苜蓿产业如何满足我国奶牛养殖业发展的需求

2008年三鹿婴幼儿奶粉事件引发的牛奶质量问题曾掀起了公众对食品安全的大讨论。也许对于产业链每个环节的从业者,我们需要思考的不仅仅是要用道德和良知去经营产业,还要考虑如何借助专业的知识和技术去推动产业的健康发展。打假只是手段,彻底解决廉价植物蛋白饲料严重短缺问题才是解决源头问题的根本。苜蓿作为优质的植物蛋白源,被认为是奶业发展的基础支撑。奶牛养殖发达国家的经验表明,用苜蓿等优质植物蛋白饲料转化牛奶蛋白是最好的技术方法,不仅原料奶质量高,而且节本增效。在美国,苜蓿作为第三大农作物,为其奶业发展做出了突出贡献;在日本和韩国,为了保证奶业质量,每年不惜重金从美国和加拿大进口苜蓿干草。那么在我国,苜蓿产业发展又面临怎样的困境呢?来自国家奶牛产业技术体系和国家牧草产业技术体系的专家们为您解读。     

Growing in Global Meat and Livestock Sector

The country＇s rising population, growing urbanization and rising economy is helping to increase demand for meat products across all sectors the World Meat Congress in Beijing heard.     

肉用仔鹅蛋白质沉积规律的研究

采用凯氏定氮法,测定配套杂交肉鹅不同生长阶段羽毛、胴体和内脏的增重和蛋白质沉积量.结果表明:羽毛蛋白质的沉积集中于3～7 周龄,此阶段羽毛中沉积的氮占羽毛中沉积总氮的74.39%;内脏蛋白质沉积主要集中于1～5 周,此阶段沉积于内脏中的氮量占内脏氮总沉积量的113.98%.内脏和羽毛中氮沉积量的增加主要表现在重量的增加,其蛋白含量变化不大;胴体中蛋白质沉积发生在1～7 周龄,沉积氮占全期沉积量的79.78%.羽毛和内脏中蛋白质的沉积速度以4～5 周龄最快;胴体中蛋白质沉积速度以1～3 周龄最快.     

肉用仔鹅蛋白质沉积规律的研究

采用凯氏定氮法,测定配套杂交肉鹅不同生长阶段羽毛、胴体和内脏的增重和蛋白质沉积量。结果表明:羽毛蛋白质的沉积集中于3~7周龄,此阶段羽毛中沉积的氮占羽毛中沉积总氮的74.39%;内脏蛋白质沉积主要集中于1~5周,此阶段沉积于内脏中的氮量占内脏氮总沉积量的113.98%。内脏和羽毛中氮沉积量的增加主要表现在重量的增加,其蛋白含量变化不大;胴体中蛋白质沉积发生在1~7周龄,沉积氮占全期沉积量的79.78%。羽毛和内脏中蛋白质的沉积速度以4~5周龄最快;胴体中蛋白质沉积速度以1~3周龄最快。     

生长肉兔细菌感染抗病力的遗传变异

细菌感染是造成断奶后肉兔重大经济损失的疾病之一。本研究通过对4个品种787只5~10周龄断奶肉兔健康记录的分析,确定细菌感染疾病抗病力的遗传方差。利用父性阈值模型分析断奶后肉兔细菌感染疾病的发病情况。结果表明:细菌感染的发病率从第5周的最小值逐步增加到第9周的最大值。品种和父性效应对生长肉兔细菌感染的发病率影响显著(P<0.05)。比利时兔的发病率最高(36.87%),父性方差占到了总表型方差的3.42%~8.02%。因此,肉兔细菌感染疾病的抗病力存在遗传变异,通过遗传选择可以降低细菌感染的发病率。     

Technical Characteristics and Demand Analysis of Artificial Meat

At present, human's demand for meat is increasing, but the environment pressure caused by the meat production of livestock is also increasingly apparent. The development of green and sustainable meat substitutes to reduce global carbon emissions and meet the increasing demand for meat has become the hotspot of social concerns. Although artificial meat belongs to food, it still lacks in-depth analysis on whether it brings challenges or opportunities to the livestock industry. In this paper, the classification and development history of artificial meat, the existing core manufacturing technology and market prospect of artificial meat are summarized, and the importance of using the diversity of livestock and poultry germplasm resources to promote cell-based meat are analyzed.     

