第39届国际养蜂大会论文集目录（四）

(接上期)208.乌克兰:蜜蜂下咽头腺体不同蛋白营养的溶解酶209.俄罗斯:基于数学模型的蜜蜂种群数量估计210.丹麦:黑蜂保护评价策略211.捷克:实验室条件下熊蜂蜂王的激活212.南斯拉夫:蜂场蜂群的位置213.埃及:埃及北部一些蜜蜂品种和杂交品种的行为研究214.埃及:埃及北部一些蜜蜂品种和杂交品种的生理生化研究215.伊朗:人工营养和糖浆有利于蜜蜂群势和产量的研究216.泰国:下颌腺信息素对小蜜蜂食性的作用217.泰国:亚洲和欧洲蜜蜂下咽头腺的组织学和组织化学结构218.中国董捷等:蜜蜂mtDNA的遗传变异219.波黑:塞黑东部蜂王培育220.委内瑞拉:意…     

第39届国际养蜂大会论文集目录(三)

(接上期)136.乌克兰:乌克兰养蜂137:尼日利亚:蜂产品经济——国民经济的潜在支柱138.澳大利亚:“养蜂”电脑程序139.土耳其:土耳其有机养蜂业存在的问题和解决办法140.马其顿:马其顿养蜂现状141.与29重复142.法国:蜜蜂为温室授粉的重要性143.以色列:环境条件对蜜蜂温室授粉的影响144.荷兰:蜜蜂为温室果蔬授粉145.西班牙:温室大型早熟园艺植物授粉146.荷兰:用蜜蜂防止兰花流蜜过多147.波兰:运用分析熊蜂、苜蓿切叶蜂和红壁蜂排泄物检测授粉植物的可能性148.荷兰:蜜蜂和熊蜂带菌防治草莓灰霉病149:缺失150.Bechbretha——古爱尔兰蜜蜂法规(未…     

蜜蜂的春季管理

正目前在我国饲养的蜜蜂主要有:东方蜜蜂(主要是中华蜜蜂)、西方蜜蜂(有意大利蜜蜂、东北黑蜂、喀尼阿兰蜜蜂、高加索蜜蜂、安纳托利亚蜜蜂和新疆黑蜂等亚种)以及西方蜜蜂的一些杂交种。其中意大利蜜蜂、东北黑蜂及新疆黑蜂等在我国人工管理饲养近100年,已经成为一些地区的当家品种。意大利蜜蜂、喀意杂交蜜蜂除海拔3 500 m以上和沙漠戈壁以外全国大多数地区都有分布;在较寒冷的地方有东北黑蜂和新疆黑蜂分布。中蜂是中华蜜蜂的简称,是我国土     

湖北本地意大利蜜蜂外部形态特征分析研究(一)

由于意大利蜜蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)的生产性能优良,自20世纪20年代引进中国以来,湖北乃至全国,意大利蜜蜂已成为主要的蜜蜂饲养品系之一。但是本地意蜂与引进的澳意蜂外部形态特征有差异。本实验选取湖北5处实验基地对意蜂和澳意蜂形态特征进行研究,研究表明:武汉蔡甸、黄陂、湖北咸宁3地所饲养意蜂均出现了较明显的退化,而澳意蜂具有出勤早、收工晚、采集力高的特点,有望通过湖北不同地区本意蜂与澳意蜂杂交,恢复意蜂最大生产能力,提高抗性,促使湖北本地养蜂业健康快速地发展。     

蜜蜂所蜂王浆高产机理研究取得新进展

正蜜蜂所蜜蜂蛋白质组学创新团队基于蛋白质组和代谢组学技术在蜂王浆高产生物学机理研究中取得了新进展,研究成果于11月27日发表在美国化学学会旗下的Journal of Proteome Research上。血淋巴是机体生理机能的反映。该研究以意大利蜜蜂(意蜂)和从意蜂中选育出的蜂王浆高产蜜蜂(浆蜂)为研究对象,通过对意蜂和浆蜂不同发育时期血淋巴蛋白质组的比较分析,发现两者的蛋白质表达谱存在明显差异,其中4日龄幼虫和     

