外源ATP对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以‘陇油8号’油菜为试验材料,研究了不同浓度(1、10、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))外源ATP预处理对盐胁迫下油菜种子萌发及幼苗生物量、H_2O_2和·OH含量、抗氧化酶活性、膜损伤程度、渗透调节物质及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,与对照(不用ATP或NaCl处理)相比,用不同浓度的外源ATP处理,可不同程度地提高油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势,25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP处理表现较为显著,发芽率和发芽势分别提高了26.9%和17.2%。25μmol·L~(-1)的ATP+NaCl处理相比较于单独NaCl胁迫处理,油菜种子的发芽率和发芽势分别提高了13.7%和15.0%,油菜幼苗的生物量(根长、株高、鲜重)、2种抗氧化酶活性(CAT、POD)、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量及相关基因(MAPK3和MAPK6、SOS1和NHX1)的表达量均显著增加,其中根长、株高、鲜重分别增加了23.6%、27.3%、28.6%,CAT、POD活性、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量分别增加了10.3%、27.0%、15.9%、41.0%;而H_2O_2和·OH含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及相对电导率分别显著降低了13.6%、6.3%、27.6%、20.5%。以上结果表明,外源ATP浸种能够促进NaCl胁迫处理下油菜的种子萌发,显著提高幼苗的生物量、抗氧化能力及相关基因的表达,降低其膜损伤,增强油菜幼苗的耐盐性。     

外源褪黑素和脱落酸对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响

为了探讨褪黑素(MT)和脱落酸(ABA)两者混合施用对植物响应干旱胁迫的综合效应,以盆栽‘阳光玫瑰’葡萄为材料,通过根灌100μmol·L~(-1)的MT溶液和叶面喷施50μmol·L~(-1)的ABA溶液及二者组合处理,研究MT和ABA对干旱胁迫下葡萄生理特性的影响。结果表明,与干旱对照组(D_(ck))相比,MT处理导致葡萄叶片MDA、H_2O_2含量和相对电导率分别降低了14.42%、44.11%和21.26%,叶片相对含水量提高了1.12%,同时SOD和POD酶活性分别提高了14.00%和3.01%。这些均表明MT处理有效缓解了干旱胁迫对植株造成的损伤。50μmol·L~(-1 )的ABA处理组叶片MDA含量和相对电导率较干旱对照组提高了9.43%和17.25%,表明ABA处理没有缓解植株的胁迫状态。MT和ABA组合处理具有和MT处理类似的效果。结果表明,褪黑素可以通过减轻膜脂过氧化程度,增强抗氧化系统能力,从而缓解干旱胁迫对葡萄的氧化损伤,提高抗旱性;同时削弱ABA带来的负面效应。     

不同外源调节物质对低温胁迫下玉米的缓解效应分析

脯氨酸(Pro)和甜菜碱(GB)是一类重要的渗透调节物质,其与低温胁迫下植物的抗逆性密切相关。为了探讨不同浓度的外源Pro或GB对低温胁迫下玉米种子萌发、幼苗性状的影响,综合评价Pro或GB的低温缓解效果。本试验以3份寒敏感自交系为试材,分别在萌发期和苗期10℃低温胁迫下,用5种不同浓度的Pro或GB进行浸种、培养作为试验处理;25℃和10℃下以双蒸水浸种、培养作为正向、负向对照处理CK(+)、CK(-)。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫下,玉米种子的发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、胚芽鲜重和胚根鲜重显著降低;幼苗的相对电导率、丙二醛、脯氨酸及可溶性糖含量显著升高,SOD、POD及CAT活性显著增强。(2)添加外源Pro或GB后,除幼苗相对电导率和丙二醛含量明显降低外,其余5个幼苗性状和6个萌发性状都明显升高。(3)低温胁迫下,6个萌发性状和7个幼苗生理生化性状在自交系间差异显著,在Pro或GB浓度间差异显著,在自交系与浓度互作间差异显著。(4)利用低温缓解指数EI作为综合评价指标,并采用隶属函数法对外源Pro或GB的低温缓解效果进行综合评价表明,萌发期600、800μmol·L~(-1)Pro;20μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最佳,为0.882或0.647,1000μmol·L~(-1)Pro或50μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合缓解效果最小为0.513或0.022;苗期400μmol·L~(-1)Pro或10μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最佳为0.577或0.500,1000μmol·L~(-1)Pro或40μmol·L~(-1)GB的综合低温缓解效果最小仅为0.246或0.289;萌发期和苗期,外源Pro的综合低温缓解效果分别是GB的1.858倍和1.064倍。     

