Recreational impacts on the distribution of ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata fab.

Studies were conducted at Assateague Island, Maryland-Virginia, to determine the relative number of ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata Fab. on beaches subject to different recreational uses. The mean density of crabs per 0·1 ha plots was found to be 10 on an undisturbed beach, 19 on a pedestrian-impacted beach, 1 on a light off-road vehicle (ORV)-and pedestrian-impacted beach, and 0·3 in a heavy ORV-use beach. ORVs could be adversely affecting the crabs directly by crushing or burying them or indirectly by interfering with their reproductive cycle or altering their environment. Vehicular disturbance probably results in fewer crabs or no reproduction at all, with new inhabitants migrating from undisturbed areas. Pedestrians appear to have no harmful effects on ghost crabs; instead the crabs may be capitalising on the food scraps scattered across the beach by bathers.     

Implications of intraguild predation for sea turtle nest protection

In the United States, raccoons Procyon lotor are often removed from sea turtle nesting beaches to decrease egg mortality. However, raccoons also consume ghost crabs Ocypode quadrata, another common egg predator. Reducing predator populations can benefit secondary predators, inflating total predation pressure and leading to a decline in prey species. We used track and burrow counts to compare raccoon and ghost crab abundance at four beaches in Florida, USA, that differ in management activity and determined predation rates on loggerhead Caretta caretta nests by each predator. Mean raccoon abundance (range 0.12-0.46 tracks plot⁻¹ night⁻¹) and ghost crab density (0.09-0.19 burrows m⁻²) were inversely correlated. Ghost crabs were largest at the site with the fewest raccoons. The stable nitrogen isotope ratios of ghost crabs (mean 9.8‰) were positively correlated with body mass, indicating larger ghost crabs feed at a higher trophic level and suggesting large ghost crabs may consume more loggerhead eggs. The highest rates of egg predation by both predators (31%) occurred where raccoon abundance was lowest and ghost crab abundance was highest, suggesting ghost crab burrows may facilitate predation by raccoons. Our data suggest that predation by raccoons limits ghost crabs and that removing raccoons can increase ghost crab abundance and sea turtle egg mortality. Although predator removal can be effective when nest predation rates are quite high, maintaining moderate raccoon densities may be important for controlling ghost crabs. These results highlight the importance of understanding food web connectivity in developing management strategies to achieve conservation goals, especially when the species of concern are threatened or facing extinction.     

贮藏温度对炝蟹品质的影响

为阐明不同贮藏温度下炝蟹品质的变化和食用安全性,本试验以三疣梭子蟹为材料制作炝蟹,探讨冻藏(-18℃)和冷藏(4℃)条件下炝蟹感官品质、菌落总数(TVC)、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)和生物胺的变化规律,并对其生物胺与其他品质指标进行相关性分析。结果表明,贮藏温度对炝蟹感官品质TVC、TVB-N等指标的劣变具有显著的影响。-18℃冻藏和4℃冷藏条件下,炝蟹感官品质分别于第10天和第6个月超出可接受限值;随着贮藏时间的延长,4℃冷藏条件下炝蟹TVC值显著增加,但至贮藏16 d时仍小于5 lg(CFU·g^-1),TVB-N值于贮藏12 d时超出一级鲜度临界值;-18℃冻藏过程中炝蟹TVC值略有增加,但变化不显著,TVB-N值于第6个月超出一级鲜度临界值。4℃冷藏过程中炝蟹中共检测出8种生物胺,而-18℃冻藏过程中共检测出5种生物胺。此外,色胺、腐胺和酪胺是炝蟹贮藏过程中产生的主要生物胺,且与其他品质均具有显著相关性。本研究结果为炝蟹在贮藏过程中的安全性和货架期预测提供了理论依据。     

The population density of chamois and ibex in the Gran Paradiso National Park,Italy

Starting from the frequently heard claim that the populations of chamois and ibex in the Gran Paradiso National Park are excessive, several factors which influence the populations in the Park are considered, including that of epidemic disease. It is concluded that although some man-made factors favour overpopulation, others act in the opposite direction: on the whole their effect is marginal and there is no need for culling. The only reason which would justify such management would be if the vegetation were showing effects of overgrazing—evidence which is not available at the present time. The claim of overpopulation probably comes about both because a comparison is made with the nearly depopulated surrounding areas (where the numbers are kept artificially very low by hunting and poaching), and because of an emotional evaluation of natural phenomena.     

