播期和密度对芸豆生长、干物质积累及产量的影响

基于黑龙江省芸豆主栽地区春季频繁发生低温干旱,生产上经常晚播的生产实际,为了寻求适应实际生产条件的播期和密度协调栽培技术,在大田试验条件下探讨了5月15日(I)、5月25日(II)、6月04日(III)3个播期和15万株/hm~2(D1)、20万株/hm~2(D2)、25万株/hm~2(D3)、30万株/hm~2(D4)4个种植密度对芸豆植株性状、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:相比于第I播期,第II和III播期条件下,芸豆的株高、茎粗、主茎节数和分枝数均有所下降,但芸豆的生长率有所增加。同时,随播期的推迟,芸豆花后的单株干物质积累和群体干物质积累逐渐下降趋势,单株荚数和单株粒数呈先增后减趋势。II-D2处理的产量最高,其次为I-D2和III-D3处理,分别比不同播期下D1处理多27.18%~45.31%、17.57%~34.34%、14.92%~31.31%。总体来看,在3种播期下,合理的种植密度能够使芸豆生长率、花后群体干物质积累增加,构建优良群体结构,在晚播(III)时适度密植(D3)的增产稳产优势更明显。     

播期对毛叶苕子生长发育及产量的影响

针对内蒙古黄土高原毛叶苕子苗情不稳、低产晚熟等问题,通过连续2年田间小区试验,探究4月10日（ST₁）、4月20日（ST₂）、4月30日（ST₃）和5月10日（ST₄）4个播期下毛叶苕子生育期持续时间、农艺性状、干物质累积和籽粒产量变化规律。结果表明：播期对毛叶苕子各生育期持续时间及出苗率有显著影响,不同播期下毛叶苕子株高、单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株根瘤数差异显著,且干物质积累量呈慢—快—慢增长趋势,其中均以ST₂播期表现最好;在产量方面,2年均以ST₂处理最高,为942.45~1 056.75kg/hm²,籽粒产量同积温和降水量显著相关,且积温对产量的影响最大。综上所述,4月20日播种毛叶苕子能较大程度适应当地水热条件,增加单株荚数、单荚粒数和单株根瘤数,实现稳产高产。4月20日为内蒙古黄土高原毛叶苕子最佳播期。     

不同施肥水平对芝麻干物质积累与分配的影响

以‘皖芝1号’和‘豫芝4号’为试验材料,研究不同施肥水平下芝麻干物质积累规律,指导芝麻生产实践。采用两因素（施肥、品种）随机区组设计,于芝麻不同生育期取样,测定各器官干物质积累量。芝麻干物质积累呈现慢-快-慢的变化趋势,各器官在不同施肥水平下干物质积累趋势基本相同。苗期到初花期干物质分配中心以茎叶为主,后期分配中心转向蒴果和籽粒。随着施肥量的增加干物质积累量增加,但是施肥量过高或过低都不利于芝麻获得高产。选择适宜品种,合理施肥,促进干物质的快速积累与分配是芝麻获得高产的关键。     

基于动态模拟模型分析冬小麦干物质积累特征对产量的影响

为揭示冬小麦产量形成与干物质积累的定量关系,2009—2011年利用3个田间试验建立了不同播种期、基本苗、底肥用量、追氮时期和用量、冬前灌水量、返青后灌水量和灌水时期等的冬小麦群体,分析了冬小麦干物质积累过程特征对产量及其构成因素的影响机制和定量关系。冬前干物质积累特征用单株干物重和冬前茎蘖数来表示,越冬后特征由基于相对积温(R_GDDi)的Logistic曲线特征来描述。结果表明,群体干物质积累最大速率、干物质积累速率的2个拐点等特征量与产量及其构成因子有紧密的联系,所建立的关系模型均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。对有关模型进一步用独立样本进行配对t-检验,结果模拟值与实际值差异不显著(P>0.05)。基于相对积温(R_GDDi)的Logistic模型不仅能较好地描述小麦冬后干物质积累过程,而且其曲线特征也能用于分析冬小麦产量及其构成因素的形成规律,以此为基础的产量关系方程可用于冬小麦生产群体调控的理论分析。     

Nitrogen Distribution and Dry Matter Accumulation in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) as Influenced by N Nutrition

