Mode of attachment and lesions associated with trypanorhynch cestodes in the gastrointestinal tracts of two species of sharks collected from coastal waters of Borneo

Lesions associated with two species of tapeworms within the digestive tract of wild-caught specimens of the bull shark, Carcharhinus leucas, and the sicklefin weasel shark, Hemigaleus microstoma, from Malaysian Borneo are described. Portions of the glandular stomach and pyloric gut with parasites were removed and fixed in 10% formalin buffered in sea water. Whole mounts, histological sections of tissues with and without worms in situ, and scanning electron microscopy images of detached worms were examined. Both species of cestodes belonged to the trypanorhynch family Tentaculariidae. Heteronybelinia estigmena was found in large numbers parasitizing the pyloric gut of C. leucas; an unidentified tentaculariid was found in relatively small numbers in both the glandular stomach and pyloric gut of H. microstoma. Both species burrowed their scoleces deeply in the mucosa and attached via hooked tentacles and unciniform microtriches of the scolex. The lesions induced by the parasites were marked in both sharks and ranged from acute necrotizing to chronic granulomatous gastroenteritis. Regenerative hyperplasia and intestinal metaplasia of gastric epithelium were also present. The severity and character of pathology was causally linked to the intensity of infection, the attachment mode of the parasites, and to the anatomophysiological relationships within the gut of the host shark.     

军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

本文利用连续石蜡切片方法对军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育（1～29日龄）进行了光镜观察。结果表明食道前部内侧纵行肌纤维发达,后部球形粘液细胞更丰富;胃腺的分化较晚,在仔鱼后期(即出膜后8天)才见胃腺细胞团。胃幽门部无胃腺,但具发达的肌层。肠上皮的纹状缘出现较早,1日龄时就可见,而且发育较快,3日龄时很发达。 肠后段黏液细胞明显多于前段和中段。肝脏发育较早,但16日龄仔鱼才开始贮存脂质。胰腺为弥散型,2日龄出现。军曹鱼这些结构特点的变化是与其摄食、消化、吸收的功能相适应的,而且,军曹鱼的摄食方式以及食性也随着消化系统的发育而变化。     

Ontogeny of digestive tract functionality in Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus studied by in vivo microinjection: pH and assimilation of free amino acids

To specifically study the functional ontogeny of the digestive tract, larvae of Japanese flounder at various developmental stages were injected with liquid solutions using tube feeding in vivo. The survival in the stages tested was on average 93%. The injected solutions were almost completely transferred from the presumptive stomach, or stomach to the midgut within 10 min of injection. The passage to the hindgut in some cases started 10 min after injection and over 90% of the solution had passed from the midgut to the hindgut after 1 h. In most cases the hindgut seemed to be completely empty after 3 h.Two different mixtures of pH indicators with sensitivities in the alkaline (7.5 to 9) and acid (4 to 6) ranges respectively were used for assessment of pH in the various gut segments. The pH of the stomach remained alkaline during the larval period, but had fallen close to 4 during late metamorphosis, an indication of active HCl secretion and progressive stomach differentiation. In mid and late metamorphosing fish a rapid colour change in the pH indicator was observed once it had passed the pyloric sphincter. This demonstrates that there was also active secretion of alkaline fluid, most likely HCO₃ ^–, from the pancreas into the pylorus lumen.A single injection of liquid solution of ¹⁴C-FAA showed that assimilation of FAA was high in all stages tested (79.5 ± 7.1%; SD; n=91). The presently reported data for Japanese flounder support earlier studies that FAA are absorbed with a high efficiency in the early stages of marine fish.     

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I in the gastrointestinal tract of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

The expression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) in the gut of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) smolt was investigated at the cellular level using in situ hybridization. A hybridization protocol was adapted for use on formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissues and was based on a digoxigenin-labelled oligoprobe that recognised a conserved region of IGF-I mRNA. The specificity of the anti-sense IGF-I probe and the performance of the hybridization protocol were evaluated using a sense IGF-I probe, an Ep stein-Barr virus probe and an insulin probe cocktail on serial sections of fish gut, mouse thyroid and human lymph node tissue. In the gut of Atlantic salmon smolt, IGF-I was found to be expressed in single epithelial cells or small clusters of epithelial cells in the pyloric ampulla and in the pyloric caeca. Expression was not detected in the lamina propria of the gut or in epithelial cells of the stomach, midgut or hindgut. The restriction of IGF-I expression to the pyloric ampulla and pyloric caeca is consistent with the role of these gut segments in osmoregulation and the scattered epithelial expression supports the putative autocrine/paracrine mechanism of action of IGF-I in osmoregulation.     