Environmental correlates of two macro-decapods distribution in Central Italy: Multi-dimensional ecological knowledge as a tool for conservation of endangered species

Using a multi-dimensional ecological design, this study aimed first to analyse whether local environmental conditions can account for the spatial segregation of two Italian native decapods, the crayfish Austropotamobius italicus and the river crab Potamon fluviatile, in Central Italy freshwater ecosystems. Second, we aimed to analyse which environmental variables were more closely associated with the presence/absence of the two decapods in specific sites within their distribution area. Following a factorial design, a total of 32 sites were selected in two neighbouring geographic areas, one occupied by crayfish and one by crabs. Within each distribution area, eight streams where the decapod was present and eight where it was not present were selected. At each site, macro-invertebrate community composition and 16 abiotic variables were recorded and analysed with multi-variate methods. Variations in physical (minimum and maximum temperatures), chemical (calcium, oxygen, nitrate and nitrite) and geomorphological (substrate composition) parameters explained spatial segregation of P. fluviatile and A. italicus in the study area. The occurrence of crayfish reflected variations of chemistry (such as pH, calcium, nitrate and nitrite concentrations), temperature, water depth and substrate composition. On the contrary, the presence of the river crab, within its occurrence zone, was not associated to any biotic and abiotic parameters and was probably affected by anthropogenic pressure and uncontrolled harvesting. These findings provide fundamental ecological data for the maintenance of the two decapod natural populations as well as for the selection of areas and streams adequate for their reintroduction.     

拟穴青蟹软壳蟹与硬壳蟹营养品质和风味差异综合比较分析

为明确在最佳收集时间段内不同时间点的软壳蟹和硬壳蟹营养与风味物质的差异,本试验采用顶空固相微萃取(SPME)、气质联用(GS-MS)方法比较了拟穴青蟹硬壳蟹与蜕壳后0~48 h软壳蟹肌肉和肝胰腺2种组织中水分、灰分、氨基酸、矿物质元素、脂肪酸及挥发性物质含量。结果表明,软壳蟹2种组织在蜕壳0 h水分含量最高,硬壳蟹灰分含量显著(P<0.05)高于各时间点软壳蟹。除肝胰腺中胱氨酸和丙氨酸外,2种组织硬壳蟹其他氨基酸含量均高于软壳蟹,其中亮氨酸含量差异显著(P<0.05);在肌肉和肝胰腺组织中,分别有12和14种氨基酸含量均在蜕壳后6 h最高。软壳蟹2种组织Ca、Mg和Fe含量高于硬壳蟹,但差异不显著;蜕壳0 h 软壳蟹肝胰腺组织中Ca含量显著高于其他时间点(P<0.05)。蜕壳后24 h软壳蟹肌肉和0 h肝胰腺组织中∑PUFA均高于其他时间点。2种组织中挥发性物质包括烷烃类、醛类、酮类、醇类、芳香烃类、酯类、酚类和醚类化合物,总体相对含量有差异,但差异不显著。综上比较,拟穴青蟹软壳蟹蜕壳后0~6 h肝胰腺和肌肉比其他时间点更具营养、风味更加,是制取软壳蟹最佳时间。本研究结果为软壳蟹生产、营养和风味评价、市场价值评估提供了一定的参考。     

Freshwater crabs and the biodiversity crisis: Importance, threats, status, and conservation challenges