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study N distribution and dry matter accumulation in oilseed rape ( Brassica napus L. cv. Callypso ) in relation to N supply. Three levels of N supply (30, 100 or 170 ppm N) were tested as treatments. Stem and leaf dry weights increased at higher N fertility up to 170 ppm N but root dry weight did not respond to N. Dry matter yield during the vegetative phase was seriously depressed by N deficiency. Most of the plant dry matter was accumulated in the lower segments of the stem and roots. Dry weights of stem and axillary branches increased significantly as N supply increased up to 100 ppm N. Although hull dry weight increased with N supply up to 100 ppm N, seed dry weight did not respond to N. High root N concentration was maintained at 100 or 170 ppm N; but declined as plants advanced in age. N content of leaf and stem also declined with time. Leaf growth was particularly responsive to N fertility and N was mobilised from the older to the younger leaves over time. Nitrogen content of hulls and seeds increased significantly with N supply but N was translocated from the vegetative into the generative organs or from older into younger tissues during pod development. There is need for proper N fertility management in order to achieve successful rape production.     

双季稻区长期不同施肥管理对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响

为探明双季稻区不同施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响, 以 ‘通 0306’ 和 ‘蒙啤麦 1号’ 为材料, 采用田间小区试验方法, 系统比较研究了 30%有机肥+70%化肥、 60%有机肥+40%化肥和无肥 3种施肥制度对大麦干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明, 大麦主要生育期, 单株根系、 茎干物质和地上部分干重均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥; 分蘖期至成熟期, 各处理间大麦单株根系和茎干重差异均达显著水平。叶、 穗均表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 60%有机肥和 30%有机肥处理均显著高于对照。分蘖期到成熟期, 根系干重占总干物质量的比例为无肥＞30%有机肥＞60%有机肥, 穗干重比例为 30%有机肥＞60%有机肥＞无肥; 拔节期到成熟期, 茎的比例均以 60%有机肥处理最高; 叶干物质比例在成熟期为无肥＞60%有机肥＞30%有机肥。大麦主要生育期, 30%有机肥和 60%有机肥处理大麦叶片 SPAD值均显著高于无肥处理; 成熟期, 各处理间差异达显著水平。大麦各生育期, 各处理大麦单株叶面积表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥。各施肥处理大麦产量表现为 60%有机肥＞30%有机肥＞无肥, 分别比无肥增产 717.45~721.15 kg/hm²和 756.45~782.05 kg/hm²。说明不同施肥制度大麦干物质积累和产量有各自特征, 有机肥与化肥配施处理植株干物质总量大而且分配合理, 有利于改善产量构成因素, 增加大麦产量。     

Growth Analysis in Relation to Pigeonpea Improvement

An attempt was made to assess possible constraints to higher production, with respect to partitioning of total dry matter to reproductive sinks in early pigeonpea. Growth, dry matter accumulation and yield components were determined in four diverse genotypes under four dates of sowing and different plant densities. Data on growth characteristics, dry matter accumulation (vegetative and reproductive) were obtained for three sowings, while the data on yield components were obtained for two dates of sowing. Growth analysis showed that the total dry matter was low upto 30 days after sowing and increased linearly upto 120 days. Coversely, LAD was high for the first 30 days and reduced at later stages of growth. The mean LAI of genotypes did not very much at initial stage of growth. However, it has given interesting picture during 70 to 90 days of growth. The higher biological yield and seed yield were attributable to high LAI and LAD coupled with thick stem, more effective branches, more pods per plant and larger raceme length. Harvest index was the maximum with increased plant populations in all sowings. Indeterminate varieties under high plant density and narrow row spacing (50 cm) developed a large leaf area and were presumably able to make better use of light. Growth and branching of individual plants were reduced at the higher plant population, but on per unit basis more dry matter was produced. It is suggested that breeding should be concentrated to improve an inability to accumulate adequate vegetative dry matter for the maintenance and filling of pods, may force the plant to continue vegetative production into the reproductive dry matter to support production of ultimate seed yield.     

