添加两种乙酸钠盐对玉米青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

 【目的】研究探讨两种防腐保鲜剂双乙酸钠和脱氢乙酸钠作为青贮发酵抑制剂对玉米青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响,以期减少青贮发酵和利用过程中的营养损失。【方法】试验以新刈全株玉米为原料,分别添加0.4%双乙酸钠,0.1%脱氢乙酸钠进行青贮(占鲜重),与负对照（不使用添加剂）和正对照（添加青贮酸贮剂,3 ml•kg-1露保美NC）进行对比。【结果】脱氢乙酸钠组在霉菌、酵母菌数量、干物质损失率（DML）、氨态氮/总氮（VBN/TN）等指标上均显著低于正、负对照组（P＜0.05）;双乙酸钠组乳酸、乙酸含量最高,DML、VBN/TN低于负对照,但差异不显著（P＞0.05）。在有氧稳定性方面,脱氢乙酸钠组的有氧稳定性最高（213 h）,双乙酸钠组（147 h）低于正对照组（露保美组,187 h）,但高于负对照（118 h）。【结论】向青贮原料中添加发酵抑制剂对提高青贮的质量没有作用,但对提高青贮饲料的有氧稳定性具有一定的作用。脱氢乙酸钠在保存青贮养分和提高有氧稳定性方面均优于双乙酸钠或露保美,有可能作为青贮发酵抑制剂使用。     

不同添加剂对油莎豆青贮品质及有氧稳定性的影响

【目的】分析不同添加剂对油莎豆(Cyperus esculentus)青贮品质变化的影响,筛选出适宜的青贮添加剂。【方法】设计3个不同添加剂处理,分别为0.2%植物乳杆菌(W₁ 处理)、0.5%纤维素酶(W₂处理)、0.2%植物乳杆菌+ 0.5%纤维素酶(W₃处理),以不添加为对照处理(CK),添加至粉碎的油莎豆中,共发酵60 d,检测发酵期间各处理的第 0、7、15、30、45和60 d的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、氨态氮(NH₃-N)和pH值的变化,并动态监测开窖后各处理青贮内部温度变化规律,对比开袋前后的相对饲喂价值(RFV)。【结果】青贮发酵时间和3个添加剂处理在油莎豆青贮pH 、DM、CP、WSC、NH₃-N均表现出极显著的交互作用(P<0.01),对 NDF、ADF有显著影响(P<0.05)。处理W₃的pH、NH₃-N、NDF和ADF最低,且CP、WSC、RFV含量最高;处理W₃有氧稳定时间显著高于其它处理(P<0.05),达到115 h。综合评价排序W₃处理>W₁处理>W₂处理>CK处理。【结论】3种添加剂均能有效改善油莎豆青贮品质,提高其营养价值,延长青贮有氧稳定性的时间,其中添加植物乳杆菌(0.2%)+纤维素酶(0.5%)的处理青贮效果最好。     

添加剂Siloguard对全株玉米青贮饲料品质及有氧稳定性的影响

以全株玉米为原料,分别添加0.05％、0.10％ Siloguard,研究其对全株玉米青贮饲料品质的影响,并对有氧暴露0,1,3,5,7 d的全株玉米青贮饲料的有氧稳定性进行分析与测定。结果表明：与对照相比,添加Siloguard对青贮饲料pH值无显著影响,显著降低中性洗涤纤维和氨态氮含量(P＜0.05);与添加0.0...     

活性炭对秸秆和猪粪混合厌氧发酵产生物甲烷的影响

为提高水稻秸秆与猪粪田间混合厌氧发酵产生物甲烷的效率,研究在中温（35±1）℃下模拟田间厌氧发酵条件活性炭对厌氧发酵产生物甲烷的影响。试验分别设置了活性炭添加量为发酵基质质量的0%、1.0%、2.0%、3.0%、6.0%、8.0%等6个处理水平,测定了各处理的生物甲烷产气量和秸秆降解的变化。结果表明,活性炭的添加能加快秸秆和猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程,缩短停滞时间,提高产甲烷峰值;活性炭的添加对秸秆和猪粪混合厌氧发酵生物甲烷的产量有显著影响。随着活性炭添加量的增加,生物甲烷的累计产量呈先增加后减少的变化,以2%和3%活性炭添加量的生物甲烷的累计产量最高,分别比对照提高了29.29%和28.04%;活性炭的加入还有利于混合厌氧发酵系统水稻秸秆纤维素和半纤维素的降解。在活性炭添加量为3%的条件下,总木质纤维素降解率达到29.57%,纤维素和半纤维素降解率分别为45.35%和34.09%,分别比对照提高了125.73%、122.00%和128.33%。表明适量活性炭的添加能加快水稻秸秆和猪粪混合厌氧发酵进程,提高厌氧发酵系统甲烷的产率和秸秆的降解率。     