军曹鱼消化系统的形态及组织学研究

利用活体解剖和光镜技术对军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum消化系统进行形态及组织学研究。结果显示,军曹鱼消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊、前肠、中肠和后肠几部分组成。口咽腔大,粘膜上皮为复层鳞状上皮,内含少量杯状细胞。食道很短,但上皮包括复层鳞状上皮区和单层柱状上皮区。胃膨大,呈Y形,在贵门和幽门部可观测到杯状细胞,胃体粘膜层下有大量的胃腺细胞。幽门盲囊发达,肠短但分3部分,前肠、中肠和后肠,肠道系数为0．43,肠道由前向后杯状细胞和粘膜皱褶不断减少。消化腺包括肝脏和胰腺,肝小叶分界不明显,肝细胞内脂肪含量丰富,胰腺属于散在性的,其外分泌部有许多腺泡组成,胰岛分散于外分泌部间。     

Effects of genetic strain and holding facility on the characteristics of alkaline phosphatase and brush border enzymes in silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus)

The activity of the enzymes located in the digestive tract (pyloric caeca and intestine) in two strains and F₁ crosses of the Australian freshwater fish silver perch [Murray River (M) and Cataract Dam (C)] was evaluated. The effect of the fish holding system (cages or ponds) on the activity of alkaline phosphatase (AP) and the brush border enzymes: maltase, leucine amino peptidase (LAP) and γ‐glutamyl transferase (γ‐GT) was examined. The enzymatic activity was tested in three intestinal sections: the pyloric caeca, upper and lower intestine. All the tested enzyme activities were influenced by an interaction between the intestinal section and the strain or cross of silver perch. For fish maintained in ponds, there were two distinct enzymatic activity patterns, one for the pure strains (C × C and M × M) and one for the crosses (C × M and M × C). Significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activities of the crosses compared with the pure strains were particularly noticeable in the pyloric caeca. In fish held in cages, there was a significantly higher (P<0.05) enzymatic activity in the pyloric caeca of the C × C strain. The total enzymatic activities in the fish reared in the ponds were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those in the fish held in cages. The results of the present investigation confirm that the different genetic background of the silver perch in the Murray River and in the Cataract Dam influences the activity of the brush border digestive enzymes. This activity also varies between maintenance systems.     

The diagnostic significance of different blood parameters and liver biopsy in chronic copper poisoning of sheep

In a flock of sheep to which food with excess copper (= Cu) had been fed for some months 39 animals died of chronic copper toxicosis. In 5 sheep of this flock the plasma concentrations of the enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), aspartate-amino-transferase (ASAT) and copper were measured several times over a period of 100 days. At day 23, 58 and 97 needle biopsies of the liver were taken. The biopsies were used for histological examination and Cu-analysis. After 100 days the sheep were slaughtered and chronic copper poisoning was diagnosed by raised Cu concentration and typical histological alterations in the liver. The activities of GLDH and SDH in the plasma of the 5 sheep were consistently above normal, ASAT activity and the plasma Cu level were raised only occasionally. The results of Cu determination in biopsy samples were of little predictive value compared with post mortem Cu analysis of the liver.     

卵形鲳鲹消化酶活性的研究Ⅴ大规格幼鱼消化酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布及盐度对酶活性的影响

研究了卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)大规格幼鱼(全长10.53±1.41 cm,体质量15.02±2.46 g)蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布,以及5、15、25、30、35五种盐度对肠、幽门盲囊、胃和肝脏中消化酶活性的影响.结果表明:在不同盐度下,蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性在各消化...     

