃矿区提高了223.2倍,覆土和人工补种措施恢复效果好;(3)从土壤含量(土石比)的角度,土石比值较废弃矿区最高提高了21.5倍,覆土和河水漫溢措施恢复效果好;(4)各恢复措施样方内土石比与地上生物量两者关系满足线性方程y=413.24x-36.76(R2=0.8905,P0.05),即地上生物量随着土石比的增大而增加;(5)初步推算出采取覆土措施后,土壤含量(土石比)和地上生物量恢复到原始草地水平的理论年限分别是7.3年、8.4年。     

有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量、品质及土壤酶活性的影响

在广州市蔬菜种植区老菜地进行连续6茬菜心试验,研究有机肥施用模式对蔬菜产量及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同有机肥施用模式对不同茬别菜心产量的影响有较大差别。连续六茬试验中,鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理菜心产量均为最高且显著高于单施无机肥处理、品质最优,复合芽孢杆菌堆沤鸡粪处理菜心产量提高仅次于鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理。种植六茬菜心后,施鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理对提高土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性作用最强。因此,在老菜地蔬菜生产中,在施用无机肥基础上配施适量鸡粪,并在蔬菜生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌,不但提高蔬菜产量,而且具有培肥、活化和改良土壤生物质量的作用,减轻蔬菜连作障碍,实现集约化蔬菜种植的可持续发展。     

玉米施肥新技术及影响施肥效果的因素

参考了90年代以来我国玉米施肥技术研究的新成果,针对近年来玉米生产对施肥技术提出的新要求,介绍了新的施肥技术和改善施肥效果需要考虑的各影响因素等。     

Short-Term Irrigation Level Effects on Residual Nitrate in Soil Profile and N Balance from Long-Term Manure and Fertilizer Applications in the Arid Areas of Northwest China

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of long-term applications of fertilizers and manure (1982 to 2003) and short-term irrigation level (2002 and 2003) on accumulation of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in soil at Zhangye Oasis, China. The treatments included manure (M) and no manure (M₀) as main plots; check (Ck), nitrogen (N), nitrogen + phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen + phosphorus + potassium (NPK) as subplots; and two amounts of irrigation (I₁ and I₂) as subsubplots. The application of N alone resulted in large NO₃-N accumulation in soil, accounting for 6% of the applied N, and the lowest crop N recovery. Application of manure resulted in increased NO₃-N in the soil profile compared to treatment with no manure, and the MN treatment resulted in the greatest amount of NO₃-N in soil. Nitrogen applied with P and/or K reduced the amount of NO₃-N in soil in both manure and no-manure treatments compared with N only. The unaccounted N was greatest (60%) in the N-alone treatment and lowest (30%) in the NPK treatment. When manure plus fertilizer were applied together, the unaccounted N ranged from 35%–42%. Based on results from only 2 years, greater amounts of irrigation (I₂) caused greater leaching of NO₃-N in the soil profile compared with I₁, especially in treatments receiving manure. The implications of these findings are that these high amounts of accumulated NO₃-N in surface and subsoil layers can be a potential threat to surface water, underground water, and air quality in the long run. This accumulated N in the soil profile can be used as a source of available N for future crops and should be recycled by using proper crop, soil, fertilizer, and water-management strategies/practices. The findings also suggest the need for further research to make an effective and efficient use of this accumulated NO₃-N in the soil profile in order to save cost of N fertilizer application to future crops.     

晋中东山地区褐土土壤水分特征的测定与应用

利用压力膜方法测定晋中东山地区褐土的土壤水分，并分析了土壤水分及其能态特征。结果表明：本区土壤水吸力与土壤含水量之间呈明显的幂函数关系，可以用幂函数方程模拟；土壤的当量孔径分布大致随土壤水吸力的增加而减小；土壤的结构性能良好，通气孔隙、毛管孔隙、无效孔隙的当量孔径分布分别占土壤总孔隙度的１８．３％、５１．２％和３０．５％，尤其是毛管孔隙的分布占土壤总孔隙度的一半以上；土壤的比水容量随吸力的增大而迅速减小．当吸力为０．１×１０￣５～０．３×１０￣５ｐａ时，其比水容量的量级为１０￣（－１）［ｍ１／（１０￣５ｐａ·ｇ）］，而当吸力达３×１０￣５～１５×１０￣５ｐａ时，其比水容量的量级下降了１００倍，为１０￣（－３）［ｍｌ／（１０￣５Ｐａ·ｇ）］。表层土壤水分对于作物吸收利用比心土层和底土层更为有效，但深层土壤的持水性能比表层士壤要好。为此，必须提高作物对土壤深层储水的利用。     

中阳黄土丘陵沟壑区林草复合模式的气候生态效应

以山西省中阳县为例,在评价退耕还林地豆科牧草气候生态适应性的基础上,对比纯林杂草地,计算分析林草复合模式对气候资源利用率的影响,旨在为当地退耕还林技术模式的优化选择提供理论依据.结果表明：沙打旺、草木樨及紫花苜蓿3种豆科牧草均适合于试验区幼林地种植.其中,沙打旺生育期天数最长,水热系数最高.2002年及2003年牧草生育期间,侧柏-沙打旺复合模式（M1）、侧柏-草木犀复合模式（M2）、侧柏-紫花苜蓿复合模式（M3）分别可使光能利用率提高49.1%（2002）、66.0%（2003）, 66.2%、85.1%,76.6%、97.2%、热量资源利用率分别提高73.4%（2002）、66.2%（2003）,94.8%、85.1%,97.6%、85.8%,降水利用率分别提高79.3%（2002）、81.2%（2003）,116.9%、100.4%,77.3%、64.0%和气候资源综合率分别提高70.6%（2002）、81.3%（2003）,104.7%、100.5%,71.7%、69.2%.M2和M3气候资源时间利用效率略低于对照,但M1气候资源时间利用效率（ET）要高于对照,2002年与2003年分别可使ET提高16.1%和16.7%.     