外源硫化氢对加工番茄种子耐盐性及抗氧化酶的影响

为明确硫化氢对盐胁迫下加工番茄种子萌发的缓解作用,用Na Cl半致死浓度为85 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-63(耐盐性弱)和半致死浓度为120 mmol·L~(-1)的KT-18(耐盐性强)为材料,用各自的半致死浓度与不同浓度的NaHS(0.2,0.4,0.6,1.0 mmol·L~(-1))分别配成混合液处理种子。结果表明,随着NaHS浓度的增加,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性呈先上升后下降的趋势,其中与盐胁迫单独处理相比,用0.4mmol·L~(-1)NaHS处理,种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数、SOD、POD、CAT活性在KT-63中分别提升70%、250%、120%、130%、6.7%、150%和180%,在KT-18中分别提升50%、250%、60%、80%、4.3%、160%和200%,而MDA的含量显著降低,并且对KT-63的缓解效应强于KT-18。综上所述,H2S(0.4 mmol·L~(-1))有效缓解了加工番茄萌发过程中盐胁迫的抑制作用,促进了种子的萌发。     

丹参萌发期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

以5个丹参栽培类型为材料，用不同浓度(0%、3%、6%、9%、12%)的PEG-6000在萌发期模拟干旱胁迫处理，测定发芽势、发芽率、子叶长、子叶宽、胚芽长、胚根长等指标，采用主成分分析和隶属函数分析进行丹参萌发期的抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选。结果表明：高浓度PEG对种子萌发产生明显的抑制作用，低浓度(3%PEG-6000)处理对丹参种子的生长发育具有促进作用，5个丹参栽培类型中豫丹参VD发芽率(0%PEG-6000)和发芽势(3%PEG-6000)最高，分别为56.50%、55.50%,豫丹参VC、豫丹参VD和豫丹参VE在12%PEG-6000下发芽率、发芽势为0%;随着PEG胁迫程度的增大，发芽势、发芽率、胚芽长、胚根长、子叶长、子叶宽、十芽重、萌发指数和活力指数总体表现出先增大后减小的趋势。对各指标进行主成分分析，前2个主成分能够概括9个指标82.635%的数据信息，对在前2个主成分中特征向量较大的8个综合指标的相对值进行因子分析，可提取出2个公因子，子叶长、子叶宽、活力指数、十芽重和萌发指数在2个公因子上有较大载荷。9%PEG-6000是较适宜的抗旱性鉴定浓度。根据综合隶属函数值...     

小黑麦萌发期抗旱条件模拟和抗旱指标的筛选

以4个小黑麦种质为材料,用不同浓度(0,10%,20%,30%,40%)PEG-6000对萌发期种子进行干旱胁迫处理,通过测定种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、胚根与胚芽鞘长度,以研究小黑麦萌发期抗旱模拟条件。利用灰色关联分析法筛选出了适宜于小黑麦萌发期抗旱性评价的指标,同时以各指标与抗旱指数之间的相关性,结合隶属函数法对4个小黑麦种质的抗旱性进行了综合评价。结果表明,30%PEG-6000溶液为小黑麦种子萌发期抗旱性鉴定的适宜模拟条件;发芽率与萌发期抗旱性关系最密切;低浓度(10%,20%)PEG-6000有利于小黑麦种子萌发,并对幼苗根与胚芽的生长有一定促进作用,40%PEG-6000完全抑制小黑麦种子发芽;参试小黑麦种质抗旱性强弱为:中饲1048石大1号P4P2,中饲1048小黑麦属于中抗旱型,石大1号属于中间型,其余2份小黑麦种质属于干旱敏感型。     