人造肉类技术特点和需求分析

目前,人类对肉类的需求不断增加,但同时肉用动物的生产带来的环境压力也日益显现。开发绿色环保可持续的肉类替代品,减少全球碳排放的同时,满足日益增加的肉类需求,已成为社会关注的热点之一。人造肉虽然属于食品的范畴,但其为畜牧业带来的是挑战还是机遇尚缺乏深层次地分析。本文综述了人造肉类的分类与发展历史和现有人造肉的核心制造技术与市场前景,分析了利用畜禽种质资源多样性对于提升细胞培养型人造肉的重要性。     

如何满足高产母猪对矿物质的营养需要

<正>高产母猪对矿物质的需要量尚不是很明确。迄今为止的研究证实,随着胎次的增加,母猪体内的常量和微量元素储备逐渐减少,而且高繁殖力还加剧矿物质的丢失。母猪的繁殖周期中,某些时期(通常是怀孕后期和哺乳阶段)对常量和微量元素的需要     

How Improving Welfare Can Improve Profits

The meat and livestock sectors are now starting to view welfare as a way of managing risk and farm animal welfare is being viewed in the wider aspect of sustainability.     

复合微生物添加剂对生长肥育猪生产性能和肉质特性的影响

选用20 kg的“杜长大”三元杂交仔猪14头,随机分成二组(对照组、试验组),进行饲养试验、屠宰测定和肉质分析。结果表明:日粮中添加4%复合微生物添加剂,对生长肥育猪的促生长效果与添加含抗生素等成分的复合预混料相当。试验组日增重611.05 g,料肉比(2.62),瘦肉率(63.05%),熟肉率(67.95%),肌肉粗蛋白(23.35%)、氨基酸总含量(202 m g/g)等指标达到或优于对照组,且肌肉中铅、砷、铜的残留量低于国家行业标准(NY 5029无公害食品猪肉),猪肉优质营养安全。     

复合微生物添加剂对生长肥育猪生产性能和肉质特性的影响

选用20kg的“杜长大”三元杂交仔猪14头,随机分成二组（对照组、试验组）,进行饲养试验、屠宰测定和肉质分析.结果表明：日粮中添加4%复合微生物添加剂,对生长肥育猪的促生长效果与添加含抗生素等成分的复合预混料相当.试验组日增重611.05 g,料肉比（2.62）,瘦肉率（63.05%）,熟肉率（67.95%）,肌肉粗蛋白（23.35%）、氨基酸总含量（202 mg/g）等指标达到或优于对照组,且肌肉中铅、砷、铜的残留量低于国家行业标准（NY5029无公害食品猪肉）,猪肉优质营养安全.     

Effect of Cadmium in Feed on Organs and Meat Colour of Growing Pigs

One hundred and ninety-two barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, initial weight 27.7 kg) were used to investigate the effects of cadmium in feed on the function of selected organs and meat colour of growing pigs. The pigs were randomly allocatted into four different treatments. Each treatment included three replications with 16 pigs per replicate. The animals were fed corn–soybean basal diet and supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0 mg/kg cadmium (as CdCl₂), respectively. The feeding trial ended when the average body weight of the pigs reach 90 kg. The results showed that, compared with controls, addition of 10 mg/kg cadmium to the diet resulted in significant elevations of relative weight of liver and spleen by 18.3% (p < 0.05) and 19.7% (p < 0.05) respectively, and of serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities by 17.8% (p < 0.05) and 27.4% (p < 0.05) respectively; and significant decreases of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity in the liver by 24.6% (p < 0.05), the redness of longissimus dorsi by 26.6% (p < 0.05) and 24.9% (p < 0.05) at 0.75 h and 16 h post mortem, respectively, and of the myoglobin content of longissimus dorsi by 19.4% (p < 0.05). No changes were found in these indices above when the pigs were fed the diet supplied with 0.5 or 5 mg/kg cadmium (p > 0.05), nor in renal functions among cadmium-treatment treatments (p > 0.05) as indicated is the activities of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the content of urinary protein. The study indicated the adverse effects of 10 mg/kg cadmium in feed on liver functions and meat colour of growing pigs.     

China Capturing Global Sheep Meat Market

The explosive growth of China＇s middle class has brought about sweeping economic and social changes, and this in turn has fuelled an engine of consumer spending and demand for a protein-rich diet of red meats, according to Declan Fennell from the Meat Division of Bord Bia Irish Food Board.     