Freshwater ecosystems in the tropics host a diverse endemic fauna including freshwater crabs, but the rapid loss and deterioration of habitat means that many species are now under imminent threat. Studies on freshwater fish and amphibians suggest a third to half of the species in some tropical freshwaters is either extinct or endangered, but the status of the freshwater crabs is not known. Freshwater crabs, with 1280 species, represent one-fifth of all the World’s brachyurans. We therefore undertook a comprehensive IUCN Red List assessment of the freshwater crabs, which was the first time that such a study had been attempted on a global scale for any group of freshwater invertebrates. The conservation status of all known species from the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australasia revealed unexpectedly high threat levels. Here we show that about one-sixth of all freshwater crab species have an elevated risk of extinction, only one-third are not at-risk, and although none are actually extinct, almost half are too poorly known to assess. Out of 122 countries that have populations of freshwater crabs, 43 have species in need of protection. The majority of threatened species are restricted-range semi-terrestrial endemics living in habitats subjected to deforestation, alteration of drainage patterns, and pollution. This is illustrated with a case study of one such species found in Singapore. This underlines the need to prioritize and develop conservation measures before species decline to levels from which they cannot recover. The proportion of freshwater crabs threatened with extinction is equal to that of reef-building corals, and exceeds that of all other groups that have been assessed except for amphibians. These results represent a baseline that can be used to design strategies to save the World’s threatened freshwater crab species.     

河蟹养殖船载自动均匀投饵系统设计及效果试验

针对目前河蟹养殖投饵喂料劳动强度大、自动化程度低、投饲饵料分布不均匀等问题,该文提出了一种空气螺旋桨风力驱动船载自动投饵系统及均匀投饵方法。该系统由空气螺旋桨风力驱动船、自动投饵装置、ARM(advanced RISC machine)主控制器、GPRS(general packet radio service)通信模块和GPS(global positioning system)导航装置等组成。采用空气螺旋桨风力驱动,可解决常规作业船水下螺旋桨吸卷缠绕水草影响行驶问题;利用喂料器落料流速可控、抛料器抛幅可调、料仓内剩余饵料量可测的自动投饵装置,可解决投饵喂料分布不均匀问题。该系统以S3C2440为主控制器,通过GPRS通信模块M590接收作业指令。该文对投饵装置抛料器、饲料颗粒斜抛运动、饵料在水面上的累积密度分布进行建模,建立投饵均匀度目标函数,采用遗传算法GA进行最优运行参数求解,确定船载自动投饵系统最优运行参数:当饵料分布密度期望值为9 g/m2时,2个相邻投饵行程宽度的最优值为8.21 m,自动投饵装置投饵扇角的最优值为80°,喂料器单位时间内落料量的最优值为32.01 g/s,下方投饵行程船速的最优值为0.43 m/s,上方投饵行程船速的最优值为0.43 m/s,抛盘转速的最优值为1 480 r/min;并通过GPS导航装置BD982实现路径跟踪,完成自动均匀投饵作业。对饲料颗粒斜抛运动、饵料平均累积密度和分布密度均方差等进行仿真,在水平地面上与人工抛洒饵料进行对比试验,并在池塘内进行投饵试验,结果表明,该系统可使投饲饵料分布均匀度较人工投饵提高3倍以上,投饲饵料分布密度均值与设定值的相对误差为5.11%,为适应河蟹昼伏夜出的生活习性,可在夜晚进行投饲,使用1套该船载自动投饵系统能够精细管理6.67 hm2左右河蟹养殖池塘,相当于5个农村劳动力投饵喂料,节省人力提高效率,提高饲料的利用率15%以上,能使饲料节约15%以上,产量提高20%以上;同时,该船载自动投饵系统可以定时定量均匀投饲,保证养殖的河蟹个头大小均等,提高产值,大幅提高养殖面积增加效益。该文可为河蟹养殖全池自动均匀投饵喂料和其他水产养殖中需要沿池或全池自动均匀投饲研究提供重要参考。     

Molecular cloning of tropomyosins identified as allergens in six species of crustaceans

Although tropomyosin is known to be a major allergen of crustaceans, its structural information is limited to only five species. In this study, tropomyosin was confirmed to be a major allergen in six species of crustaceans (black tiger prawn, kuruma prawn, pink shrimp, king crab, snow crab, and horsehair crab) by immunoblotting. Then, the amino acid sequences of tropomyosins from these crustaceans were elucidated by a cDNA cloning technique. Sequence data for crustacean tropomyosins including the obtained results reveal that fast tropomyosins are contained in shrimps (or prawns) and lobsters, slow tropomyosins in crabs, and both tropomyosins in crayfishes and hermit crabs. Although fast and slow tropomyosins share a high sequence identity (about 90%) with each other, significant differences are observed in specific regions between both tropomyosins.     