中蜂的繁殖特性与管理

蜜蜂的繁殖应分为两部分,一是个体的增殖,由卵发育为成蜂,这是个体数量的变化;二是群体的增加,通过蜜蜂的分蜂活动,蜂群由一群分成两群以上的独立群体。中蜂在进行繁殖过程中,还存在着一些与西方蜂种不同的特性,在管理上应加以注意。现就几个主要方面略述如下:中蜂三型蜂发育历期比意蜂要短,所需要的温湿度稍高在中蜂发育的四个阶段(卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫)的时间和意蜂有差异,卵期和成虫期差异不大,而幼虫期和蛹期则有较大的差异,致使整个发育期要比意蜂短。蜂王从卵发育为成虫需15天左右(意蜂16天);工蜂约19.5～20天(意蜂21天);雄蜂23天左右(意蜂24天)。幼虫期和蛹期     

中蜂与意蜂合群饲养及其工蜂监督

本实验以中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂为实验材料,通过特殊的方法对中华蜜蜂与意大利蜜蜂进行合群饲养,并对中意合群蜂中工蜂监督等行为特性进行了初步研究。结果表明:中华蜜蜂和意大利蜜蜂可以同群饲养,并且可以培育出中意合群蜂和意中合群蜂两种特殊的蜂群;中意合群蜂中工蜂在24h内会清除将近一半的外源意蜂受精卵,但保留了将近90%的中意合群蜂受精卵,差异显著;中意合群蜂中工蜂对外源中蜂受精卵辨认效果差异不显著,对外源意蜂雌性幼虫的辨认效果差异也不显著。     

不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌杀灭效果的影响

本试验以蜂球囊菌(Ascosphaera apis)为研究对象,探究不同辐照剂量对蜂球囊菌的杀灭效果,以期明确有效杀灭蜂球囊菌的最低辐照剂量,为Co60γ射线辐照蜜蜂饲料(特别是蜂花粉)时的辐照剂量选择提供依据。利用细菌纯化技术从患白垩病意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到蜂球囊菌,并结合形态学、乳酸酚棉兰染色及5.8SrDNA序列分析技术进行鉴定;同时制备不同梯度浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子悬液加入到蜜蜂幼虫饲料中,以饲喂方式侵染3日龄意蜂幼虫,确定半数致死浓度(LC50);蜜蜂幼虫饲料中添加上述确定LC50的孢子,以不同辐照剂量处理,并通过侵染幼虫试验,确定有效杀灭蜜蜂饲料中孢子的最低辐照剂量。结果表明,通过形态学和分子生物学鉴定,从患白垩病的意蜂幼虫体内分离纯化得到真菌即为蜜蜂白垩病的病原——蜂球囊菌;蜂球囊菌对人工饲养条件下的意蜂幼虫的LC50为9.5×104个/mL;当Co60γ射线辐照剂量为7.0kGy时,幼虫患病率与未辐照组差异显著(P0.05),由此确定对添加半数致死浓度的蜂球囊菌孢子饲料的最低有效辐照剂量为7.0kGy。     

欧洲国家蜜蜂育种与培育蜂王概况

世界各国从事商品生产饲养的西方蜜蜂绝大多数是欧洲的蜜蜂亚种(品种)。欧洲蜜蜂包括欧洲黑蜂(简称黑蜂)、卡尼鄂拉蜂(简称卡蜂)、意大利蜂(简称意蜂)、高加索蜂(简称高蜂)四大名种,此外还有自然分布在欧洲西南部伊比利亚半岛的伊比利亚蜂(Apismellferaibirica)、分布在意大利西西里岛的西西里蜂(A.m.sicula)、分布在希腊西北部的马其顿蜂(A.m.cecropia)等蜂种。欧洲国家养蜂很普遍,大都设有蜜蜂研究机构和养蜂组织,对于蜜蜂品种特性、特征,纯种选育、杂交育种进行过深入的研究和实践,设立蜜蜂交配站及进行蜂王人工授精比较普遍。2002年7…     

仿亚种型蜜蜂原种（A型）蜂王的培育

仿亚种型蜜蜂原种（Ａ型）蜂王的培育吉林省养蜂科学研究所（１３２１０８）葛凤晨蜜蜂原种系指从原产地直接或间接引进的纯种蜜蜂,它在原产地气候和蜜源条件的长期影响下,形态特征和生物学特性保持着本品种（系）所具有的特殊指标,如：意蜂是黄色的,工蜂个体大于喀蜂...     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.