微生物添加剂对青贮高粱发酵品质和稳定性的影响

 将蜡熟期收获的全株高粱 (cultivarFS5 )切割成长度约 2cm ,用 1.5LWeck玻璃发酵罐在实验室条件下进行青贮试验。试验分 3组 ,第 1组为对照 ,第 2、第 3组分别为添加微生物添加剂的A和B组。 2种微生物添加剂的添加水平均为 2× 10 5CFU·g-1DM。在青贮后的第 2、4、8、15和 6 0天每处理随机取 3罐打开并采样以研究其发酵动力学的变化 ,其中第 6 0天的青贮料还用于测定发酵品质 ,并同时进行连续 5d的稳定性测定。结果表明 ,2种微生物添加剂均加快青贮pH下降速度 ,且乳酸产量增加。与对照相比 ,2种微生物添加剂使青贮料在暴露空气后产生的CO2 量略有增高 ,葡萄糖损失较多。微生物添加剂并不影响青贮料灰分和粗蛋白含量 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,但明显降低乙酸 (P <0 .0 5 )、丁酸 (P <0 .0 1)和丙酸 (P <0 .0 1)含量 ,显著提高乳酸含量 (P <0 .0 1)。A组青贮料DM含量较低 ,暴露空气后酵母含量较多。B组青贮料DM含量 (P <0 .0 5 )和乳酸含量 (P <0 .0 1)较高 ,而乙酸含量最低 (P <0 .0 5 )。添加剂B明显降低了ADF (P <0 .0 1) ,ADL(P <0 .0 5 )和NDF (P <0 .0 5 )含量。本试验结果显示 ,乳酸菌添加剂可加快高粱的发酵过程 ,但可能对开窖后的稳定性有不利影响。     

玉米秸秆的青贮及利用

<正>青贮饲料是将切碎的新鲜玉米秸秆在密封无氧的条件下通过微生物厌氧发酵和化学作用而成。青贮玉米秸秆能有效地保持玉米秸秆的青绿状态。青贮饲料气味芳香、柔软多汁、适口性好,十分适于饲喂牛羊,可提高家畜采食量,促进牛羊消化腺分     

青贮玉米秸秆乳杆菌的分离与鉴定

本文对昆明地区青贮上米秸秆乳杆菌进行调查。从１２份样品中，共分离到５５株乳杆菌，鉴定出１２个种。其中短乳杆菌及干酪乳杆菌两个种占４３．６％，确认为是青贮料中的优势种群。本文还从青贮料中分离鉴定出：食果糖乳酸杆菌、绿色乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、亚麻那乳杆菌等４个种，现作一并报道。     

青贮玉米秸秆乳杆菌的分离与鉴定

 本文对昆明地区青贮上米秸秆乳杆菌进行调查.从12份样品中,共分离到55株乳杆菌,鉴定出12个种.其中短乳杆菌及干酪乳杆菌两个种占43.6%,确认为是青贮料中的优势种群.本文还从青贮料中分离鉴定出:食果糖乳酸杆菌、绿色乳杆菌、格氏乳杆菌、亚麻那乳杆菌等4个种,现作一并报道.     

