玉米‖马铃薯抗旱栽培土壤含水量及产量效益研究

于2014年在宣威市农业技术示范基地开展了玉米间作马铃薯集雨保墒抗旱栽培复合技术试验研究。试验处理包括:T_1:玉米+开沟覆膜‖马铃薯;T_2:玉米+打塘覆膜‖马铃薯;T_3:玉米+平作覆膜‖马铃薯;T_4:玉米平作覆膜单作;T_5:马铃薯单作。结果表明,T_1和T_2处理玉米土壤含水量均高于其它处理,T_1、T_2处理0~7.6 cm土层玉米平均土壤含水量比T_4处理最多增加28.32%,0~20 cm土层最多增加28.12%;间作处理马铃薯的土壤含水量均高于马铃薯单作,T_1、T_2处理马铃薯平均土壤含水量在0~7.6 cm和0~20 cm两个土层分别比T_5处理最多增加23.52%和12.78%;T_1、T_2处理玉米产量、复合产量和土地当量比(LER)均高于T_3处理,其中,T_2处理的土地当量比最大(LER=1.20),比T_3处理增加10.52%,产量效益明显。     

不同供水水平对玉米/豌豆间作系统作物耗水特征的影响

为探明根系分隔对间作群体产量、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,解析间作群体高产和提高水分利用效率的机理,以玉米、豌豆为材料,设置了单作豌豆、单作玉米、玉米间作豌豆三种种植模式和地方传统供水水平(高)、生育期灌水低于地方传统供水水平10%(中)、生育期灌水水平低于地方传统供水水平20%(低)三个灌水梯度,并将玉米间作豌豆隔根方式分为塑料布分隔、尼龙网分隔和不分隔三种方式,于2011年4—10月在甘肃省武威市绿洲农业区系统研究了不同供水条件和根系分隔模式下玉米间作豌豆的耗水特征。结果表明:间作可以提高土地利用效率13.01%~42.13%,较单作平均提高作物水分利用效率3.07%~43.38%;不同间作处理的经济产量和生物产量比单作高12.90%~30.45%;不隔根间作作物产量比塑料布隔根处理高13.79%~17.17%,较尼龙网隔根处理高1.12%~3.52%。未隔根间作处理时,地方习惯灌水处理与低于10%灌水水平处理耗水量差异不显著,但显著低于降低20%灌水的处理。与单作相比,玉米/豌豆间作具有提高土地利用效率和作物产量的作用。隔根影响间作土地利用效率和产量的提高,且当地的传统灌水习惯也有待改进。     

玉米‖棉花的作物生理特性及根系特征研究

为探究不同种植模式对作物生理特性及根系形态特征的影响,本试验以玉米‖棉花为研究对象,试验设置3种种植模式处理,分别为单作玉米、单作棉花、玉米‖棉花。通过对作物株高、叶绿素含量、田间温湿度、根系长度变化及产量等的测定,探究不同种植模式下作物的生长状况及土地当量比。结果表明:单作玉米功能叶叶片平均SPAD值高于间作6.78%,间作棉花功能叶叶片平均SPAD值高于单作1.12%。玉米间作株高平均增长率为83%,单作平均增长率为82.9%,表明了玉米间作模式更有利于株高的增长;单、间作玉米田间温度分别为30.9℃、32.47℃;单、间作棉花田间温度分别为31.6℃、32.95℃,间作模式在一定程度影响根系分布,不同土层间作作物根长显著增加4.7%。     

玉米马铃薯间作群体的蒸腾量和蒸腾效率研究

以玉米(Zea mays L.)和马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)间作为研究对象,结合大田和盆栽试验,通过观测土壤蒸发、土壤含水量和作物蒸腾量,分析作物的水分竞争能力和间作的产量优势,研究间作对作物水分利用的影响特征与机理。大田试验结果表明:1玉米与马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量差异导致了两作物种植区域之间的土壤含水量差异;2间作的蒸腾量4 424.07 t·hm-2显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾量的加权平均值3612.27 t·hm-2(P0.01);3间作的土地当量比LER(land equivalent ratio)1(P0.01),说明间作表现了增产优势。盆栽试验结果表明:1玉米和马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量存在差异,这意味着两作物种植区域的土壤含水量也存在差异(盆栽试验已基本消除土壤蒸发,土壤含水量主要受作物蒸腾影响);2间作的蒸腾量51.79 kg·盆-1显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾量的加权平均值48.36 kg·盆-1(P=0.011);3作物的种间相对竞争力RC(Relative competitive abilty)1(P0.001),说明玉米在种间水分竞争中占据优势地位;4玉米的蒸腾效率5.38 g·kg-1显著大于马铃薯的3.68 g·kg-1(P0.001);5间作的蒸腾效率4.82 g·kg-1显著大于单作玉米和单作马铃薯蒸腾效率的加权平均值4.53 g·kg-1(P0.001);6间作的土地当量比LER1(P=0.001),说明间作表现了增产优势。以上结果说明:玉米和马铃薯在同一时期的蒸腾量差异可以导致它们种植区域之间的土壤含水量差异,进而使得在间作中,一种作物可以利用另一种作物种植区域的较多土壤水分,所以间作可以提高作物群体蒸腾量;玉米既具有较高的蒸腾效率,又在种间水分竞争中占据优势地位,因此玉米马铃薯间作可以提高作物群体蒸腾效率;蒸腾量和蒸腾效率的协同提高是该间作表现增产优势的重要原因。     

