Copper and Cadmium Biosorption by Dried Seaweed Sargassum sinicola in Saline Wastewater

Rates of biosorption of cadmium and copper ions by nonliving biomass of the brown macroalga Sargassum sinicola under saline conditions were studied. Batch experiments show that the ability to remove cadmium is significantly diminished (from 81.8% to 5.8%), while the ability to remove copper remains high (from 89% to 80%) at a range of salinity from 0 to 40 psu. Maximum capacity of biosorption at 35 psu was 3.44 mg g^?1 for cadmium and 116 mg g^?1 for copper. The presence of salt did not significantly affect the rate of biosorption, which was about 90% of saturation in 60 min for both metals. There is an antagonistic effect on biosorption when both metals are present in the solution.     

基于农田土壤镉污染修复后糙米镉的指标筛选

目前农田土壤镉污染修复以降低糙米镉含量为标准,而忽略了其变化的关键性的土壤物理、化学及生物指标.基于此,采用方差分析、多元回归分析、通径分析、随机森林和结构方程模型等统计方法分析了土壤pH值、有机质、容重、阳离子交换量、速效养分、质地、微团聚体、酶活性、微生物数量等23个土壤指标对土壤有效态Cd和糙米Cd含量重要性排序...     

Current status of rodents on islands in the Gulf of California

On islands in the Gulf of California, many species and subspecies of rodents are relict species, restricted to the islands, and now considered extinct or verging on extinction. From 1991 to 1999, each island was surveyed and an average of 15 work-nights were spent on each island, for a total of 15,000 trap-nights. A Fourier series was used to estimate population density. Five native taxa are now considered extinct (Chaetodipus baileyi fornicatus, Peromyscus guardia mejiae, P. g. harbinsoni, P. pembertoni, and Neotoma bunkeri). Two species are at risk of extinction (Dipodomys insularis and Neotoma albigula varia). The most probable cause for extinction is the introduction of nonnative species, specifically cats. We believe that the most vulnerable rodent populations of the islands in the Gulf of California to non-native species are Neotoma lepida latirostra on Danzante island and Neotoma lepida abbreviata on San Francisco island, both in the state of Baja California Sur.     

羊栖菜活性组份多糖的体外抗氧化能力比较

为探索羊栖菜中分离的各组份多糖体外抗氧化活性,将DEAE-52分离纯化得到的羊栖菜多糖活性组份进行红外光谱扫描确认,并评价DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-自由基的清除能力,还原力和抗脂质过氧化力。结果表明,去蛋白多糖经DEAE-52分离纯化、0~2 M Na Cl溶液梯度洗脱得到3个主要多糖组份,其中红光谱扫描发现SFPSⅠ(0.5 M Na Cl)、SFPSⅡ(0.75 M Na Cl)、SFPSⅢ(1.0 M Na Cl)均具有糖类特征吸收峰。3个组份均表现出较强的抗氧化活性,其中SFPSⅢ抗氧化活性最高,DPPH·的IC_(50)为0.499μg,·OH的IC_(50)为0.48μg,O_2~-的IC_(50)为112.13μg;还原力最强;抗脂质过氧化能力显著优于对照品BHT。研究结果为羊栖菜活性多糖作为天然抗氧化剂及功能性食品开发提供了理论基础。     

Conservation implications of the genetic and ecological distinction of Tursiops truncatus ecotypes in the Gulf of California

The demand for live bottlenose dolphins for commercial use is growing in Mexico, making the need for stock assessment and management ever more essential given their protected status. Tursiops truncatus is known to exhibit high levels of phenotypic polymorphisms. In the Gulf of California (GC), coastal and offshore ecotypes have been identified based on morphological, behavioral and ecological evidence, including different prey and habitat preferences. However, the extent to which this ecological and phenotypic variation is genetically correlated is unknown. Here we assess this correlation in GC bottlenose dolphins classified as coastal or offshore based on habitat, morphological and trophic evidence. Significant (p < 0.0001) haplotype heterogeneity (exact test) and genetic differentiation (F_ST = 0.069) were found in the mitochondrial control region, indicating some reproductive isolation between ecotypes. As elsewhere, coastal dolphins were less diverse than offshore. Phylogenetic analyses revealed paraphyletic coastal and offshore lineages and no evidence of lineage sorting, possibly due to recent isolation or gene flow. This is the first time that genetic, morphological and stable isotope evidence has been used to recognize ecotypes as different stocks for management purposes in bottlenose dolphins. Our results indicate that diversifying forces are shaping their phenotypic and genetic variation in the GC. Management and conservation efforts in this strategic region should aim to preserve these forces.     

耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲性能及酸化速率研究

辽宁省耕地棕壤自第二次土壤普查以来酸化趋势明显,pH整体平均值从第二次普查时期的6.42降至5.73。对辽宁省4个典型地区(昌图、沈阳、瓦房店、清原)的耕地棕壤耕层(0-20cm)缓冲性能、酸化速率及其影响因素进行研究,结果表明:各地区酸碱缓冲容量变幅为29.66～39.87mmol/kg.pH unit,其中辽宁北部和中部地区酸碱缓冲容量明显高于辽南和辽东地区。酸化速率以辽南地区下降速率最快,其值为2.69H+kmol/(hm2.a),而速率最慢的地区为辽东,其酸化速率为1.44H+kmol/(hm2.a)。土壤初始pH、阳离子交换量、颗粒组成及有机质含量均是影响酸碱缓冲容量变化的主要因素。北部和中部质地以粉(砂)壤土为主,阳离子交换量、盐基饱和度及粘粒含量均高于南部和东部地区,因此缓冲性能也较强。施肥及其他人为因素对辽宁耕地棕壤酸碱缓冲容量及酸化速率的影响有待进一步研究。     

5个蓖麻品种对土壤中镉富集的差异

为了评价能源作物蓖麻对污染农田中重金属镉(Cd)的富集修复能力,本研究以5个蓖麻品种为试验材料,通过大田试验对比了不同蓖麻品种在Cd污染农田中的生长情况、对Cd的富集和转运能力以及对Cd污染土壤的修复能力。结果表明,5个蓖麻品种在Cd污染农田中生长良好,其中滇蓖2号的株高、茎粗及单株产量显著高于其他品种,分别为440.78 cm、5.04 cm以及338.85 g。5个蓖麻品种根、茎、叶及果实的Cd含量、Cd积累量和富集系数均存在显著差异,其中经作蓖麻1号根、茎和果实的Cd含量最高,分别为1.40、1.14和0.33 mg·kg^-1。污染修复能力方面,滇蓖2号Cd的积累量达3.38 mg/株,提取率为5.34%,显著高于其他品种。经作蓖麻1号尽管富集能力最强,但由于其生物量最小,其Cd积累量及年提取效率均最低。综上可知,蓖麻对土壤中重金属Cd的富集能力较强,可用于修复云南个旧地区的Cd污染土壤,且种植滇蓖2号可以获得较好的修复效果。本研究结果为云南Cd污染土壤治理提供了理论基础和参考依据。     

冻融作用对棕壤团聚体及其重金属镉赋存形态的影响

以重金属Cd为单一污染源的棕壤作为供试土壤,设定-10,-20,-30℃三个温度作为冻结温度,10℃作为融化温度进行土壤冻融循环试验。通过测定冻融作用后土壤团聚体粒径组成、土壤质量平均直径、土壤团聚体粒径中Cd的质量负载率以及赋存形态,研究冻融作用对棕壤团聚体稳定性及Cd在不同团聚体粒径中分布与赋存形态的影响。结果表明:(1)土壤经过冻融作用后,2mm的团聚体比例显著增加(P0.05),增加范围为38.4%~54.6%,土壤质量平均直径显著增加(P0.05);(2)经过冻融作用后,重金属Cd主要富集在2mm的团聚体粒径中,所占比例为51.2%~57.2%;(3)冻融作用使土壤及不同粒径团聚体中交换态Cd和有机结合态Cd含量显著降低(P0.05),铁锰氧化物结合态Cd和残渣态Cd含量显著增加(P0.05)。     

Quantitative Trait Loci for Brown Rice Color,Phenolics, Flavonoid Contents,and Antioxidant Capacity in Rice Grain