不同播期对直播早稻干物质积累的影响

为明确播期对直播早稻个体和群体干物质积累的影响。以常规籼稻中早35和中早39为材料,利用大田分期播种试验,分析不同播期直播早稻干物质积累及转运的差异。结果表明,随播期推迟,全生育期积温逐渐减少,抽穗后积温逐渐增加。成苗率随分蘖前日平均温度升高而增加,成苗率与单株干物质积累量呈系数为0.83以上的极显著负相关关系,与单位面积干物质积累量呈系数为0.72以上的显著正相关关系。随播期推迟,茎叶干物质向子粒输出转化逐渐减少,单株和单位面积茎叶干物质输出转化与抽穗后积温呈负相关关系,单株抽穗后光合产物积累量随积温增加而减少,单位面积抽穗后光合产物积累量随积温增加而增加。在水稻直播生产过程中,提前播种,保证一定基本苗,协调好个体和群体干物质积累和转化,能获得较高产量。     

不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相关研究

为了探讨黑龙江省南部稻区不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相互关系,选用了该稻区不同时期主栽的6个品种为试验材料,通过田间小区对比试验进行研究,结果表明：不同水稻品种干物质积累总的趋势是前期低、后期高、中期次之;不同水稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后干物质积累量比例不同,抽穗后干物质积累量明显高于抽穗前干物质积累量;干物质积累量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳2号’、‘松粳6号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;产量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳6号’、‘松粳2号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;拔节至齐穗期和齐穗至成熟期干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与每穗粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;抽穗后干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;总干物质积累量与产量呈极显著正相关;成穗率与产量呈极显著正相关,结实率与产量呈显著正相关。合理提高拔节至成熟期干物质积累量有利于提高本稻区水稻产量。     

Screening of Chickpeas for Adaptation to Autumn Sowing

Dry matter accumulation was determined in 27 chickpea (Cicer arietinum) lines in time‐of‐sowing field trials and in controlled‐environment chambers at day/night temperatures of 13/5, 18/8 and 23/13 °C to assess tolerance to growth‐inhibiting temperatures. Field trials were based at Narrabri, NSW, Australia, in a region of summer‐dominant rainfall where winter crops are grown on stored soil moisture. Percentage emergence was lower than expected in some field trials and in the coolest controlled environment. Subsequent dry matter accumulation showed the effects of poor crop establishment until the onset of flowering. Kabuli types were more susceptible to poor emergence than desi types. Different lines yielded the greatest dry matter production at different stages of growth. In the seedling phase, to 30 days after emergence, kabuli accessions SP1.563 and Garnet showed significantly greater dry matter accumulation than all other accessions in all controlled environments, suggesting broad adaptation. One desi accession, Gully, was almost as productive as these two kabuli accessions in the intermediate environment but was much poorer in the other environments, indicating very narrow adaptation. In the vegetative phase, the greatest relative growth rates were found in the desi accessions. Line 940‐26 was identified as highly productive in both field and controlled‐environment experiments. Dry matter accumulation was not significantly affected by temperature, although it was slightly greater in the coolest controlled environment than in the other two. The accession by temperature interaction was not significant, showing that the breadth of adaptation was similar in all accessions during this growth phase. The optimum time of sowing for dry matter accumulation was late May, 4–6 weeks before the winter solstice. The results showed that chickpeas are well adapted to germination and seedling establishment in moderate conditions, followed by vegetative growth in cooler conditions. These conditions are typical following autumn sowing in a Mediterranean or temperate environment. Kabuli types appear to have stronger growth during the seedling phase and desi types during the vegetative phase. Recombination of these traits could lead to more productive cultivars.     

黄淮海夏大豆干物质积累、转运及产量对播期的响应特征

为了明确播期对大豆干物质积累,花前、花后同化物转运及产量的影响,促进大豆新品种推广及高产稳产.以'菏豆37'为试验材料,设置6月5日(D1)、6月15日(D2)、6月25日(D3)3个播期处理,用Logistic曲线方程,对数据进行分析.D2播期下大豆营养器官、生殖器官及单株地上部进入干物质快速积累起始时间均最早,分别...     