我国居民肉类消费情况调查

为更好研究落实2020年中央1号文件作出的决策部署,对居民肉类消费情况进行了调查。本次调查对全国30个省(区、市)各年龄层次、收入水平的1 060名居民,进行了猪肉、牛肉、羊肉、禽肉、水产品等肉类消费情况和习惯摸底。结果显示:2019年我国居民日常猪肉消费量有所降低,但猪肉仍是主要肉类消费产品;居民喜食热鲜猪肉的消费习惯已发生变化,对冷鲜猪肉接受度较高,对冷冻猪肉接受度低;卫生安全和价格是影响居民对猪肉消费决策的主要因素。可考虑从创新检疫工作模式,重点扶持"养殖-屠宰-销售"一体化企业,强化冷冻肉技术研发和推广,利用新媒体进行舆论引导等4个方面,进一步提高居民对冷鲜、冷冻肉品的认可度,为未来推动从"调猪"向"调肉"转变提供良好的市场环境。     

Compensatory Growth and its Effect on Muscularity and Technological Meat Quality in Growing Pigs

This study investigated the effect of various feeding levels from weaning (day 28) to day 170 of age on growth, muscularity and technological meat quality in female pigs. From day 28 to day 90 of age (growing period) and from day 90 to day 170 of age (finishing period), the pigs were fed either ad libitum (A) or restrictively (R) in a 2 2 2 factorial design with treatments named AA, AR, RA and RR. In the growing period, the growth rate of A pigs was 35% higher than that of R pigs. In the finishing period, the growth rate was dependent on the feed intake in the growing period, i.e. pigs fed restrictively in the growing period had 6-8% higher growth rate in the finishing period (RA and RR) than pigs fed ad libitum in the growing period (AA and AR). Furthermore, despite RA pigs being 11 kg lighter at day 90 of age they produced as much muscle tissue at slaughter as did AA pigs, but less subcutaneous fat, which resulted in a 5% higher meat content of the carcass. The increased muscle growth of RA pigs in the finishing period (compensatory growth) was probably accomplished by increased satellite cell proliferation (muscle DNA accumulation) and increased capacity for protein synthesis, as indicated by a higher RNA concentration. Feeding level did not affect the lightness of meat, the ultimate pH or the drip loss. However, a change in feeding level at day 90 of age (RA and AR) led to a reduction in meat redness. The present data suggest that feed restriction in the growing period results in compensatory growth of muscle tissue in the finishing period if ad libitum feeding was applied during this period, accomplished by increased satellite cell proliferation and increased capacity for protein synthesis, without significantly affecting the technological meat quality.     

糖萜素对育成期贵妃鸡生长性能、肠道微生物区系和肉质的影响

采取单因素试验设计,选取80只健康的8周龄贵妃鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理设4个重复,每个重复5只鸡.预试期4 d,试验期为56 d,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加0%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%的糖萜素.观察不同剂量的糖萜素对贵妃鸡生长、肠道微生物区系和肉质的影响.结果表明,日粮中添加糖萜素,试验1、2、3组的平均日增重分别比对照组提高18.04%(P＜0.05)、12.59%(P＞0.05)和7.41%(P＞0.05);平均料重比分别比对照组降低7.56%(P＜0.05)、7.84%(P＜0.05)和4.36%(P＜0.05).与对照组比较,试验1、2组贵妃鸡肠道中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量显著降低(P＜0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量显著提高(P＜0.05),试验3组的大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆的数量与对照组没有显著差异(P＞0.05).添加糖萜素对贵妃鸡胸肌pH值、腿肌pH值及肌肉的滴水损失没有显著影响(P＞0.05);显著降低了肌肉干物质、粗脂肪含量(P＜0.05),显著提高了试验2组肌肉的粗蛋白含量(P＜0.05).表明在育成期贵妃鸡日粮中添加0.06%的糖萜素比较适宜.     

糖萜素对育成期贵妃鸡生长性能、肠道微生物区系和肉质的影响

采取单因素试验设计,选取80只健康的8周龄贵妃鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理设4个重复,每个重复5只鸡。预试期4 d,试验期为56 d,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别在基础日粮中添加0%、0.04%、0.06%和0.08%的糖萜素。观察不同剂量的糖萜素对贵妃鸡生长、肠道微生物区系和肉质的影响。结果表明,日粮中添加糖萜素,试验1、2、3组的平均日增重分别比对照组提高18.04%(P<0.05)、12.59%(P>0.05)和7.41%(P>0.05);平均料重比分别比对照组降低7.56%(P<0.05)、7.84%(P<0.05)和4.36%(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,试验1、2组贵妃鸡肠道中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的数量显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的数量显著提高(P<0.05),试验3组的大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆的数量与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。添加糖萜素对贵妃鸡胸肌pH值、腿肌pH值及肌肉的滴水损失没有显著影响(P>0.05);显著降低了肌肉干物质、粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),显著提高了试验2组肌肉的粗蛋白含量(P<0.05)。表明在育成期贵妃鸡日粮中添加0.06%的糖萜素比较适宜。