重金属-有机复合污染土壤的电动强化修复研究

许多污染场地都呈现重金属和有机污染物叠加的趋势,给修复带来了困难和挑战。以红壤为供试土壤,以铜和芘为代表性污染物,研究了添加表面活性剂羟丙基-β-环糊精（HPCD）和氧化剂H2O2对电动修复该复合污染土壤的影响,其目的是实现重金属和有机污染物的同时去除。结果表明,在所有的处理中,芘和铜都有向阴极迁移的趋势;当提高土柱的pH时降低了芘的氧化和降解,同时也阻碍了土壤中铜的迁移和去除;阳极加10%HPCD,阴极控制酸性条件pH3.5有助于土壤中污染物的解吸和迁移,芘和铜的去除率分别可达到51.3%和80.5%;由于H2O2的不稳定性,添加6%H2O2并未明显提高芘和铜的去除率。     

Mercury Transport and Speciation during Electrokinetic Soil Remediation

A 30 V direct electric field was applied to a contaminated soilfrom a chlor-alkali plant for 182 days. The principal soilcontaminats were mercury, polchlorinated dibenzofurans, andlead. When chloride was added to the soil, mercury moved towardsthe cathode, showing that anionic mercury chloride complexes didnot dominate. When iodide was added to the soil solution,mercury moved towards the anode, illustrating the predominanceof an anionic mercury iodide complex. The iodide mobilisedmercury from the soil and transported it rapidly into the anodesolution, so that mercury was removed from the soil. When theexperiment was continued, mercury returned to a cationic formand electromigration transported the mercury back into the soil.This was probably due to the lower iodide concntrations that mayresult from the oxidation of iodide to iodine near the anode.Sequential extraction showed that mercury was strongly bound tothe soil, both before and after the electrokinetic treatment.The heavy metals were found in the `acidic and oxidising', andthe residual fraction of the leaching procedure. Mercury wasmore available after the treatment with iodide.     

A Novel Laboratory Microcosm for Cocomposting Of Pentachlorophenol Contaminated Soil

A bench-scale composting system was constructed that relied on heat generation by microbial activity in the material rather than extraneous incubation. The system gave reproducible composting temperatures and eight microcosms could be operated simultaneously. These systems were used to investigate the feasibility of cocomposting pentachlorophenol (PCP) contaminated soil as a bioremediation strategy. Laboratory cocomposting of the contaminated soil successfully reduced PCP concentrations by 80%, from 68 mg/kg to 11 mg/kg in a six-week period. Losses of PCP from compost controls were minimal indicating that removal was due primarily to biotic processes. A comparison of residual PCP levels determined by dichloromethane (DCM) extraction and a methanolic potassium hydroxide (MeOH/KOH) digest prior to DCM extraction suggested that the residual PCP was bound to the compost matrix. Recovery of PCP at the end of a composting experiment using eight vessels simultaneously using the MeOH/KOH method indicated residual concentrations of 8-10 mg/kg.     

不同钝化剂对Cu、Cr和Ni复合污染土壤的修复研究

利用盆栽试验研究了不同钝化剂(沸石、牡蛎壳、鸡蛋壳、硅藻土和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM))对生长在重金属污染土壤上的青菜(Brassica chinensis L.)生物量、重金属吸收以及超氧化物歧化酶的活性(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响,同时,通过对土壤p H和土壤重金属提取态的分析,探讨了钝化剂影响青菜生物量和重金属吸收的可能原因。结果表明:钝化剂加入可显著降低青菜地上部分Cu、Zn、Ni和Cd的含量及其氧化性损伤和脂膜损伤(SOD和MDA指标显著降低)。施入钝化剂后,土壤p H显著提高,重金属提取态Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni和Cd普遍降低(硅藻土处理除外)。相关性分析表明,土壤p H与提取态重金属Pb、Zn、Ni和Cd呈显著的负相关,而青菜中的重金属Zn、Ni和Cd的含量与土壤提取态含量呈显著正相关。综合考虑,单一钝化剂牡蛎壳和沸石+牡蛎壳+鸡蛋壳(FMJ)组合对降低青菜重金属吸收的效果尤为显著,可推荐作为重金属复合污染土壤的改良剂。本研究为重金属中轻度污染菜地的土壤修复提供了一种新方法。     