行距对机采棉干物质积累及氮磷利用效率的影响

【目的】新疆棉花生产的主要环节均已实现机械化,但采摘环节仍大量使用人工,农机农艺不协调是导致机收比例低的主要原因。优化机采棉行距配置是实现农机农艺融合的有效途径,因此本研究通过设置不同的机采棉行距,探究其对棉花产量形成及养分利用的影响,为机采棉行距配置的优化提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计,选择生产中最佳密度,在密度一致基础上,设置"一膜三行"(S1,平均行距76 cm)、"一膜四行"(S2,平均行距57 cm)、"一膜六行"(S3,平均行距38 cm)3种行距,其中S3处理为常规机采行距(CK),研究行距对棉花干物质积累、分配以及对产量形成及氮、磷养分吸收利用的影响。【结果】不同行距下棉花干物质的积累符合Logistic生长函数模型。2年均值表明随着平均行距的降低,单株干物质积累总量降低43.3%,干物质最大积累速率降低(1.4 g·株-1·d-1),快速积累期起始时间从出苗后51.4 d逐渐推迟至62.5 d,但快速积累持续时长从19.7 d增加至35.1 d。增加行距显著提高单株成铃(0.9个),对铃重及衣分无显著影响,籽棉及皮棉产量显著增加16.7%和17.4%。行距对植株养分积累与分配有显著的影响,S1处理氮积累总量(907.0 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(58.3 kg·hm-2)、吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 55.7%和P2O569.1%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(32.1 kg)均最高;而S3处理氮积累总量(664.5 kg·hm-2)、磷积累总量(38.9 kg·hm-2)最低,S2处理吐絮期经济器官氮分配率和磷分配率(N 48.5%和P2O560.3%)、每100 kg皮棉氮素吸收量(28.6 kg)最低。【结论】综合来看,一膜三行下植株养分指标及产量均优于其他行距,更适宜作为高效机采的行距。     

施氮量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探讨施氮量与‘松粳9号’干物质积累、产量、氮肥利用率之间的关系,明确最佳氮肥施用量,使其在生产中真正发挥超级稻的增产潜力。以超级稻‘松粳9号’为材料,通过田间小区对比试验,研究了不同氮肥施用量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,在水稻齐穗期,地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加而增加;成熟期地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加出现先增后减的趋势。氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加而降低。随着施氮量的增加产量出现先增后减的趋势。产量与成熟期稻穗和植株干物重、齐穗期稻穗含氮量、成熟期稻穗和植株含氮量呈极显著正相关,与氮肥生理利用率呈显著正相关。施氮量195 kg/hm²能实现超级稻‘松粳9号’最高产量。     

留营养枝棉花群体干物质积累分配规律研究

研究结果表明,留营养枝对棉花叶和生殖器官的干物质积累分配无显著影响,但影响主茎的生长,使主茎干物质积累量减少;早打主茎顶心促进营养枝的生长,群体总干物质积累量增加。从产量构成因素分析,留营养枝棉花主茎果枝结铃数量减少,平均单铃重略有降低,但由于叶枝结铃可以弥补主茎结铃损失,群体总结铃数加有增加,皮棉产量与对照无显著差异;留营养枝早打主茎顶心,营养枝结铃数量增加,单铃重降低,但衣分提高,对群体铃数及皮棉产量无显著影响。     

施用高氮控释肥对辣椒生长及干物质分配的影响

以‘陇椒5号’辣椒为试验材料,不施肥(CK)和普通施肥(CK1)为对照,通过盆栽方式,研究““一次性基施””不同缓释期高氮控释肥和““一基多追””普通化肥的施肥方式对辣椒生长、干物质积累以及不同器官干物质分配的影响,以期为辣椒栽培中合理使用控释肥提供理论依据。结果表明,与CK相比,施肥可显著提高辣椒株高、茎粗、叶面积的增长以及干物质的积累,促进辣椒地上部干物质积累,增强根系活力。辣椒移栽120天内,“一次性基施”控释肥的辣椒植株干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥低19.3%~30.5%、干物质积累速率低20.8%~33.5%;移栽120天后,干物质积累量较“一基多追”普通化肥高3.9%~15.5%、干物质积累速率高60.9%~63.6%;干物质最大积累速率出现的时间滞后26~29天;“一次性基施”控释肥使根的干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥低8.3%~11.1%,叶片干物质分配较“一基多追”普通化肥高7.0%~7.2%。说明“一次性基施”控释肥有利于生育后期辣椒的生长。     

Variation in Photosynthetic Traits in Barnyard Millet (Echinocloa frumentaceae) Genotypes

A field experiment was conducted to assess the genotypic variability in 41 divergent barnyard millet ( Echinocloa frumentaceae L.) genotypes. A high degree of variation was observed for photosynthesis and other related characteristics. However, for specific leaf weight (SLW), the differences amongst genotypes were non-significant. The seasonal means of photosynthetic rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), A/Ci ratio and total dry matter at harvest were positively and significantly correlated. None of the other parameters showed any significant relationship with total dry matter recorded at harvest. Leaf photosynthetic rate showed a positive but non-significant relationship with SLW, and it is suggested that photosynthesis rate seems to be the best selection criterion in barnyard millet. A strong and positive relationship was observed between A/E ratio, A/Ci ratio and A/gs ratio, indicating that both A/Ci ratio and A/gs had a strong influence on the water use efficiency of the leaf.     