Phytochemicals such as phenolics and flavonoids, which are present in rice grains, are associated with reduced risk of developing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. The phenolic and flavonoid compounds in rice grains also contribute to the antioxidant activity. Biofortification of rice grain by conventional breeding is one way to improve nutritional quality to combat nutritional deficiency. For improvement of the phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity, we must understand the genetic bases of the related traits. In the present study, mapping of quantitative trait locus (QTL) for five color parameters, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant capacity was completed using a composite interval mapping approach using a doubled haploid (DH) population. Correlation analysis showed that the five color parameters lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), chroma (C), and hue angle (H°) were intercorrelated. The phenolic content was positively correlated with the flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001), whereas the flavonoid content had no relationship with antioxidant capacity, but it was positively correlated with color parameters L* and H° (P < 0.05). A total of 21 putative QTL were detected for the eight traits with at least one QTL and as many as four QTL for different traits. Three QTL at the same interval of GA285 and CT580 on chromosome 2 were significant for color parameters L*, b*, and C; the latter two traits also shared another QTL region on chromosome 8. Two QTL on chromosome 2, qPH‐2 and qFL‐2‐1, flanked by CT87 and G1234, were identified for phenolic and flavonoid content with large additive effects, explaining 16.91 and 12.71%, respectively, of the total phenotypic variation. Three QTL located at the same interval of G379A and CT360 on chromosome 7 were detected for color parameters a* and H°, and antioxidant capacity, which might be allelic to the Rd gene that is responsible for the production of the pigment in brown rice. The results of the present study may provide new opportunities for rice breeders with potential markers to improve nutritional quality by marker‐assisted selection approach.     

北部湾经济区枯落物及其林下土壤持水能力研究

通过对北部湾经济区5个典型生态系统的枯落物和土壤持水性能进行的研究,结果表明:枯落物累积量为防城港 > 十万山 > 大明山 > 药用植物园 > 金花茶保护区;最大持水率为药用植物园 > 大明山 > 金花茶保护区 > 十万山 > 防城港;最大持水量为大明山 > 十万山 > 金花茶保护区 > 药用植物园 > 防城港;0—20 cm土壤的总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度是大明山 > 十万山 > 药用植物园 > 金花茶保护区 > 防城港,大明山的毛管持水量和最大持水量都最大,分别达到了882.6,954.9 g/kg,防城港最低,只有231.3,269.0 g/kg。     

Seaweed accelerates the excretion of dioxin stored in rats

To prevent health problems of humans exposed to dioxin, it is important to enhance the fecal excretion of dioxin stored in the body. The effects of seaweed such as wakame, hiziki, and kombu on the gastrointestinal absorption and reabsorption of 17 types of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners was investigated in Wistar rats. Rats were fed 4 g of the basal diet or a seaweed diet containing PCDD and PCDF standard solution [233 ng of toxic equivalents (TEQ)/kg of body weight] once during the experiment period. In the group fed the 10% wakame diet, the levels of fecal excretion of PCDD and PCDF congeners were higher (p < 0.01) from days 1 to 5 by 2.8-fold for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, by 4.0-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, by 3.4-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, by 2.5-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD, by 1.7-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, by 1.1-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octaCDD, by 3.0-fold for 2,3,7,8-tetraCDF, by 3.7-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDF, by 3.7-fold for 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF, by 3.0-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 3.2-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDF, by 2.9-fold for 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.6-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDF, by 2.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptaCDF, and by 1.2-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9-octaCDF than those of the basal group, respectively. Rats were fed 4 g of the basal diet containing PCDD and PCDF standard solution (2991 ng of TEQ/kg of body weight) once on day 1 and then place on the basal diet for 7 days. After 1 week, the rats were fed either the basal diet or seaweed diet from days 8 to 35. In the group fed the 10% wakame diet, the levels of fecal excretion of PCDD and PCDF congeners were higher (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) during the period from days 8 to 35 by 1.7-fold for 2,3,7,8-TCDD, by 1.8-fold for 1,2,3,7,8-pentaCDD, by 2.0-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDD, by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDD, by 1.6-fold for 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexaCDD, by 1.5-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDD, by 2.0-fold for 2,3,4,7,8-pentaCDF, by 2.1-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.7-fold for 2,3,4,6,7,8-hexaCDF, by 1.5-fold for 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-heptaCDF, and by 1.9-fold for 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-heptaCDF than those of the basal group, respectively. These findings suggest that the administration of seaweed such as wakame is efficient in preventing the absorption and reabsorption of dioxin from the gastrointestinal tract and might be useful in treatment of humans exposed to dioxin.     