植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤研究进展

土壤健康是粮食安全的保障,人类活动给土壤造成的污染亟待治理。镍是人体必需微量元素,但过量的镍具有较大的毒性。目前我国土壤中镍污染比较严峻,应尽快响应《土壤污染防治行动计划》来改善土壤中镍污染状况。本文综述了植物–微生物联合修复技术的基本原理,微生物在镍污染土壤中对植物生长状况、有效态镍含量以及植物吸收镍的影响,对寻找合适的植物和微生物修复镍污染土壤具有重要意义;最后,提出将有机酸运用到植物–微生物联合修复镍污染土壤中、建立PGPB库和寻找我国超富集植物等下一步研究的重点。     

Soil Microbiomes—a Promising Strategy for Contaminated Soil Remediation: A Review

Bioremediation is a process mediated by microorganisms and represents a sustainable and eco-friendly way to degrade and detoxify environmental contaminants. Soil microbiomes clearly become a key component of bioremediation as they are more stable and efficient than pure cultures, being recognized as one of the scientific frontiers of the soil environmental science and technology fields. Recently, many advancements have been made regarding the investigation of remediation mechanisms by soil microbiomes and the interactions inside them. This has greatly expanded our ability to characterize the remediating function of soil microbiomes and identify the factors that influence their efficiency for remediation. Here, we suggest that soil microbiomes are a promising strategy for soil remediation. Research is now needed to identify how we can manipulate and manage soil microbiomes to improve remediation efficiency and increase soil fertility at the same time. Therefore, this review aims to emphasize the importance of soil microbiomes in bioremediation and promote further development of this strategy into a widely accepted technique.     

生物泥浆反应器在污染土壤修复中的应用

近年来生物修复技术因具有处理费用低、不产生二次污染且处理效果可靠有效的特点被认为是最具生命力的一种土壤处理手段.总结了生物泥浆反应器这种高效生物修复技术的原理,工艺流程、运行方式、应用范围和运行费用,并重点介绍了其强化手段.已有的土壤生物修复技术受环境条件限制较大,很难在短时间内达到修复目的,生物泥浆反应器作为一种高效的土壤生物修复技术在高浓度、难降解有机物污染土壤的快速修复处理中具有良好的研究开发价值和广阔的应用前景.     

狗牙根对石油污染土壤的修复效果研究

为了研究狗牙根对中原油田地区土壤石油污染的修复效果,通过盆栽实验,设置4组处理,对照组(即不种植狗牙根组)、种植狗牙根组、种植狗牙根并添加尿素组、种植狗牙根并添加有机肥组,分别在15,30,60,90,120 d取样分析.结果表明:经过120 d后,对照组的土壤石油污染去除率为25.40%;种植狗牙根组的土壤石油污染去除率为58.67%,是对照组的2.3倍;添加尿素可以有效的增加狗牙根对石油的去除率,当尿素:土为1:2000时,石油污染去除率达到69.43%;土壤石油污染去除率随着有机肥的增加而增加,施加有机肥水平为12 g/kg时,土壤石油污染去除率达到83.97%,是狗牙根组去除率的1.4倍.因此,种植狗牙根对土壤石油污染修复有较好的作用,合理施肥对狗牙根修复土壤石油污染影响显著.     

腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复中的应用综述

随着城市化发展和产业结构调整,大量遗留的工业污染场地对生态环境和人类健康构成严重威胁,新的修复技术和修复材料亟待开发,腐殖质作为天然有机材料对污染场地土壤修复的作用已经引起研究人员的广泛关注。综述了土壤腐殖质的结构与性质、分离与纯化方法,在此基础上阐述了腐殖质在工业污染场地土壤修复,特别是有机污染物和重金属修复中的作用,并介绍了腐殖质作为有机修复剂在土壤修复工程实践中的应用现状,最后提出腐殖质在土壤修复中还需要重点研究的方向,以期为腐殖质作为新的工程材料在土壤修复中的开发利用提供理论基础和技术参考。     

淋洗法修复铬渣污染场地实验研究

铬渣污染场地已经列为我国土壤污染重点治理对象,急需修复铬渣污染土壤的关键技术。本文通过室内模拟实验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了水、EDTA、EDDS、柠檬酸、草酸、盐酸、磷酸、环糊精和十二烷基苯磺酸钠等淋洗剂对铬渣污染场地Cr的淋洗效果,探讨了淋洗剂浓度、淋洗时间、土水比、淋洗次数等对淋洗效果的影响,并研究了不同淋洗剂复合对Cr的淋洗效果以及不同浓度柠檬酸淋洗前后重金属形态的变化。结果表明：水、EDTA、EDDS、环糊精和十二烷基苯磺酸钠对Cr的去除率较低,柠檬酸在浓度为0.5mol·L-1、土水比1：20、反应时间为24h、淋洗次数为2次的条件下可以达到最佳淋洗效果,Cr的去除率可达到82.8%;SDBS、EDTA与柠檬酸单独组合顺序或者混合淋洗,都没有增加柠檬酸对Cr的去除率。重金属形态分析表明,柠檬酸淋洗有效地改变了Cr的形态从而达到较高的修复效果。当柠檬酸浓度小于0.25mol·L-1时,对铬的去除主要以C（rⅥ）为主;当柠檬酸浓度大于0.25mol·L-1时,对铬的去除主要以C（rⅢ）为主。本文的研究结果为异位淋洗修复铬渣污染土壤提供理论依据。     

Remediation of Pesticide Contaminated Soil by Planting and Compost Addition

Pesticide contaminated material was obtained from an agrichemical retail facility in Illinois. In an effort to improve physical properties and increase microbial activity and plant growth in the contaminated matrix, the material was mixed with uncontaminated soil or with mature yard waste compost to determine the impact of compost compared to soil on plant establishment and growth, development of soil microbial activity, and herbicide inactivation. Plant growth, particularly weed growth, was significantly greater in compost containing mixes than it was in soil mixes. Microbial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was significantly higher in compost-containing mixes than in soil mixes. The combination of planting and compost addition resulted in significant increases in herbicide inactivation in the contaminated materials. The results strongly suggest that remediation of herbicide contamination at agrichemical retail facilities can be achieved quite rapidly and at moderate cost and also demonstrate that the combination of compost addition and planting can accelerate xenobiotic degradation in contaminated soils.     

几种酸和盐对As污染土壤的化学萃取修复

通过实验室浸泡试验,研究了4种酸溶液和2种盐溶液对As污染土壤化学萃取修复的效果及其机理,同时从土壤pH的改变和土壤组分的溶出2个方面研究了化学萃取对土壤的负面影响.结果表明,4种酸溶液中,H3PO4对土壤As的去除效果较好.其次是C6H8O7,HCl和HCIO4则没有明显效果;2种盐溶液中,KH;PO4的效果较好,NH4HCO3的效果不理想.5～200 mmol/L的H2PO4和KH2PO4对土壤As的去除率分别为7.76%～22.85%,6.81%～20.21%.H3PO4对土壤As的去除是风化溶解土壤组分带来As的释放与PO3-4置换土壤As这2种机理共同作用的结果.其中PO3-4发挥了主要的作用;KH2PO4对土壤As的去除则完全归因于PO3-4对土壤As的置换.在去除As的同时,酸溶液不同程度地造成土壤酸化,导致Ca,Mg,Si等土壤组分的溶出,而盐溶液对土壤pH值影响较小,导致土壤组分的溶出也很少.KH2PO4能有效去除土壤As,而且对环境友好,是修复As污染土壤较理想的萃取剂.     

