林木遗传图谱研究进展

林木遗传图谱是林木遗传学家进行林木遗传改良的重要工具。由于林木生长周期长,高度杂合,且多为异交物种,构建高密度的遗传图谱困难较大。本文对已构建的林木遗传图谱进行了总结,从遗传标记的选择、作图群体的构建和遗传作图策略三个方面综述了林木构建遗传图谱的过程,着重介绍林木遗传图谱构建的特殊之处,指出作图过程中可能存在的问题,并对构建高密度的林木遗传图谱进行了展望。     

林木遗传连锁图谱构建研究进展

林木遗传图谱是林木遗传学家进行林木遗传改良的重要工具。由于林木生长周期长, 高度杂合, 且多为异交物种, 构建高密度的遗传图谱困难较大。文中对已构建的林木遗传图谱进行总结, 从遗传标记的选择、作图群体的构建和遗传作图策略3个方面综述林木遗传图谱构建的过程, 着重介绍林木遗传图谱构建的特殊之处, 指出作图过程中可能存在的问题, 并对构建高密度的林木遗传图谱进行展望。     

林木遗传图谱的构建策略及存在的问题

遗传图谱是开展数量性状基因定位、标记辅助育种以及基因克隆等研究的基础,在理论和育种实践上都具有重要的意义,本文较为详尽地阐述了林木遗传图谱的构建过程,针对林木的自身特点探讨林木遗传图谱的作图策略,同时指出当前林木遗传图谱构建中存在的问题,并对林木高质量遗传图谱构建提出展望。     

林木遗传图谱研究的现状与展望

本文简述了世界林木遗传图谱构建研究的现状，重点论述了遗传图谱在数量性状基因位点、分子标记辅助选择、目的基因定位和分离方面的应用情况，并对这一新的研究领域进行了展望。     

林木遗传图谱研究的现状与展望

本文简述了世界林木遗传图谱构建研究的现状，重点论述了遗传图谱在数量性状基因位点、分子标记辅助选择、目的基因定位和分离方面的应用情况，并对这一新的研究领域进行了展望。     

科技信息

●我国林木遗传图谱构建取得重要进展由南京林业大学主持、中国科学院遗传研究所参加的国家自然科学基金项目“杉木杨树遗传图谱构建和数量性状基因定位项目” ,于日前通过了国家自然科学基金委员会组织的验收。这标志着我国林木遗传图谱构建取得重要进展。南京林业大学王明庥、黄敏仁、施季森主持这一项目后 ,经过近 4年的研究 ,课题组在构建林木遗传图谱等方面取得了显著的研究结果和进展。他们通过对杨树、马尾松、杉木、桉树等 4个物种进行认真的分析 ,成功构建了杉木、响叶杨×银白杨、马尾松、美洲黑杨×欧美杨以及尾叶桉×细叶桉等 5…     

表达序列标签(EST)分析及其在林木研究中的应用

简要叙述了表达序列标签EST技术的原理和流程,综述了EST在研究林木木材形成和其它生物学过程时新基因的发现、基因表达分析和基因芯片方面的应用进展以及在开发林木单核苷酸多态性和简单序列重复等分子标记和构建遗传图谱方面的应用进展,并对其在林木基因组研究中的应用前景进行了展望。     

林木遗传图谱构建和数量性状基因定位

本文简要介绍了９０年代以来利用ＲＦＬＰ和ＲＡＰＤ分子标记的构建林木的遗传连锁图谱，并应用高密度的遣传连锁图谱上的分子标记进行林木重要数量性状的ＱＴＬ作图，进而阐明了控制多基因的数目，确定ＱＴＬ在染色体上的位置，测定单个基因的作用效应，遗传连锁图谱构建和数量性状基因定位预示林木遗传育种研究将产生深刻的变革。     

RAPD标记在林木遗传育种研究中的应用进展

RAPD技术是一种随机扩增多态性DNA的方法，该技术操作简单、快捷、经济，可从分子水平提供直接的遗传证据。文章阐述了RAPD技术在林木遗传育种研究中4个方面的应用进展，即遗传图谱构建、品种鉴别及亲缘关系分析、遗传多样性分析和标记辅助选择育种。同时展望了RAPD技术的应用前景。     

杨树基因工程研究进展

运用现代分子生物学技术进行林木遗传改良研究具有重要的现实意义。介绍了杨树基因工程方面的研究进展，综述了杨树遗传图谱构建、基因克隆及转基因应用研究方面的状况，并对杨树基因工程研究存在的问题和前景进行了讨论。总结了杨树基因工程研究的规律，以促进林木基因工程研究的发展。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.