不同大豆品种在萌发期对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

对3个大豆品种(黄豆、晋豆19及郑9007)采用不同浓度PEG-6000(0、12%、14%、16%、18%和20%)模拟干旱胁迫处理,测定种子萌发及抗氧化酶活性等指标。结果表明,不同浓度PEG处理均降低了3个大豆品种的相对发芽势、相对发芽率及相对胚根长,18%PEG处理为合适的干旱胁迫条件。在18%PEG处理下,3个大豆品种胚根的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸及丙二醛(MDA)含量均发生了显著变化。其中,黄豆胚根SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量分别为对照的5.41、2.13、2.64、2.84、2.13倍和10.98倍,均高于晋豆19和郑9007,而MDA含量上升为对照的1.59倍,低于晋豆19和郑9007。通过隶属函数法综合评价发现,3个大豆品种的抗旱性强弱依次为黄豆郑9007晋豆19,说明黄豆的抗旱能力高于晋豆19和郑9007。     

PEG胁迫对萌动苦豆子子叶抗旱生理及氧化苦参碱含量的影响

以PEG-6000模拟干旱条件,测定苦豆子种子萌发、萌动种子子叶中质膜相对透性(PMP)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及抗氧化物酶POD、CAT、SOD酶活性以及氧化苦参碱含量,探讨苦豆子种子的抗旱适应性。结果表明:10%PEG胁迫下,种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均达到最高,依次为66.67%,78.67%,24.40和183.79,20%PEG胁迫种子仍有较高的发芽能力。随PEG胁迫程度加剧,萌动苦豆子种子子叶中质膜相对透性和Pro含量逐渐上升,MDA含量逐渐下降;POD、CAT和SOD 3种保护酶对干旱胁迫的保护作用不尽相同,中轻度胁迫(PEG≤20%)时POD酶起主要作用,重度胁迫(PEG20%)时CAT和SOD酶起主要作用。PEG胁迫使子叶中OMA含量下降,OMA含量与抗旱生理指标间均存在负相关。适度干旱有助于苦豆子种子萌发,萌动种子对干旱有强的防御机制。     

外源褪黑素和脱落酸对干旱胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗生理特性的影响

以盆栽‘金实1号’猕猴桃幼苗为材料,在干旱条件下进行根灌100μmol·L~(-1)的褪黑素(MT)溶液和叶面喷施25μmol·L~(-1)的脱落酸(ABA)溶液及MT+ABA处理,探究外源MT与ABA对植物干旱胁迫的缓解作用及机理。结果表明:MT处理可使猕猴桃叶片相对含水量、叶片水势和SOD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别提高9%、39%和134%,同时使丙二醛(MDA)与H_2O_2含量分别降低66%与7%;ABA处理可使叶绿素含量、净光合速率、干物质积累量和POD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别提高7%、40%、52%和41%,使H_2O_2含量降低13.5%;MT+ABA处理的效果与ABA处理类似,可使净光合速率、干物质积累量与POD活性较干旱胁迫处理组分别增加29%、110%与35.5%,使MDA与H_2O_2含量分别降低44%、6.5%。表明MT利于提高植株的保水能力与抗氧化能力,ABA处理和MT+ABA处理提高了干旱胁迫下猕猴桃幼苗的光合作用,利于在水分限制下干物质的积累。     

NO2-源的NO对镉胁迫下玉米幼苗生理的影响

采用亚硝酸钠(Na NO2)在酸性条件下与还原剂还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)反应生成S-亚硝基谷胱甘肽(GSNO),GSNO能够释放出NO,合成不同浓度的GSNO(0、50、125、250μmol·L~(-1)和350μmol·L~(-1))溶液处理受Cd Cl2胁迫的玉米(Zea mays L.)幼苗,以未用Cd Cl2处理的玉米幼苗作为对照(Control),探究GSNO对玉米幼苗Cd胁迫的缓解作用及其抗氧化机制。结果表明:GSNO处理使Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的株高、茎粗和叶面积与对照组相比显著增加,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳;在350μmol·L~(-1)GSNO处理下玉米幼苗各类光合色素含量在胁迫组均达到最大值,有效缓解了叶片黄化;GSNO处理(最适浓度在125~250μmol·L~(-1)之间)也显著增强了Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗的抗氧化酶活性,如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,相应地降低了过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O_2·)含量的积累;GSNO还可以显著提高玉米幼苗螯合重金属离子的能力,其中250μmol·L~(-1)浓度的GSNO处理效果最佳。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Transgene herbizidresistente Kulturen