玉米不同密度下间作大豆控草效果及对产量的影响

以贵州主要种植的玉米品种黔单16和大豆品种黔豆2号为材料,开展不同密度下玉米间作大豆控草效果及对产量的影响研究。研究结果表明:玉米种植密度在4.2万~5.55万株/hm~2按1∶1间作大豆对杂草的株抑制率为37.43%~50.30%,鲜质量抑制率47.79%~52.96%,在该密度范围内,抑制效果随着玉米种植密度的增加而增加。玉米单作下田间杂草冠层平均光合有效辐射(PAR)为330.07~698.13μmol/(m~2·s);间作模式田间杂草冠层平均光合有效辐射(PAR)为73.27~108.33μmol/(m~2·s);随着玉米种植密度的增加,各种植模式田间光合有效辐射(PAR)逐渐降低,间作模式光合有效辐射(PAR)普遍高于玉米单作模式,这可能是抑制田间杂草生长的主要原因。在产量上,玉米单作产量随种植密度增加而增加;玉米-大豆间作模式下玉米产量相对稳定,大豆产量随玉米密度增加而增加。在玉米种植高密度下玉米单作产量高于间作模式,但间作模式经济效益高于玉米单作种植模式,以玉米-大豆5.55万株/hm~2密度下田间作物产量经济效益最高。因此,作物合理间作和适当增加种植密度是控制杂草生长,提高作物产量的有效措施。     

种植模式对旱地玉米光合特性和产量的影响

为进一步优化陇中半干旱区玉米高产栽培技术,提高有限水土资源利用效率,2014—2015年采用田间试验,研究了玉米马铃薯间作和单作下全膜沟垄作、全膜平作和露地平作对玉米抽雄期光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)及子粒产量的影响。结果表明:(1)不同种植模式下玉米抽雄期叶片Pn和Tr的日变化均呈先升后降的单峰曲线,峰值出现在中午12∶00左右,全膜沟垄作高于平作和露地,间作高于单作;全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯下的玉米Pn、Tr和Gs均最高。(2)全膜沟垄作、全膜平作和露地平作的玉米间作马铃薯,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,以全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯优势最为突出,其间作下玉米子粒产量为5 451.35kg·hm~(-2),较露地间作提高了66.00%,特别是在降水量偏少的年份,增产效果更明显。因此,在陇中雨养农业区进一步提高玉米产量和水土资源利用效率,引入间作是可行的,全膜沟垄作玉米间作马铃薯是较佳的种植模式。     

接种根瘤菌对豌豆/玉米体系生长状况的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了豌豆、玉米单作及豌豆/玉米体系中接种根瘤菌(不接种、接种XC3.1、接种ACCC16101)及施氮量(不施氮、施氮0.3 gN/kg土)对豌豆、玉米生长及其氮素营养状况的影响。结果表明:接种XC3.1显著提高了豌豆的有效根瘤数量和重量,单作平均分别提高79.5%和131.6%,间作平均分别提高174.1%和205.4%;XC3.1对复合体系中玉米及两种种植模式下豌豆氮素营养状况的改善作用优于ACCC16101;接种XC3.1对两种种植模式下豌豆的生长以及不施氮条件下复合体系中玉米的生长均具有促进作用,豌豆、玉米的生物量平均提高22.0%和123.1%;复合体系中豌豆的有效结瘤状况均优于相应的单作;接种与否,间作豌豆的生物量均小于相应供氮水平下的单作,平均降低13.7%;接种XC3.1不但强化了复合体系中玉米的竞争力,而且豌豆对玉米的竞争抵抗力也明显提高。     