膨润土对轻度镉污染土壤钝化修复效应研究

通过盆栽和大田小区试验,研究了膨润土对Cd污染土壤修复效应。结果表明,盆栽和大田条件下施用膨润土后土壤Cd交换态含量分别较对照降低了41.3%~86.1%和7.9%~24.6%,铁锰氧化物结合态(OX)和残渣态(RES)Cd含量则有所上升。水稻各部分Cd含量总体上随膨润土投加量的增加而降低,与对照相比,盆栽条件下根、茎、叶、糙米中Cd含量最大降幅分别达到46.0%、49.8%、54.2%和71.8%,大田小区条件下水稻各部分Cd含量最大降幅分别达到35.3%、48.8%、36.0%和40.9%。投加不同浓度膨润土后,水稻幼苗叶片SOD酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量在一定程度上有所促进,而POD酶活性和MDA含量则表现为明显的抑制效应(P0.05)。在盆栽和大田实验中,施用膨润土显著提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性(P0.05),与之相反,在盆栽实验中,土壤Cd蔗糖酶活性较对照处理显著降低(P0.05),降幅达44.3%~52.3%,而大田条件下各处理间差异不显著(P0.05);脲酶活性随膨润土施加量的增加呈现出先降低后增加的趋势。     

Rhamnolipid Foam Enhanced Remediation of Cadmium and Nickel Contaminated Soil

Column experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using a rhamnolipid foam to remove heavy metals (Cd and Ni) from a sandy soil contaminated with Cd (1706 ppm) and Ni (2010 ppm). Best results were obtained from the foam generated by a 0.5% rhamnolipid solution with an initial pH value of 10.0 after flushing with 20-pore-volume of solution. These conditions removed 73.2% of the Cd and 68.1% of the Ni. Removal efficiencies by foam generated by a chemical surfactant, Triton X-100, were investigated as a comparison. It removed 65.5% of the Cd and 57.3% of the Ni under the same conditions. After a 20-pore-volume liquid solution flushing, 0.5% rhamnolipid (initial pH 10.0) without foam generation removed 61.7% of the Cd and 51.0% of the Ni, whereas 0.5% Triton X-100 (initial pH 10.0) removed 52.8% of the Cd and 45.2% of the Ni. Distilled water with adjusted pH only was also used to flush through the contaminated soil column as a control. It removed 17.8% of the Cd and 18.7% of the Ni. This study shows that rhamnolipid foam technology can be an effective means for the remediation of cadmium and nickel contaminated soil.     

磷灰石联合黑麦修复铜污染土壤研究

通过田间试验研究了不同剂量磷灰石(10、20、30、50 g/kg,编号分别为LH1、LH2、LH3和LH4)与黑麦联合作用对Cu污染土壤的修复效果,重点考察了磷灰石对黑麦生物量及Cu吸收、土壤pH及Cu形态转化、土壤酶活性、植物生理指标等的影响。试验结果表明,磷灰石显著提高了土壤pH、黑麦生物量及其Cu吸收量,显著降低了黑麦地上部分及根系Cu含量,其中LH3处理黑麦Cu吸收量最高,达到对照处理的33.38倍;与对照相比,LH1、LH2、LH3和LH4处理土壤可交换态Cu含量显著降低了37.0%、58.9%、89.0%和83.3%,碳酸盐结合态Cu含量显著增加了46.6%、63.1%、78.0%和93.3%;与对照相比,LH2、LH3和LH4处理显著提高了土壤磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,显著提高了黑麦SOD和POD酶活性,显著降低了黑麦MDA含量。综合而言,施用30 g/kg的磷灰石并种植黑麦能够很好地修复Cu污染土壤。     