Zusammenfassung Herbizidresistente Kulturpflanzen nehmen unter den derzeit weltweit angebauten gentechnisch veränderten Ackerbaukulturen Sojabohne, Baumwolle, Raps und Mais den weit überwiegenden Anteil ein. Als Ursachen für die rasche Zunahme der Anbauflächen herbizidresistenter Sorten sind unter anderem die Unzulänglichkeiten der für diese Kulturen bestehenden Herbizidlösungen sowie die Zunahme der pfluglosen Bestellverfahren zu sehen. Im Gegenzug hat die Minimalbodenbearbeitung aufgrund der Einführung der Herbizidresistenztechnologie, insbesondere in Sojabohne, ein ausgeprägtes Flächenwachstum erfahren.Als Entscheidungskriterien für die Wahl des Unkrautbekämpfungssystems unter Einbezug des Anbaus herbizidresistenter oder konventioneller Sorten lassen sich aus den Erfahrungen der vergangenen 8 Jahre anführen: Sortenleistung, erhöhte Kulturverträglichkeit und zeitliche Anwendungsflexibilität, Wirkungssicherheit einer Nachauflaufbehandlung in Trockenregionen, Wirkungsbreite, Wirkungsdauer und Bekämpfung resistenter Unkrautbiotypen. Aufgrund fehlender Zulassungen und Kennzeichnungsvorschriften in wichtigen Exportmärkten sind für den Anbau transgener Sorten in Übersee auch Vermarktungseinschränkungen sowie für den Anbau in Europa Haftungs- und Koexistenzregeln wichtige einzelbetriebliche Entscheidungsparameter.Fortschritte erfährt die Herbizidresistenztechnologie kurz- und mittelfristig in der Weiterentwicklung bereits praktizierter Spritzfolgen und Tankmischungen zu Fertigformulierungen der Komplementärherbizide mit residualen Partnern. Zur Bekämpfung und Vorbeugung der Ausbreitung neuer herbizidresistenter Biotypen werden die Komplementärherbizide mit Partnern anderer Wirkungsmechanismen kombiniert. Weitere Entwicklungen sind die Kombination verschiedener transgener Merkmale mit der Herbizidresistenz sowie die Ausweitung von den derzeit dominierenden Kulturen auf weltweit weniger bedeutsame Kulturen, in denen die Entwicklung neuer konventioneller Herbizidwirkstoffe bisher wenig erfolgreich war oder im Verhältnis zum Aufwand nur bedingt attraktiv ist. Für die langfristige Entwicklung könnte die Plastidentransformation zur Verhinderung einer unerwünschten Ausbreitung transgener Merkmale Bedeutung erlangen.     

Pathogenic fungi involved in root rot of peas in the Netherlands and their physiological specialization

Research on root rot pathogens of peas in the Netherlands has confirmed the prevalence ofFusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Pythium spp.,Mycosphaerella pinodes andPhoma medicaginis var.pinodella. Aphanomyces euteiches andThielaviopsis basicola were identified for the first time as pea pathogens in the Netherlands. Other pathogens such asRhizoctonia solani andCylindrocarpon destructans were also found on diseased parts of roots. F. solani existed in different degrees of pathogenicity, and was sometimes highly specific to pea, dwarf bean of field bean, depending on the cropping history of the field.A. euteiches was specific to peas, whereasT. basicola showed some degree of physiological specialization.     

Surveys of cereal diseases and pests in the Netherlands. 3. Monographella nivalis and Fusarium spp. in winter wheat fields and seed lots

Data from surveys of winter wheat fields in the period 1974–1986 and of seed lots in the period 1962–1986 and identifications of diseases on plant samples were compiled to describe the occurrence of snow mould (Monographella nivalis) andFusarium spp. On average,M. nivalis dominated overFusarium spp. The complex ofFusarium spp. constituted mainly ofF. culmorum, followed byF. avenaceum andF. graminearum. M. nivalis was dominant in May on stem-bases and in July on leaves and leaf sheaths. On seedsM. nivalis predominated only in years with low temperatures in July and August.Average brown footrot infection in the field was 4% tillers in May and 5% culms in July. Brown footrot intensity in July was high in cropping seasons with high precipitation in October and with low temperatures in October, November and December. In July during the early eighties, an average of 8% of leaves and 6% of flag leaf sheaths were infected byM. nivalis. Average ear blight incidence was 1.2% glumes infected. Seed contamination by these pathogens averaged 16% in the years 1962–1986. The contamination was high in years with high precipitation in June, July and August. Aspects of cv. resistance and yield loss are illustrated.