豫杂一号泡桐茎尖的玻璃化法超低温保存方法研究

以豫杂一号泡桐健壮组培苗为研究材料,从低温锻炼时间、预处理时间、装载液处理时间、玻璃化液处理时间及液氮保存时间5个方面研究其茎尖玻璃化法超低温保存方法。结果表明,豫杂一号泡桐茎尖玻璃化法超低温适宜的保存方法为,2 cm的茎尖在附加0.4 mol·L-1甘油和0.3 mol·L-1蔗糖的MS培养基上预培养2天,然后剥取2～3 mm的茎尖,用装载液(MS+2 mol·L-1甘油+0.4 mol·L-1蔗糖)装载60 min,再用玻璃化溶液(PVS2)于0℃下处理1.5 h,换1次玻璃化溶液后迅速投入液氮,保存l h后于40℃水浴中化冻70 s,再转到室温下用去装载液(MS+1.2 mol·L-1蔗糖)洗涤2次,每次10 min。以TTC法检测,豫杂一号泡桐茎尖成活率最高可达85.74%,保存效果较好。     

新疆杨不定芽短中期离体保存的研究

以新疆杨不定芽为材料,研究甘露醇、蔗糖和温度对其短中期离体保存的影响.不定芽在添加一定浓度甘露醇和蔗糖的1/2MS培养基上4℃保存225d发现,添加20g/L甘露醇或0g/L蔗糖的处理叶片变黄和茎变红数最少,而0g/L甘露醇和20g/L蔗糖的处理的芽恢复分化能力最强,达5.9个/芽,说明含20g/L蔗糖的1/2MS培养基更有益于新疆杨不定芽的保存.不添加任何激素的不定芽分别在4℃和25℃保存225d,存活率分别为100%和59%,将其连续转接3代,40℃保存苗可完全恢复分化率.增生率达6.1个/芽,而25℃保存苗第3代仍未恢复到原分化水平,表明4℃比25℃更有利于新疆杨芽的离体保存.     

二穗短柄草植株再生体系的建立

以成熟种子为外植体建立二穗短柄草植株再生体系,结果表明:二穗短柄草成熟种子经1%次氯酸钠消毒液处理20min,接种于MS+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)培养基中培养5d,萌发率为90%,褐化率为10%,污染率为0;萌发种子转入到愈伤组织诱导培养基MS+1mg/L 6-BA+1mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/L NAA+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)上继代培养,光照条件下愈伤组织诱导率为86%,黑暗条件下愈伤组织诱导率为64%;二穗短柄草愈伤组织在MS+2mg/L 6-BA+0.1mg/L 2,4-D+0.5mg/L NAA+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)进行不定芽诱导,不定芽发生率为90%;无根丛生芽继代转入到不定根诱导培养基1/2MS+0.5mg/L IBA+0.25mg/L NAA+4%蔗糖(pH 5.5)中,5d以后可以见到不定根的形成,15d后不定根发生率为91%;在研究中还发现,二穗短柄草种子萌发后可直接继代转入不定芽分化培养基形成健壮不定芽,不定芽诱导率为94%。     

紫菀石斛组培快繁技术研究

以紫菀石斛野生蒴果为外植体进行组培快繁和假植育苗试验,结果表明:种子萌发及原球茎诱导最适宜培养基为1/2 MS+蔗糖25 g/L+琼脂5.0 g/L+马铃薯泥5 g/L,萌发率达95%;增殖分化培养基为MS+蔗糖30 g/L+琼脂5.0 g/L+马铃薯泥50 g/L+香蕉泥20 g/L+6-BA 0.2 mg/L,增殖倍数达10.2倍;壮苗生根培养基3/4MS+蔗糖20 g/L+琼脂5.0 g/L+马铃薯泥30 g/L+香蕉泥70 g/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L,生根率达100%;移栽炼苗基质以树皮屑/刨花=1体积比组合最好,移栽成活率在96%以上。     

丽格海棠组培快繁技术体系的建立及优化

对丽格海棠离体快繁的关键技术作了进一步的优化,利用种子萌发的无菌幼苗,建立了丽格海棠的快繁技术体系,主要结果有:1/2MS+3%蔗糖的培养基是丽格海棠种子萌发的最适培养基,萌发率达72.7%.16种不定芽发生的培养基中,MS+6-BA1.0 mg/L+NAA 0.5 mg/L最有利于幼叶不定芽的分化,不定芽数达10.6个/外植体;9种不定芽增殖培养基中,MS+6-BA0.5 mg/L+NAA 0.05 mg/L效果最优,诱导出的芽数多,增殖系数达6.8倍,且小苗健壮.在MS+IBA 0.2 mg/L+1.5%蔗糖为最佳生根培养基,根粗而壮.炼苗移栽后易成活,成活率达90%以上,上盆移栽后,3个月植株开出艳丽的花朵.     