长鳍篮子鱼消化道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学鉴别和定位

应用4种兔抗胃肠激素抗体和SABC免疫组织化学方法,对长鳍篮子鱼(Siganus canaliculatus)消化道中的内分泌细胞进行鉴别和定位。结果表明:5-羟色胺(5-HT)细胞在消化道各段均有分布,食道和胃中分布数量多,在幽门盲囊和肠道分布数量少;生长抑素(Som)细胞集中位于食道和胃部,数量多,幽门盲囊和肠道中未检出;神经肽Y(NPY)细胞在肠道有少量分布,其余各段均未检出;胃泌素(Gas)细胞在幽门盲囊和肠道有少量分布,食道和胃中均未检出。4种内分泌细胞的数量分布和形态特征存在一定的差异,并对其可能的生理作用进行了讨论。     

The etiology of "malignant catarrhal fever" originating in sheep: serological findings in cattle and sheep with ruminant gamma herpesviruses

In the case of the wildebeest-derived form of malignant catarrhal fever (WD-MCF) alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlcHV1) is well established as the cause. However, the etiology of the form of the disease circumstantially associated with sheep (SA-MCF) remains equivocal. A serological relationship has been proposed to exist between the unidentified sheep-associated agent causing SA-MCF and AlcHV1 causing WD-MCF. We attempted to confirm this hypothesis. Using an indirect ELISA we found 94 of 100 cattle (94%) and 80 of 90 sheep (89%) to display antibody to AlcHV1. Nine of 10 cattle with SA-MCF showed elevated antibody titers to AlcHV1 when compared with most other animals. However, these findings were of limited diagnostic value, since similar results were also obtained with sera from healthy cattle. When assayed in the presence of antigens of bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV4), a virus related to AlcHV1 yet without confirmed pathogenicity, 99 cattle sera (99%) and 85 sheep sera (95%) were observed to react specifically with this virus. Together, the results indicated that most domestic cattle and sheep were infected with viruses that are related to AlcHV1 and BHV4. An etiologically meaningful interpretation of the serologic findings does not seem possible at present.     

An immunohistochemical study on endocrine cells in the neuroendocrine system of the digestive tract of milkfish Chanos chanos (Forsskal, 1775)

In this study, several kinds of endocrine cells which produce neuropeptides and hormones have been identified and located in the digestive tract of milkfish (Chanos chanos) by the immunohistochemical technique. The oesophagus, stomach (cardiacus, fundic and pyloric regions), pyloric caeca, intestine (anterior, middle and posterior regions) and rectum were divided from the digestive tract of milkfish. The distribution and frequency of the endocrine cells produced these neuropeptides and hormones including gastrin, cholecystokinin, leu‐enkephalin, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin were described in these segments. Endocrine cells containing all neuropeptides and hormones immunoreactivities were present in the anterior intestine region, but no reaction was found in oesophagus. Only a few L‐ENK‐ and SST‐immunoreactive cells were detected in the pyloric caeca. Large numbers of SST‐immunoreactive cells were observed in the stomach with no immunoreactivities to other neuropeptides and hormones. Two different types of endocrine cells were founded in the intestine and pyloric caeca. These results indicate that the anterior intestine region may be the main region of food digestion and absorption, and the neuropeptides and hormones regulate the food intake process by different ways in milkfish.     

卵形鲳鲶消化酶活性的研究I．成鱼和幼鱼消化酶活性在不同消化器官中的分布及其比较

比较研究了卯形鲳够（Trachinotus ovatus）成鱼和幼鱼阶段消化酶（蛋白酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶）在不同消化器官中的活性。结果表明：1）成鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉前肠〉中肠〉幽门盲囊〉后肠〉肝;淀粉酶活性为前肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉中肠〉肝〉胃;脂肪酶活性为前肠〉中肠〉后肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。2）幼鱼蛋白酶在不同消化器官中的活性大小依次为胃〉肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝;淀粉酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃;脂肪酶活性为肠〉幽门盲囊〉肝〉胃。3）成鱼不同消化器官中蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性均小于幼鱼,成鱼胃和幽门盲囊的淀粉酶活性与幼鱼的差异显著;幼鱼胃脂肪酶活性大于成鱼,但其他器官的活性均小于成鱼。卵形鲳鳕幼鱼不同消化器官中的3种消化酶活性大小顺序与成鱼基本相似。     