不同播期马铃薯干物质实验与模拟的比较研究

为了研究不同播期马铃薯干物质的积累情况,运用数理统计和作物生长模型等方法,对2008年4-6月宁夏西吉10个不同播期的马铃薯干物质和气象因子数据进行处理分析。结果表明,马铃薯株茎干物质的积累过程为S型曲线,并分别与积温、累积降水、日照时数3个气象因子之间有显著的相关性,块茎干物质与气象因子的相关性不明显;随着播期的推迟,产量有增长趋势,4、5月播期的增长趋势不明显,波动也不大,6月产量增幅较大;作物生长模型模拟的产量偏大,随着播期的推迟生育期明显缩短,产量有增加的趋势,但是趋势很平缓。     

向日葵干物质转运及产量对播种期和栽培密度的响应

以油用向日葵T562为供试材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了5个播期（4月25日、5月2日、5月9日、5月16日及5月23日）和4个种植密度（3.75×10⁴、4.50×10⁴、5.25×10⁴、6.00×10⁴株/hm²）条件下向日葵干物质转运及产量变化。结果表明：随着播期的推迟,向日葵各生育期均缩短,播期对向日葵出苗至开花阶段影响较大,对开花至成熟阶段影响较小。成熟期植株干物质积累量在不同密度下的均值依次为4.50×10⁴>3.75×10⁴>6.00×10⁴>5.25×10⁴株/hm²。随种植密度的增加单盘粒重逐渐降低,产量逐渐增加。籽仁率在播期5月16日、密度5.25×10⁴株/hm²处理下达最大,为74.09%;百粒重及产量在播期5月2日、密度6.00×10⁴株/hm²处理下达最大,分别为8.76g、6859.00kg/hm²;单盘粒重在播期5月23日、密度3.75×10⁴株/hm²处理下达到最大,为138.14g。     

播种量对‘鑫麦296’产量和干物质生产及转运的影响

为研究播种量对‘鑫麦296’干物质生产与转运能力,以及籽粒产量的影响,设计75、150、225、300、375 kg/hm²5个播量条件,对5个播量条件下不同生育时期各器官干物质量和籽粒产量进行测定,并计算干物质转运量和转运率。结果表明,150 kg/hm²播量条件下,拔节—开花和开花—成熟2个阶段干物质积累量、花后干物质生产量、花后干物质生产对籽粒的贡献率和成熟期籽粒干物质量最高,且与其他播量差异均达显著水平;花后各器官干物质量均在150 kg/hm²播量水平条件下达到最高,其中收获期的穗部干物质量和花后各时期整株的干物质量也均在150 kg/hm²播量水平条件下达到最高,且与其他播量条件下差异达显著水平;‘鑫麦296’的产量在150 kg/hm²播量水平条件下达到最高,且与其他播量条件下差异达显著水平,在不同播量水平条件下产量变化趋势为150 kg/hm²>75 kg/hm²>225 kg/hm²>300 kg/hm²>375 kg/hm²。本研究可以为不同品种小麦的播量研究提供参考。     

不同栽培模式下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究

为解析不同栽培模式下产量形成差异,密、肥合理调控和选择最佳栽培模式提供理论指导,以‘先玉335’和‘金山27’为供试品种,在西辽河平原研究了农户模式(NH)、高产模式(GC)和再高产模式(ZGC)下春玉米物质积累与转运特性的研究。结果表明,春玉米各生育时期单株干物质积累量均表现为NH>GC>ZGC,且3种模式间的差异随着生育进程推移而增大;春玉米群体干物质积累量则表现为ZGC>GC>NH,且在成熟期不同模式间差异均达到显著或极显著水平。春玉米单株干物质最大积累速率表现为NH>GC>ZGC,群体干物质最大积累速率的大小顺序则与之相反。春玉米各营养器官干物质转移量、转移率及其对籽粒的贡献率总体上表现为NH>GC>ZGC。从各器官的转运情况来看,2个品种叶的转移率高于茎鞘和穗部营养体,且以穗部营养体最小;器官物质转运贡献率‘先玉335’表现为茎鞘>叶片,而‘金山27’则表现为叶片>茎鞘;穗部营养体物质转运对籽粒的贡献率‘先玉335’大于‘金山27’。