南方常绿杨再生体系建立

用南方常绿杨 (Popullusdeltiodes×P nigra )优良无性系扦插苗侧枝嫩茎外植体 ,建立无菌再生体系。用 0 3%Hgcl2 处理 10min ,无菌外植体获取率 80 % ,茎段萌动率 95 % ,芽启动培养基为改良MS +6 -BA 3mg/L+KT 1mg/L +NAA 1mg/L ,分化率 90 % ,继代培养基为改良MS +6 -BA 0 5mg/L +NAA 0 2mg/L ,增殖系数 4 4 ;在 30 0 0lx散射光照下培养 ,芽生长正常 ,无玻璃化苗 ;生根培养基为 1/2改良MSIAA 1 5mg/L +IBA 1mg/L生根率 98% ;黄心土 :沙为 2∶1组合基质移栽成活率 96 %。     

二乔刺槐愈伤组织超低温保存及适宜降温方法

二乔刺槐叶片在添加5 mg·L-16-BA的MS培养基上诱导出愈伤组织.将愈伤组织在冻存液(MS+10%DMSO+0.5 mol·L-1蔗糖)中于4℃预冷2 h,置人程序降温仪以1℃·min-1的速率降温至-7℃停留1 h,再以0.1℃·min-1的冷却速率将样品冷却至-20℃,平衡1 h,接下来以0.3℃·min-1的冷却速率将样品冷却至-40℃投入液氮保存,是适宜的降温方法.液氮保存1天后以38℃温水浴解冻.解冻后将愈伤组织用液体培养基(MS+6-BA 5 mg·L-1+30 g·L-1蔗糖)洗涤后转入恢复培养基暗培养,14天后放于光照下培养.光培养3天后冻后愈伤组织上开始长出新生愈伤组织颗粒,成活率最高可达52%,新生愈伤组织可诱导成苗.     

白刺花胚性愈伤组织诱导及体细胞胚发生

【目的】探讨不同植物生长调节剂对白刺花胚性愈伤组织诱导的作用,以及培养基中氮源和无机盐浓度对白刺花体细胞胚发生和植株再生的影响,以期建立白刺花体细胞胚发生、发育及调控技术体系,为白刺花种苗快速繁殖体系建立及遗传转化研究提供参考。【方法】以白刺花叶片为外植体,研究生长调节剂2,4-D(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 mg ·L -1 )、NAA(0、0.5、0.8、1.0 mg ·L -1 )、6-BA(0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0 mg ·L -1 )和TDZ(0、0.2、0.5、1.0 mg ·L -1 )组合对胚性愈伤组织诱导,及NAA(0、0.2、0.5 mg ·L -1 )、6-BA(0、0.5、1.0 mg ·L -1 )和TDZ(0、0.2、0.5 mg ·L -1 )组合对体细胞胚发生的调控作用,筛选最优生长调节剂组合;并研究培养基中KNO 3和NH 4NO 3比例对体细胞胚发生的作用,及MS培养基中无机盐浓度(1/5MS 、1/4MS、1/3MS、1/2MS)对体细胞胚萌发的影响,筛选最佳的体细胞胚发育及成熟萌发条件。【结果】白刺花叶片外植体胚性愈伤组织诱导适宜培养基为MS + 2,4-D 3.0 mg ·L -1 + NAA 0.5 mg ·L -1 + 6-BA 0.2 mg ·L -1 + TDZ 1.0 mg ·L -1 +蔗糖40 g ·L -1 +琼脂7.0 g ·L -1 ,诱导率为42.0%。采用MS基本培养基时,最佳的体细胞胚发生培养基为MS + NAA 0.5 mg ·L -1 + 6-BA 1.0 mg ·L -1 + TDZ 0.5 mg ·L -1 +蔗糖40 g ·L -1 +谷氨酰胺100 mg ·L -1 +琼脂7.0 g ·L -1 ,体细胞胚发生率为78.46%,总胚数为对照的3.6倍;MS培养基中,KNO 3浓度提高1倍、NH 4NO 3降至1/2时,体细胞胚发生率可提高至91.33%,总胚数为采用MS基本培养基时的1.4倍;1/3MS培养基有利于体细胞胚的萌发,萌发率为82.75%,幼苗长势良好,单株平均鲜质量为76 mg,幼苗驯化移栽1个月后成活率达90%以上。【结论】白刺花叶片接种于添加2,4-D、NAA、6-BA和TDZ不同组合的诱导培养基上,可脱分化形成愈伤组织或胚性愈伤组织,2,4-D浓度对愈伤组织形态和质地有较大影响。TDZ有利于体细胞胚的形成,适宜浓度的生长素与细胞分裂素组合及硝态氮和铵态氮的比例对体细胞胚的形成和发育具有调控作用,降低MS无机盐浓度可提高体细胞胚萌发率,本试验体系的再生植株移栽成活率达90%以上。     

毛白杨优良无性系腋芽快速繁殖新工艺

为了保持优良无性系的遗传特性,研究腋芽直接形成芽的快速增殖方法,对基本培养基N、K等营养元素进行优选试验,筛选出最佳的初次培养基:改良的MS(1/4NH_4NO_3,1/4KNO_3,其他成分不变)+BA0.2mg/L+NAA0.01mg/L+蔗糖2.5%;继代培养基:改良的MS(1/4NH_4NO_3,1/4KNO_3,增加KH_2PO_450mg/L,其它成分不变)+BA0.2mg/L+蔗糖2.5%和生根培养基:改良的MS(1/4NH_4NO_3,其他成分不变)+NAA0.03mg/L+蔗糖1.5%。组培苗芽苗不发生玻璃化,生长粗壮,1个芽一年可增殖近2万株;生根率98%以上,根系良好;全光喷雾移栽,成活率达83.06%。     

西伯利亚花楸试管苗保存技术

以西伯利亚花楸幼嫩茎段为外植体,0.1%(m/v)升汞消毒6 m in,在MS+6BA 0.8 mg/L+NAA 0.08 mg/L+KT 0.4 mg/L+IBA 0.04 mg/L的增殖培养基上,成功地建立了西伯利亚花楸试管苗增殖体系。研究了不同保存条件和培养基对试管苗保存效果的影响,结果表明:试管苗在(2±2)℃的冰箱冷藏室,可有效保存240天以上,在MS+琼脂7 g/L+蔗糖50 g/L的培养基上,试管苗的生长得到明显的抑制。保存后的试管苗增殖、生根、驯化效果良好,生长正常。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.