Alterations of reproductive parameters in the crab Carcinus maenas after exposure to metals

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute exposure to copper, chromium and mixtures of these metals on reproductive parameters of female Carcinus maenas. The parameters studied were ovarian esterase, acid and alkaline phosphatase activity, ovarian protein content, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). Metals induced significant decreases on ovarian alkaline phosphatase activity, esterase activity and protein content. Ovarian acid phosphatase activity significantly increased in crabs exposed to chromium, while only a slightly increase was found in females exposed to copper and to mixtures of these metals. Furthermore, a dose-dependent reduction of both GSI and HSI were observed in crabs exposed to metals. These observations suggest that copper and chromium may interfere with the ovarian cycle in Carcinus maenas and, therefore, with the reproduction of this species. In general, the mixture had more pronounced effects than individual metals. This subject requires further investigation because in polluted estuaries, crabs may be simultaneously exposed to several metals.     

Habitat fragmentation in marine landscapes: relative effects of habitat cover and configuration on juvenile crab survival in California and North Carolina seagrass beds

Processes that dictate faunal abundance (e.g. predation) may be linked primarily to the configuration of habitat (e.g. patch size, patch isolation, proximity to edge) or simply to the amount of habitat (i.e. habitat cover) in marine and terrestrial systems. I asked whether juvenile crab survival in marine seagrass habitats is linked to habitat cover or to habitat configuration, and whether relationships between crab survival and habitat features were similar in two widely separated seagrass landscapes (Bodega Harbor, California and Back Sound, North Carolina, USA). I also evaluated the independent effects of seagrass structural complexity (shoot density and shoot biomass per unit area) and habitat fragmentation on crab survival. Juvenile red rock crabs (Cancer productus: 1+year class) were tethered in Bodega Harbor and juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus: 0+year class) were tethered in Back Sound. Seagrass cover in both landscapes ranged from <10 to 100% over 10×10 m areas. Crab survival was correlated with elements of landscape structure and structural complexity in both landscapes, but relationships between crab survival and specific habitat features differed between the two landscapes. In California, juvenile red rock crab survival was negatively correlated with seagrass cover and was positively correlated with seagrass shoot density, and was marginally (P=0.06) negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. In North Carolina, juvenile blue crab survival was positively correlated with log₁₀ patch area and was negatively correlated with seagrass shoot biomass. The results indicate that (1) both seagrass cover and configuration may influence crab survival; (2) seagrass structural complexity influences crab survival independently of landscape structure; (3) the relative influence of cover, configuration and structural complexity on survival likely differ among seagrass landscapes; and (4) increasing structural complexity (e.g. shoot biomass) may not always lead to increased faunal survival. The results correspond to those of recent studies in marine and terrestrial landscapes showing widely variable faunal responses to landscape structure among species, geographic location and through time, and imply that seagrass restoration and conservation strategies should incorporate species-specific responses to habitat structure at multiple scales.     