3种鳜鱼消化道结构与胃中泌酸胃酶细胞分布比较

利用石蜡切片技术比较了鳜鱼、斑鳜和杂交鳜(斑鳜♀×鳜鱼♂)胃、幽门盲囊、肠道结构特征。3种鳜鱼胃壁均由黏膜层、黏膜下层、肌层组成,黏膜层内能看到固有层;其中,鳜鱼、杂交鳜胃黏膜层相对厚度0.30±0.09、0.30±0.11,斑鳜胃黏膜层相对厚度较薄,约0.21±0.13。肠道由黏膜层、黏膜下层和肌层组成,黏膜层表面含有绒毛,绒毛层含有杯状细胞;鳜鱼与杂交鳜褶皱数、杯状细胞密度间差异不显著(P0.05),但显著大于斑鳜(P0.05)。鳜鱼、斑鳜和杂交鳜幽门盲囊平均数目分别为(2.138±0.173)个/μm2、(0.793±0.132)个/μm2和(1.098±0.218)个/μm2。幽门盲囊结构与肠道相似,3种鳜鱼的褶皱数目差异不显著(P0.05),但斑鳜杯状细胞密度显著小于鳜鱼和杂交鳜(P0.05)。同时,利用原位杂交技术比较了3种鳜鱼胃中泌酸胃酶细胞的分布特征,3个胃蛋白酶原基因探针均出现紫色杂交信号,且均位于胃黏膜层。同种鱼中,不同基因探针杂交信号细胞密度差异不显著(P0.05);不同种类间,相同基因探针杂交信号细胞密度大小顺序均为鳜鱼=杂交鳜斑鳜,且相互间差异显著(P0.05)。消化道结构与泌酸胃酶细胞分布差异为鳜鱼消化生理学比较研究提供了基础资料。     

饥饿对褐菖鲉消化道指数及消化酶活力的影响

在水温(18±0.5)℃、盐度27.0±0.5条件下,测定了褐菖鲉不同饥饿时间(0、3、7、14、21 d)的比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量、比肠长及各消化组织消化酶活力。试验结果表明,在饥饿过程中,褐菖鲉消化道组织萎缩,比肝质量、比胃质量、比幽门质量和比肠长呈显著下降趋势(P<0.01),其中比肝质量下降速率最大,饥饿21 d的比肝质量比对照组下降85.033%。饥饿期间,蛋白酶活力总体呈先升后降的趋势,差异显著(P<0.05)。淀粉酶活力的变化趋势亦为先升后降,饥饿1 d,前、中、后肠、幽门的淀粉酶活力呈不同程度上升,之后,除胃和幽门外,随着饥饿时间的延长,皆呈下降趋势,与对照组相比,差异显著(P<0.05);脂肪酶活力总体呈缓慢下降趋势,差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

野生鲻鱼和养殖鲻鱼消化系统的组织学观察

野生与养殖鲻鱼(Mugil cephalus)的消化系统在形态和组织结构上存在一定差异.(1)形态方面:食道粗而短,胃呈球形,包括贲门部、盲囊部、胃体部和幽门部4个区域,胃与肠相接处有2个指状幽门盲囊,肠道在腹腔内盘旋5圈.肝脏黄褐色,右叶较左叶大,未发现独立的胰脏.养殖鲻鱼消化道周围包裹更多脂肪,胃较小但胃腔更大,肠...     

点篮子鱼形态特征及其相关性参数分析

对捕捞自琼海海域的560 ind体重0.3~551.3 g、体长2.3~24.7 cm的野生点篮子鱼外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构进行了研究,分析了形态特征参数间相关关系。结果表明:(1)体呈椭圆形,侧扁;侧线完全,位高,与背缘平行,向后延伸至尾鳍基部;体侧有许多橙黄色斑,背鳍、胸鳍和腹鳍黄色,臀鳍、尾鳍浅灰褐色;背鳍末端下方有一圆斑,为该鱼明显特征。(2)属Y型胃,幽门部肌肉发达,具有4~6个指状粗大的幽门盲囊;消化道、肠道长度分别为体长的2.53±0.36、2.17±0.28倍,肠道长Li与体长Lb的关系式为Li=2.693 1Lb0.903 4(R2=0.879 4)。(3)可量可比性状表明,全长/体长变动范围最小,线性相关性最好,其相关方程为Lt=1.134 5Lb+0.493 6(R2=0.998);体长与体重关系为:W=0.037 6Lb2.893 3(R2=0.991 7);点篮子鱼的b值为2.893 3,小于3,为负异速生长,体长快于体重的增长。(4)分析各形态特征参数与体长关系发现,测定的12个参数均与体长显著相关(P0.01);进而控制体长的影响,分析这12个参数间的偏相关关系,显示与其它参数存在最多偏相关性的是头高,其与除体重外的其它8个参数间均显著相关(P0.01);而尾柄长与其它参数的偏相关性最差,其只与头高、体重显著相关。     