牛粪与秸秆配施对棕壤镉赋存形态及玉米吸收镉的影响

以受镉(Cd)污染的棕壤为供试土壤,采用盆栽方法,研究牛粪与秸秆不同配比对土壤Cd形态及作物吸收Cd的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理分别使可交换态Cd含量下降34.39%,28.04%,20.11%,使有机结合态和残渣态Cd含量显著增加。土壤中可交换态Cd含量与pH呈极显著负相关关系,而残渣态Cd含量与pH呈极显著正相关关系。(2)与对照相比,牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理使土壤pH分别提高0.36,0.17,0.16个单位。(3)牛粪与秸秆配施降低了玉米各部位对镉的吸收,并使Cd主要积累在玉米的根、茎、叶部位,降低了籽粒中Cd含量。牛粪与秸秆氮含量比1∶1,3∶1,5∶1的3个处理使籽粒Cd含量浓度分别减少79.64%,72.70%,56.38%。     

海藻生物肥对草莓产量和品质的影响

为探究新型海藻生物肥对草莓产量和品质的影响,以红颜草莓为试验材料,对其叶面喷施不同浓度的新型海藻生物肥,以喷施清水为对照。喷施处理后,计算草莓产量,测定盛果期草莓可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸、糖酸比、还原糖含量、硬度、抗坏血酸、总酚、花青素和类黄酮含量。结果表明,不同浓度海藻生物肥处理的草莓产量均有提升,其中在1 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,草莓果重、结果数和产量均极显著提高(P<0.01),分别较对照增加了42.96%、14.67%和63.93%。品质结果表明,1 500倍液海藻生物肥处理下,草莓的可溶性固形物含量、糖酸比、还原糖含量和硬度均达到最大值,且较对照均显著增加(P<0.05),高于市售2种海藻肥处理;低浓度(2 500~1 500倍)海藻生物肥对草莓抗氧化物质积累有促进作用,其中1 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,草莓Vc含量达到最大值,且较对照提高50.20%;在 2 500倍海藻生物肥处理下,花青素与类黄酮含量均极显著增加(P<0.01),较对照分别增加42.00%与30.56%,而高浓度(1 000~500倍)则抑制花青素与类黄酮的积累。综上,合理喷施新型海藻生物肥能提高草莓产量,提高抗氧化活性物质含量,改善草莓品质。本研究结果为新型海藻生物肥的规模化生产应用提供了理论依据。     

Evaluation of the Combined Cr(VI) Removal Capacity of Sawdust and Sawdust-Immobilized Acinetobacter haemolyticus Supplied with Brown Sugar

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the combined Cr(VI) removal capacities of nonliving (untreated rubber wood sawdust, URWS) and living biomass (URWS-immobilized Acinetobacter haemolyticus) in a continuous laboratory scale downward-flow two column system. Synthetic solutions of Cr(VI) between 237 and 320 mg L^?1 were mixed with 1 g L^?1 brown sugar in a nonsterile condition. Final Cr(VI) of between 0 and 1.6 mg L^?1 indicate a Cr(VI) removal capacity of 99.8–100%. The bacterial Cr(VI) reduction capacity increased with column length. This study shows the feasibility of using the two column system consisting of living (bacteria) and nonliving biomass (URWS) as a useful alternative treatment for Cr(VI) contamination in the aqueous system.     

Rhodophyta Seaweed Species as Bioindicators for Monitoring Toxic Element Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem of Ghana

Six seaweed species of the Rhodophyta family were sampled for atwo-year period from June 1996 to August 1998 along the Atlanticcoast of Ghana (part of the Atlantic Ocean). The species wereanalysed to determine the levels of eleven chemicalelements namely: Al, As, Br, Cd, Fe, La, Mn, Ni, Hg, V and Zn byInstrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA). Al, Br, Ni, andZn were measured in all the seaweed species studied. The elementAl generally showed the highest concentrations in most of thespecies analysed while Hg levels were the lowest. Precision andaccuracy of the method have been evaluated and the detectionlimits also calculated. The results showed high variability inand between species, among sampling sites and times ofcollection. The high values of metal concentrations in themacroalgae suggest that these marine organisms can be used asbiological indicators for studing marine pollution.     