考虑碳排放的粮食主产区耕地利用效率区域差异与变化

为系统考察中国粮食主产区耕地利用效率的分布特征。该研究将耕地利用碳排放作为非期望产出纳入耕地利用效率的测度框架中,以中国粮食主产区2000—2016年数据为支撑,综合运用SBM-Undesirable模型和核密度估计方法对粮食主产区耕地利用效率的空间格局及演进特征进行定量刻画。结果表明:1)粮食主产区整体和各省份耕地利用碳排放都表现出不同幅度的增长态势,其中河南的绝对增长量最大,由2000年的487.40万t变化至2016年的806.99万t,净增长319.59万t,其次是内蒙古和黑龙江,江西的绝对增长量最低,研究期内共增长了59.64万t;2)考虑碳排放后,粮食主产区整体和各省份耕地利用效率明显降低,2000年和2016年,不考虑耕地利用碳排放时,粮食主产区平均耕地利用效率分别为0.774 4和0.917 9,而考虑碳排放后,平均效率指数分别为0.639 4和0.843 8;3)粮食主产区耕地利用效率表现出明显的区域差异,根据SBM-Undesirable模型测度结果可将13个粮食主产区分为耕地利用效率优势区、平缓区和劣势区3种类型;4)从核密度估计结果来看,粮食主产区整体和不同类型区耕地利用效率都表现出明显的偏态分布及不同程度的极化特征,而且,与2000年相比,粮食主产区整体、平缓区和劣势区2016年密度曲线的变化区间明显变小,表明耕地利用效率的地区差距有所缓解,但优势区的区间变化幅度并不明显。该研究可以为粮食主产区耕地资源高效、低碳利用提供科学依据和决策参考。     

基于塘内循环自净的河蟹生态养殖系统设计与试验

为了提高河蟹养殖品质和养殖池塘水质净化能力,该研究提出了一种通过养殖池塘内部结构改造实现池塘水体内部循环自净的技术,并设计了一套针对河蟹的生态养殖系统。应用软围隔将养殖塘划分为两个相对独立的功能区(养殖区和自净区),设计了浮式气提推水装置和射流装置作为塘内水循环动力系统,在推水装置的作用下,养殖区的水体流入自净区,经过滤、吸附、杀菌及降温等环节重新回到养殖区,形成"九分养蟹一分养水"的河蟹循环自净生态养殖模式。在崇明宝岛蟹业面积约为9 600 m~2的河蟹养殖池塘进行实施和试验,试验表明:合理配置气提推水装置可实现河蟹养殖池塘水体日循环2次以上;试验塘循环自净状态相较静水状态,水温均衡度提高10.17%,下层溶解氧水平提高18.57%,氨氮平均质量浓度下降19.2%;同时,养殖效果抽样对比显示试验塘200 g以上公蟹和150 g以上母蟹较对照塘分别增加了45%和35%。该研究设计的塘内循环自净的河蟹生态养殖系统能较好地净化养殖水体,有利于河蟹的生长,可为河蟹池塘生态高效养殖模式的构建和推广提供参考。     

How does human exploitation affect impala populations in protected and partially protected areas? - A case study from the Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania

Human exploitation can have severe conservation implications for wildlife populations. In the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, illegal hunting is a serious concern for wildlife management, and in this study we investigated if density, demography and behaviour can be used as indicators of human exploitation. We used impala (Aepycerus melampus) as a model species to study human exploitation inside and outside a strictly protected area. Over a six month period, a total of 2050 km of transects were driven in the different protected areas (National Park, Game Reserve, Open Area). Densities were estimated by using distance sampling and the partially protected areas were found to have significantly lower densities (4.3 ind/km²) than the National Park (15.3 ind/km²). A variation in density between different sections within the National Park was also found. However, we found no differences in group sizes. Moreover, the sex-ratio was more skewed towards females in the partially protected areas and in sections within the National Park close to villages. In addition, impalas showed higher alertness levels, and longer flight initiation distance to an approaching human in the partially protected areas compared to the National Park. The present harvest levels by illegal hunting in the study area are most likely the cause of the observed differences. Our results suggest that density, demography and behaviour can be used as indicators of human exploitation, but that this probably varies according to local hunting pressure. Furthermore, it could be expected that the results obtained in this study might reflect the state of other ungulates in the area, which raises concern whether management objectives for the buffer zones of Serengeti National Park are met.     