不同有机肥处理对铜元素在土壤-蔬菜系统的累积及土壤形态分配的影响

为探讨有机肥处理后,Cu在土壤、蔬菜中的累积及土壤Cu的形态转变规律,研究设置了不同有机肥用量处理(CK,0 t hm^-2;T1,20 t hm^-2;T2,40 t hm^-2;T3,60 t hm^-2;T4,80 t hm^-2),每次施用有机肥后分别种植青菜和空心菜各两茬,测定土壤、蔬菜体内Cu含量。结果表明:在不同量有机肥处理下,四茬叶菜类蔬菜收获后,土壤中Cu元素总体出现了明显累积;以每茬蔬菜种植前分别施加有机肥量20、40 t hm^-2为背景,根据非线性回归拟合模型,预计在第七茬和第六茬蔬菜连作后,土壤中Cu全量可能超过绿色食品环境质量标准限值;另外,Cu在叶菜类蔬菜中和土壤含量有同步累积趋势,但第四茬不同处理下蔬菜中Cu含量随着有机肥施用量的增加而明显减少,且差异显著(P <0.05)。第四茬(有机肥施用1年后)叶菜类土壤中Cu形态总体表现为残渣态>可还原态>可氧化态>醋酸提取态的规律,菜园土壤短期施用有机肥可降低土壤中的醋酸提取态占全量中的比例,减少土壤中重金属的生物有效性。在青菜和空心菜对Cu的富集系数的差异性分析中发现,空心菜对Cu的富集能力显著高于青菜(P <0.05)。四茬叶菜类蔬菜Cu总量分别与其土壤总Cu和醋酸提取态Cu含量之间存在极显著正相关关系。     

Manure and Fertilizer Application Effects on Aggregate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon in a Loamy Soil under Rice-Wheat System

The study was conducted to investigate the aggregate stability and distribution of organic carbon (C) in different-sized aggregates and mineral fractions in a loamy soil under rice-wheat system with continuous application of fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), farmyard manure (FYM), N+FYM and NPK+FYM, compared with unfertilized control. Macro-aggregates comprised 37.1–49.3% of the total water-stable aggregates (WSAs), compared with 23.3–30.3% as micro-aggregates. Application of inorganic fertilizers and FYM significantly increased the proportion of macro-aggregates, which were linearly related to total organic C (TOC). Organic C concentration in coarse macro-aggregates (CMacA) was higher than the micro-aggregates (CMicA). Application of FYM significantly increased the concentration of organic C in different-sized aggregates and mineral fraction, compared with the unfertilized control. Averaged across treatments, mineral-associated C comprised 26% of TOC. Macro-aggregates, on an average, constituted 66–68% of C preservation capacity of WSA. The amount of TOC sequestered was higher when NPK+FYM was applied together.     

Distribution and Mobility of Trace Elements in Soils and Vegetation Around the Mining and Smelting Areas of Tharsis, Ríotinto and Huelva, Iberian Pyrite Belt, SW Spain

Trace elements may present an environmental hazard in the vicinity of mining and smelting activities. However, the factors controlling their distribution and transfer within the soil and vegetation systems are not always well defined. Total concentrations of up to 15,195 mg . kg ^–1 As, 6,690 mg . kg^–1 Cu, 24,820 mg . kg^–1 Pb and 9,810 mg . kg^–1 Zn in soils, and 62 mg . kg^–1 As, 1,765 mg . kg^–1 Cu, 280 mg . kg^–1 Pb and 3,460 mg . kg ^–1 Zn in vegetation were measured. However, unusually for smelters and mines of a similar size, the elevated trace element concentrations in soils were found to be restricted to the immediate vicinity of the mines and smelters (maximum 2–3 km). Parent material, prevailing wind direction, and soil physical and chemical characteristics were found to correlate poorly with the restricted trace element distributions in soils. Hypotheses are given for this unusual distribution: (1) the contaminated soils were removed by erosion or (2) mines and smelters released large heavy particles that could not have been transported long distances. Analyses of the accumulation of trace elements in vegetation (median ratios: As 0.06, Cu 0.19, Pb 0.54 and Zn 1.07) and the percentage of total trace elements being DTPA extractable in soils (median percentages: As 0.06%, Cu 15%, Pb 7% and Zn 4%) indicated higher relative trace element mobility in soils with low total concentrations than in soils with elevated concentrations.     

施磷对滨海盐土无机磷组分的动态影响

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初提出的土壤无机磷组分测定方法,在50d的培养过程中对滨海盐土的各无机磷组分进行了跟踪测定。结果表明:施入盐土中的无机磷在短期内主要增加土壤中的Ca2-P和Ca8-P的含量,而对A1-P、Fe-P和O-P的影响较小;施入盐土的无机磷首先转化成Ca2-P,然后再向Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P转化;培养过程中,水分和温度的有利条件促进了土壤微生物的活动,加强了微生物对无机磷的固定。