好气性变质抑制剂对青贮饲料有氧稳定性的影响

在青贮饲料饲喂与贮存过程中,有氧变质、二次发酵会引起青贮饲料品质下降,适口性降低,通过添加好气性变质抑制剂,抑制有害微生物的活动,提高青贮饲料的有氧稳定性至关重要。从目前的研究结果来看,与有机酸、氨等抑制剂相比,布氏乳杆菌应用效果较好且发展前景广泛。     

水稻秸青贮对反刍动物甲烷排放的影响

采用2个3×3拉丁方试验设计,利用SF6示踪技术分别测定了青年母牛不同饲养水平(维持和生长)下饲喂青贮稻秸、氨化稻秸以及干稻秸的甲烷排放量,从而评价了水稻秸青贮在减少甲烷排放量上的作用。结果表明:维持水平下,饲喂青贮稻秸和氨化稻秸可有效地降低试验牛每天的甲烷排放以及每千克干物质采食量的甲烷排放,并且与干稻秸组之间差异显著(P<0.05)。甲烷排放量由大到小为干稻秸、氨化稻秸、青贮稻秸。生长水平下,粗饲料的瘤胃降解率越高,日粮中添加精料越有助于纤维的发酵,表现为单位(每天或者每采食1 kg干物质)甲烷气体排放青贮稻秸组均高于干稻秸组。     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

添加乳酸菌制剂对水稻秸青贮品质的影响

鲜稻秸中添加乳酸菌制剂进行青贮,根据青贮方式分为两组:整株青贮(Ⅰ)和切短青贮(Ⅱ),每组根据乳酸菌的添加水平分为:对照组(0)、A(2.0×105 cfu·g-1)、(B 3.0×105 cfu·g-1)和(C 4.0×105 cfu·g-1)4个处理组。经过乳酸菌不同添加处理后的水稻装入聚乙烯袋内,抽真空密封,在室温下保存,45 d开袋进行青贮品质的检测。结果表明,添加乳酸菌可以改善水稻秸青贮的发酵品质,随着乳酸菌添加量的增加,稻秸的青贮品质改善程度越大,从青贮品质和乳酸菌添加成本两方面考虑,试验确定乳酸菌适宜的添加水平为B,C组。对于相同品种的水稻秸青贮,不同的青贮方式对水稻秸的青贮品质的影响较大,切短青贮的效果比整株青贮的效果要好;在适宜的乳酸菌添加水平下,整株青贮也是可行的。     

乳酸菌和纤维素酶对稻草青贮品质的影响

为探讨稻草青贮利用的可能性,研究了添加乳酸菌或/和纤维素酶对稻草青贮品质的影响。将4个水稻品种(日本晴、Genjah Wangkal、武运粳7号和武育粳3号)的新鲜稻草切碎后添加乳酸菌(1×105CFU·g-1)或/和纤维素酶(1g·kg-1),用聚乙烯袋真空青贮60d。试验结果表明,添加乳酸菌使青贮料pH值降低了6.07%(P<0.01);丁酸(BA)和氨态氮(NH3-N)含量分别降低了38.65%(P<0.01)和46.52%(P<0.01);乳酸(LA)、粗蛋白(CP)和可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量分别提高了70.70%(P<0.01)、7.19%(P<0.01)和6.76%(P<0.05)。纤维素酶处理使青贮料的pH值降低了3.52%(P<0.01),BA和NH3-N含量分别降低了28.74%(P<0.01)和22.23%(P<0.01);LA、CP和WSC含量分别提高了19.93%(P<0.01)、3.82%(P<0.05)和6.43%(P<0.05);有机物体外消化率(IVOMD)提高了2.67%(P<0.05)。同时添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶处理效果优于单独添加乳酸菌或纤维素酶处理。青贮料的pH值、BA和NH3-N含量分别降低9.35%(P<0.01)、63.24%(P<0.01)和54.74%(P<0.01),LA、WSC和CP含量分别提高121.67%(P<0.01)、20.19%(P<0.01)和10.41%(P<0.01),NDF和ADF含量分别降低3.61%(P<0.01)和3.05%(P<0.01),IVOMD提高3.98%(P<0.05)。稻草青贮料的发酵品质和饲用价值存在品种间差异,武运粳7号和武育粳3号稻草的发酵品质和饲用价值优于日本晴和Genjah Wangkal稻草。结论:添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶可提高稻草青贮品质,WSC含量高的稻草添加乳酸菌其发酵品质较好。     

Comparison of forage yield,silage fermentative quality,anthocyanin stability,antioxidant activity,and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover and sticky corn stover