间作模式对马铃薯叶片保护酶活性及产量的影响

于2016年与2017年在宁夏南部山区开展马铃薯‖燕麦田间试验,以单作马铃薯为对照,研究了4种马铃薯(P)与燕麦(O)间作行数比[2∶2(P2O2),4∶2(P4O2),4∶8(P4O8)]对马铃薯叶片保护性酶活性与产量的影响。2 a的试验结果表明,整个生育时期中P4O8处理的过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)显著高于其它间作处理(P0.05);马铃薯叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)在块茎形成期最高;整个生育时期中,间作马铃薯叶片的丙二醛(MDA)高于单作(P0.05);与单作相比间作促进了马铃薯保护酶POD、CAT活性的增加。与单作相比,间作P4O2由于增加了商品薯数,减少了小薯数,从而显著增加了马铃薯产量(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,在马铃薯的整个生育时期中,POD、CAT和SOD均与马铃薯产量呈正相关关系;MDA与马铃薯产量呈负相关关系,马铃薯功能叶片膜脂过氧化程度越高,越不利于马铃薯的生长发育。马铃薯‖燕麦具有一定的优势,各间作处理土地当量比均大于1,这说明间作比单作的资源利用效率高;其中间作群体P4O2土地当量比(LER)最大,为1.21,其次是间作群体P4O8。综合来看,在马铃薯‖燕麦生产实践中,适宜采用4∶2(P4O2)的间作模式。     

根际分隔对玉米/豌豆间作种间竞争及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了玉米/豌豆间作条件下,两种施氮水平(0、0.15 g·kg~(-1))及三种分隔方式(不分隔、塑料膜分隔、尼龙网分隔)对玉米、豌豆生长及豌豆结瘤固氮的影响。结果表明:与单作相比,玉米/豌豆间作后对玉米的生长和养分的吸收有显著的促进作用,在整个生育期,玉米生物量的增加量随着豌豆生育期的推进而增加,豌豆苗期、豌豆结荚初期、豌豆收获期玉米的生物量在不施氮肥条件下分别增加:28.5%、32.8%、48.7%;在施氮0.15 g·kg~(-1)时分别增加-8.6%、8.1%、63.2%。在玉米豌豆间作体系中三种分隔方式玉米生物量的大小顺序为:间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作;在不施氮肥时,间作后豌豆苗期生物量与单作相比增加显著,增加幅度达35.8%;随着玉米生育期的推进,间作豌豆的生物量增加幅度随着降低,到豌豆收获期与单作豌豆相比差异不显著。收获时三种分隔方式豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作塑料膜分隔间作不分隔间作尼龙网隔单作;在施氮肥时,随着玉米的生长间作豌豆与单作豌豆相比显著减产,收获时三种分隔方式对豌豆生物量的大小顺序为:间作尼龙网隔间作塑料膜分隔单作间作不分隔。与单作相比,间作提高了豌豆的结瘤数;间作不分隔、间作尼龙网隔、间作塑料膜分隔条件下,碗豆的结瘤数分别增加120%、82.5%、22.5%。     

燕麦箭筈豌豆间作及施肥对科尔沁沙地饲草产量和品质的影响

于2020—2021年在中国科学院西北奈曼沙漠化研究站,以饲用燕麦和箭筈豌豆为研究对象,在燕麦灌浆期刈割后进行饲草复播,采用双因素随机区组设计,设置3种种植模式,即燕麦单作(SO)、箭筈豌豆单作(SV)和燕麦箭筈豌豆间作(IOV);4种施肥模式,即不施肥(N)、单施化肥(C)、单施生物有机肥(M)和有机肥与无机肥配施(G),通过测定饲草产量和营养品质,分析种间竞争相关指标,以明确间作与施肥对复种燕麦、箭筈豌豆饲草产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明：间作和施肥提高了燕麦和箭筈豌豆的地上部生物量,在G处理下,间作燕麦(IO)和间作箭筈豌豆(IV)的干草产量较相应单作处理分别提高了4.34%、1.79%和27.63%、34.12%。间作处理的土地当量比大于1,表明燕麦箭筈豌豆间作具有土地利用优势;通过种间竞争指标分析发现,箭筈豌豆产量的提高对于发挥间作优势具有重要的作用。IO-G处理的粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量较同水平下单作处理分别提高了24.81%、36.60%和20.21%、6.15%,IV-G处理的可溶性糖含量较IV-N处理提高18.55%和34.36%;IO-G处理下的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.