The cell count in sheep and goat milk]

The udder health of 404 sheep from 23 flocks and 397 goats from 15 herds in Lower Austria was examined. In order to determine cell levels, the Schalm Test (equivalent to the California mastitis test) and a fluoroscopic "Fossomatic" cell count appliance were employed. The resultant physiological median levels of somatic cell content were established as 71,000 cells/ml for sheep milk and 415,000 cells/ml for goat milk. Significant factors influencing the cell count levels were the milking technique in both species and age in sheep but not in goats. The pathogens most frequently isolated as causes of chronic or latent mastitis were coagulase-positive and -negative cocci.     

营养代谢过程中黄条鰤幼鱼消化道菌群的演变趋势

为认识消化道菌群结构在宿主营养代谢过程中的变化规律,并探讨饵料菌群对其的影响,采用16SrDNA高通量测序技术,对黄条鰤(Seriola lalandi)幼鱼一个完整摄食周期内的消化道菌群结构特征进行研究,并解析其与饵料菌群的相关性.结果显示,乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)...     

Fine tissue studies of the nerve supply to the dental pulp in domestic sheep (O. ammon aries Linné, 1758)]

The nerve supply of the pulp was investigated in 17 sheep of various breeds and age groups belonging to both sexes, using light and electron microscopy. The following results were obtained: The dental pulp of sheep is supplied with myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibres. The subodontoblastic plexus of Raschkow, as found in man, is absent in sheep. Single axons may be found in the predentine between the odontoblasts and near Tomes' processes. The rare occurrence of both subodontoblastic nerve fibres and cells of the immune system in the ovine pulp is discussed in relation to evolutionary processes, in light of the fact that sheep are relatively resistant to caries.     

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学

褐菖鲉消化道的组织学和组织化学=Study on histology and histochemistry of digestive tract in Sebastiscus marmoratus[刊,中]/石戈（浙江海洋学院海洋科学学院,浙江 舟山 316004）,王健鑫,刘雪珠,王日昕//水产学报.－2007,31（03）.－293～302 利用光镜技术对褐菖鲉消化道进行了组织学和组织化学研究。组织学研究表明：褐菖鲉消化道由口咽腔、食道、胃和肠4部分组成。口咽腔较大,上下颌,犁骨及腭骨均有细齿带,粘膜由复层鳞状上皮组成,并含有大量黏液细胞和少量杯状细胞;食道粗而短,上皮组织包括扁平上皮层区域和单层柱状上皮层区域,上皮含有大量杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞,粘膜层的固有膜中含有腺体;胃呈Y型,包括贲门、胃体和幽门3个区域,胃粘膜由单层柱状上皮组成,在贲门和胃体部的粘膜层中有厚的结实层,上皮有大量的胃小凹和胃腺组织;胃幽门部括约肌明显,幽门上皮不含胃小凹;胃与肠相接处有8～9个指状幽门盲囊,其形态学和组织学特征与前肠类似;肠道上皮由单层柱状上皮细胞组成,丰富的微绒毛形成明显的纹状缘,上皮中含有大量杯状细胞,肠道系数为0.54。组织化学研究显示：幽门、幽门盲囊和肠上皮细胞顶端胞质和纹状缘具碱性磷酸酶活性;幽门盲囊及肠道上皮细胞顶端胞质中检测到酸性磷酸酶活性;在贲门部和胃体部的固有层以及幽门上皮还检测到酯酶活性,且酯酶定位于幽门柱状上皮细胞胞质的上半部。整个消化道的粘膜层中存在许多粘液细胞：食道上皮含大量酸性粘液细胞,胃上皮细胞均含有中性粘液,而肠道由前向后中性粘液物质逐渐减少,酸性粘液物质逐渐增多。组织学和组织化学的结果表明褐菖鲉食道有润滑和微弱的消化作用,胃有消化脂类和吸收糖类的功能;幽门和盲囊有较强的吸收脂类的功能;前肠、中肠和后肠有活跃的细胞内消化和吸收功能,整个消化道结构与其肉食性功能密切相关。图3参29