Copper,Cadmium, and Zinc Concentrations in Juvenile Chinook Salmon and Selected Fish-Forage Organisms (Aquatic Insects) in the Upper Sacramento River,California

This study assessed the downstream extent andseverity of copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn)contamination from acid mine drainage on juvenile chinook salmon(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and aquatic insects over aroughly 270-km reach of the Sacramento River below KeswickReservoir. During April–May 1998, salmon were collected fromfour sites in the river and from a fish hatchery that receiveswater from Battle Creek. Salmon from river sites were examinedfor gut contents to document their consumption of variousinvertebrate taxa, whereas salmon from river sites and thehatchery were used for metal determinations. Midge(Chironomidae) and caddisfly (Trichoptera) larvae and mayfly(Ephemeroptera) nymphs were collected for metal determinationsduring April–June from river sites and from Battle and Buttecreeks. The fish hatchery and Battle and Butte creeks served asreference sites because they had no history of receiving minedrainage. Salmon consumed mostly midge larvae and pupae (44.0%,damp-dry biomass), caddisfly larvae (18.9%), Cladocera (5.8%),and mayfly nymphs (5.7%). These results demonstrated thatinsects selected for metal determinations were important as fishforage. Dry-weight concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn weregenerally far higher in salmon and insects from the river thanfrom reference sites. Within the river, high metalconcentrations persisted as far downstream as South Meridian (thelowermost sampling site). Maximum concentrations of Cd (30.7 μg g^-1) and Zn (1230 μg g^-1),but not Cu (87.4 μg g^-1), in insects exceeded amounts that other investigators reported as toxic when fed for prolonged periods to juvenile salmonids.     

海藻液肥对草莓品质及贮藏的影响

田间试验结果表明 ,海藻液肥能有效的促进草莓植株生长 ,提高草莓植株的根冠比 ,促进养分在植株体内的运输 ;同时提高草莓可溶性固形物、Vc含量、SOD活力及糖酸比。在贮藏过程中能延缓草莓可溶性固形物、Vc含量和SOD活力的降低。     

土壤中Cd高浓度污染背景下小麦幼苗富集Cd特征

为了研究土壤中高浓度Cd污染对小麦幼苗富集Cd的影响,取样分析了新乡市长期采用Ni-Cd电池生产废水灌溉的土壤和小麦幼苗中Cd含量。结果表明,污灌区土壤中Cd的含量为10.69～173.64 mg kg-1,平均含量为74.24 mg kg-1,是国家土壤环境二级标准的123.74倍。污灌区土壤Cd主要以有机结合态、碳酸盐结合态和可交换态存在,其生物有效性较高。小麦幼苗根部和茎叶部Cd含量显著高于对照样品,Cd在小麦幼苗分布规律是根部>茎叶部。由于小麦幼苗根和茎叶中Cd含量与土壤Cd含量和迁移性最强的可交换态含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),小麦子实中Cd大量富集超标,平均含量为2.55 mg kg-1,是国家食品卫生标准(GB 2715-2005)的25.5倍。     

Biosorption of Zn (II) onto the Surface of Non-living Biomasses: A Comparative Study of Adsorbent Particle Size and Removal Capacity of Three Different Biomasses

Present research has delineated the biosorption potential of three different nonliving biomasses namely eucalyptus bark saw dust, mango bark saw dust, and pineapple fruit peel with respect to Zn (II) ion removal from liquid phase through batch experiments. The efficacy of Zn (II) ion biosorption onto surface of biosorbents was judged and correlated with biosorbent particle size, surface chemistry, and surface texture. Maximum metal ion uptake capacity, percentage removal, and minimum equilibrium concentration as 1.688 mg/g, 84.4%, and 1.56 mg/l, respectively, was obtained using eucalyptus bark saw dust mediated biosorption followed by mango bark saw dust as 1.028 mg/g, 51.4%, and 4.867 mg/l and pineapple fruit peel as 0.45 mg/g, 22.9%, and 7.71 mg/l, respectively, at a particle size of 0.5 mm. Additionally, present investigation also proved that biosorption efficiency and metal ion interaction with adsorbent surface also depends upon presence of functional groups involved in metal ion adsorption and surface porosity.