腐殖酸与活性污泥对污染土壤联合修复研究

采用正交试验的方法,研究了表面活性剂溶出和微生物降解联合作用对重金属铜、锌、铅和多环芳烃菲、萘、芘人工老化污染土壤的修复效率。选择腐殖酸为表面活性剂,强化微生物对有机污染物的降解性能,将高效降解菌的降解能力有效地发挥出来;用驯化的活性污泥为土壤生物修复剂,强化腐殖酸对重金属的洗提作用,旨在降低重金属和多环芳烃在土壤中的污染作用,提高修复效率。结果表明,接种2.0%活性污泥,温度为35℃,pH值为6.5,腐殖酸加入量为5mg/g的土壤为最佳修复条件,在此条件下菲、萘、芘的总修复率分别为73.4%,80.5%和68.2%;重金属离子Cu2+,Zn2+,Pb3+的总修复率分别为75.5%,64.2%和71.7%。添加腐殖酸和驯化活性污泥可明显提高土壤中重金属和多环芳烃的修复效率,表明化学溶出与生物降解同时作用于复合污染土壤具有较好的协同作用。     

亚油酸钠刺激多环芳烃污染土壤微生物修复的机理研究

根系分泌物在多环芳烃(PAHs)污染土壤的植物根际修复过程中发挥关键作用,但是向土壤中单独施入根系分泌物化学物质对PAHs去除的影响还少有研究。本试验通过土壤微宇宙培养试验和高通量测序技术研究了根系分泌物亚油酸钠对土壤微生物群落及PAHs降解的影响。结果发现,60 d后,添加肥料与亚油酸钠处理对土壤中PAHs的去除率为40.6%,显著高于仅施肥处理的17.4%。主坐标分析(PCo A)表明添加亚油酸钠显著改变了土壤微生物群落,土壤细菌和真菌群落组成与仅施肥处理明显分异。此外,亚油酸钠的添加还促进了PAHs降解菌如Marmoricola、Streptomyces、unclassified_Intrasporangiaceae和Kribbella等细菌,以及unclassified_Chaetomiaceae、Mortierella和Humicola等真菌的富集。LEFSe分析表明,Streptomyces、Kribbella和Humicola是添加亚油酸钠处理的主要微生物标记物,且Streptomyces和Kribbella相对丰度与土壤中PAHs...     

Remediation of Soils Contaminated with Molybdenum using Soil Amendments and Phytoremediation

For ruminants, there is a narrow span betweennutritional deficiency of Molybdenum and its potential toxicity. Molybdenosis occurs among cattlefeeding on forage with Mo concentrations above10 μg g^-1 or a Cu:Mo ratio <2. In the areaunder investigation forage Mo contents in the valleyare as high as 180 μg g^-1 due to industrialpollution, while the alpine pastures, where cattlegraze during summer, are nutrient (e.g. Cu) deficient.When driven to the valley pastures in fall, animalsoften fell ill with molybdenosis, and several died.The aim of the study was to remediate this 300 ha area. Two approaches were attempted: (1) to reduce theMo contents of the forage by immobilizing soil Mo, and(2) to increase plant Mo contents by mobilizing soilMo to increase plant Mo which may then be removed fromthe system (phytoremediation).In a soil extraction experiment we demonstrated thatphosphate fertilization, ammonium sulfate amendment,vermiculite, humic acid and sewage sludge increased Moleaching by 30 to 110%. Fe-humate and Mn-humateapplication decreased Mo in the leachate from96 μg L^-1 to 55 and 7 μg L^-1,respectively. Plant Mo contents were increased up to170% by P-fertilizer and up to 150% by vermiculite.Conversely, sewage sludge, Fe- and Mn-humate decreasedplant Mo contents by 60, 40 and 75% in thegreenhouse. In the field study, the effects weresmaller, but Mo export through plant harvest increasedby 88% after P-fertilization and 84% aftervermiculite amendment. Mn-humate and sewage sludgedecreased plant Mo content by 25 and 40%,respectively, rendering the forage suitable forfeeding of ruminants. P-fertilization and vermiculitemay thus be recommended for the severely contaminatedsites to enhance phytoremediation through Mo export,and Mn-humate and sewage sludge application appearsuited to remediate the less severely contaminated sites.