高岭石和氧化土悬液中铝的水解行为及有机酸对铝水解反应的影响

To evaluate the role of kaolinite and variable charge soils on the hydrolytic reaction of Al, the hydrolysis of Al ions in suspensions of a kaolinite and an Oxisol influenced by organic anions was investigated using changes of pH, Al adsorption, and desorption of pre-adsorbed Al. Kaolinite and the Oxisol promoted the hydrolytic reaction of Al above a certain initial Al concentration (0.1 mmol L^-1 for kaolinite and 0.3 mmol L^-1 for the Oxisol). The Al hydrolysis accelerated by kaolinite and the Oxisol increased with an increase in initial concentration of Al and was observed in the range of pH from 3.7 to 4.7 for kaolinite and 3.9 to 4.9 for the Oxisol. The acceleration of Al hydrolysis also increased with the increase of solution pH, reached a maximum value at pH 4.5, and then decreased sharply. Al hydrolysis was promoted mainly through selective adsorption for hydroxy-Al. Soil free iron oxides compensated a portion of the soil negative charge or masked some soil surface negative sites leading to a decrease in Al adsorption, which retarded acceleration to some extent. For the Oxisol organic anions increased the proportion of adsorbed Al³⁺ in total adsorbed Al with the increase in soil negative surface charge and eliminated or reduced the acceleration of Al hydrolysis. Different organic anions inhibited the hydrolysis of Al in the order: citrate > oxalate > acetate (under initial pH of 4.5). The formation of Al-organic complexes in solution also inhibited the hydrolysis of Al.     

Effectiveness of a small marine reserve in southern China in protecting the harvested sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina: A mark-and-recapture study

Assessment of the effectiveness of protected areas requires information on population characteristics of the target species. This study used a mark-and-recapture approach to examine the population structure, individual growth, and mortality of the commercially harvested short-spined sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina in a small (18 ha) no-take marine reserve and two nearby non-protected sites. Sea urchins were tagged with fluorochrome and recaptured 1 year later. The size-at-age relationship was modelled using the Tanaka function, and mortality estimated using an exponential decay function coupled with the Tanaka growth parameters. The urchin population in the reserve consisted of a higher proportion of older individuals than populations in the two non-protected areas, however, large sea urchins (>50 mm) were absent in the reserve. Sea urchins occurring at high densities (>15 ind. m⁻²) in the reserve grew much slower than those outside the reserve, suggesting a density-dependant effect on growth. Growth ring analysis from the rotulae supported the mark-and-recapture results with the maximum number of rings being higher in the reserve than in non-protected sites. Urchins with the same number of growth rings inside the reserve were smaller than those outside the reserve. Within the reserve, urchins with the same number of growth rings were smaller at locations with higher urchin density. Annual mortality rate was lower in the reserve population than in the non-protected populations. These results illustrate the effectiveness of this small reserve in protecting A. crassispina from fishing. However, further study is required to examine whether a high density of small/old individuals is better than a medium density of large individuals in order to maximize the potential spillover of larvae by such small urchin refugia to the surrounding overfished areas.     

Using prey densities to estimate the potential size of reintroduced populations of Eurasian lynx

In previous centuries human activities had a profound effect on the distribution of Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in Europe. The species has since been reintroduced to several areas but still much former range remains unoccupied. A relatively poor coloniser, it is likely that further reintroductions will be required to restore the species to potentially suitable areas. However, in the human-modified landscapes of Europe, where extensive wooded habitats are often fragmented, it is important to assess the potential lynx population size that could be supported in the available habitat. A previous study identified two networks of potential lynx habitat in Scotland. The present study further explores the feasibility of reintroducing lynx to Scotland by estimating the potential population size for the identified habitat by considering the availability of prey. An examination of lynx and wild ungulate densities from four areas in Europe, revealed a highly significant relationship between lynx density and the density of ungulate biomass. Based on the biomass represented by the densities of roe, red, sika and fallow deer occurring in two potential lynx habitat networks in Scotland, it was predicted that habitat in the Highlands could support 2.63 lynx 100 km⁻², while the Southern Uplands could support 0.83 lynx 100 km⁻². Applied to the amount of identified habitat, it is estimated that a Highlands habitat network could support around 400 lynx, and a Southern Uplands network, around 50. Scotland could support a large population of Eurasian lynx, which at current estimates, would be the fourth largest in Europe.     

Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a threatened dune-endemic plant

Off-highway vehicle (OHV) recreation impacts species and ecosystems around the world, and is particularly prevalent in the United States. Our study examines the impact of OHVs on one of several species restricted within the United States to the Algodones Dunes, California. This dune system attracts many OHV enthusiasts annually, and interest in determining the impact of OHVs on Astragalus magdalenae var. peirsonii (Peirson’s milk-vetch) has motivated multiple investigations. Several of these investigations have arrived at seemingly contradictory conclusions. Our study objectives were to quantify the degree by which A. m. var. peirsonii densities differed between high- and low-OHV use areas and determine whether OHV impact was a plausible factor for affecting plant density. Density estimate comparisons indicated 4-5 times fewer plants occupied a study area open to OHVs relative to two nearby study areas legally closed to OHVs. A manipulative mark-resight experiment compared the survival probabilities of control plants to those purposefully struck by OHVs and found that, for plants with canopy diameters of <50 cm, OHV impact reduced survival by 33%. Density estimates from one of the study areas recently closed to OHVs were surprisingly large, which may suggest that periodic closure of occupied habitat during favorably wet years would assist in ensuring A. m. var. peirsonii productivity and thereby persistence. An improved understanding of this phenomenon may indicate a dunes-wide management strategy that would allow OHV activity to coexist with A. m. var. peirsonii.     

基于遥感影像的桂西北喀斯特区植被碳储量及密度时空分异

本研究基于1990年、2000年和2005年遥感影像数据, 结合高程、气象与样地调查等数据, 运用地理信息系统技术, 对桂西北喀斯特区植被碳储量及密度进行了分析。研究结果表明: 从1990年到2005年, 研究区域植被碳储量与密度呈增加趋势, 1990年、2000年和2005年植被碳储量分别为1.03×10⁸ t、1.41×10⁸ t和1.63×10⁸ t, 植被碳密度分别为14.82 t·hm^-2、20.38 t·hm^-2和23.49 t·hm^-2, 基本与四川省(18.47 t·hm^-2)、江西省(25.38 t·hm^-2)植被碳密度值一致; 在空间分布上, 区域植被储量与碳密度大致呈现西高东低、中低山(海拔>500 m)高而峰丛洼地(海拔<500 m)低的分布格局, 1990年西部大部分县市的植被碳密度为15~22 t·hm^-2, 而中东部大部分县市的植被碳密度为8~15 t·hm^-2; 而时间上的变化在空间上表现为, 植被碳储量与密度不同程度地表现为低值区的东部增加, 高值区的西部减少或轻微增加, 典型喀斯特区植被碳密度增加明显(1990年和2005年植被碳储量比例分别为45.54%和51.99%)。研究结果表明, 峰丛洼地植被碳储量与密度显著增加, 生态环境移民、退耕还林等石漠化治理措施效果显著, 有利于增强区域植被碳汇。     

近30年闽南沿海乡村聚落用地空间演化过程研究

科学辨识乡村聚落用地空间演化过程是乡村振兴进程中优化乡村生产生活生态空间的重要依据。该研究选取厦门市集美区作为典型案例区,以1986—2017年4个时间点的遥感影像解译数据为基础,利用标准差椭圆、核密度和空间自相关等分析方法,定量识别了近30年集美区乡村聚落用地空间演化过程及其机理。结果表明:集美区乡村聚落密度分布存在空间异质性,中、高密度区域集中分布于农业区位条件良好的中部地区;聚落演化过程以关联扩张方式为主导,乡村聚落用地收缩斑块空间分布呈现随机性,扩张斑块存在空间自相关性;地形地势因素和演化特点的共同作用,聚落用地基本空间格局保持稳定;聚落用地核密度分析和局部自相关分析,揭示了聚落演化与地理环境、产业演进和城乡关系变化紧密的关系,反映了集美区各发展阶段,城乡互动过程对乡村聚落空间演化的驱动特点及其内在机理。研究结果可为优化乡村聚落发展布局以及统筹乡村振兴规划与土地整治规划提供理论支撑和方法指导。