The objective of this study was to observe the forage yield, silage fermentative quality, anthocyanin stability, and antioxidant activity during the storage period and in vitro rumen fermentation of anthocyanin-rich purple corn (Zea mays L.) stover (PS) and sticky corn stover (SS). Forage yield of corn stover was weighed and ensiled with two treatments: (1) hybrid sticky waxy corn stover (control), and (2) hybrid purple waxy corn stover (treatment). Samples were stored in mini-silos for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 42, 63, 84, and 105 d. The results showed that PS had significantly higher (P<0.05) yields of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and total anthocyanins than that of the SS. Anthocyanin-rich purple corn stover silage (PSS) showed higher (P<0.05) levels of DM and CP relative to the sticky corn stover silage (SSS). Although anthocyanin-rich PSS displayed a lower (P<0.05) level of pelargonidin-3-glucoside (P3G), it had higher (P<0.05) levels of peonidin (Peo) and pelargonidin (Pel) compared to the control. Delphinidin (Del) and malvidin (Mal) were not detected in SSS during the ensilage period; in PSS, Del was no longer detected after 7 d of ensilage. Specifically, total anthocyanins in anthocyanin-rich PSS decreased rapidly (P<0.05) prior to 7 d of ensilage, and then remained at relatively stable (P>0.05) constants. Compared to the anthocyanin-rich PSS, SSS displayed significantly higher (P<0.05) pH value and ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) content. Propionic acid (PA) at 0 d and butyric acid (BA) during the entire study period were not detected, whereas anthocyanin-rich PSS showed a higher (P<0.05) level of lactic acid (LA) than that of the SSS. Compared with the SSS extract, anthocyanin-rich PSS extract showed a higher (P<0.05) level of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity and displayed a lower (P<0.05) half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value. Moreover, anthocyanin-rich PSS reduced (P<0.05) gas production (GP), and displayed lower levels of immediately soluble fraction and ratio of acetic acid (AA) to PA at 12 h, but the other parameters were unaffected (P>0.05) relative to the control. Taken together, the results indicated that: (1) anthocyanins could be stable in silage; (2) anthocyanin-rich PSS showed better silage fermentative quality and stronger antioxidant activity; and (3) anthocyanin-rich PSS had no negative effect on rumen fermentation parameters.     

添加乳酸菌和纤维素酶对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶和乳酸菌对玉米秸秆青贮饲料品质的影响，分别设乳酸菌处理组、纤维素酶处理组、纤维素酶和乳酸菌共同处理组及对照组进行玉米秸秆青贮饲料的发酵试验。结果表明：添加纤维素酶使玉米秸秆青贮饲料中氮态氮与总氮质量比(m(VBN)／m(TN))和丁酸与总酸摩尔比分别下降28％和100％，ADF质量分数下降20％，显著提高了玉米秸秆青贮饲料的营养价值。乳酸菌的添加虽然使青贮饲料的色泽、气味和质地明显改善，但也使NDF，ADF含量明显提高，氢态氮与总氮质量比也明显上升，这说明玉米秸秆青贮饲料的品质明显下降。乳酸菌和纤维素酶的共同作用使玉米秸秆青贮饲料的干物质消失率提高8％，氨态氮与总氮质量比降低33％，丁酸质量分数降低82％，同时使NDF，ADF质量分数分别降低10％和7％，说明玉米秸秆青贮饲料的品质明显提高。     

Influence of lactic acid bacteria,cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on alfalfa silage quality

This study assessed the effects of lactic acid bacteria(LAB), cellulase, cellulase-producing Bacillus pumilus and their combinations on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition, bacterial community and in vitro digestibility of alfalfa silage. A completely randomized design involving a 8(silage additives)×3 or 2(silage days) factorial arrangement of treatments was adopted in the present study. The 8 silage additive treatments were: untreated alfalfa(control); two commercial additives(GFJ and Chikuso-1); an originally selected LAB(Lactobacillus plantarum a214) isolated from alfalfa silage; a cellulase-producing Bacillus(CB) isolated from fresh alfalfa; cellulase(C); and the combined additives(a214+C and a214+CB). Silage fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and microorganism populations were analysed after 30, 60 and 65 days(60 days followed by exposure to air for five additional days). In vitro digestibility was analysed for 30 and 60 days. Compared with the other treatments, selected LAB a214, a214 combined with either C or CB, and Chikuso-1 had the decreased(P0.001) pH and increased(P0.001) lactic acid concentrations during the ensiling process, and there were no differences(P0.05) among them. Fiber degradation was not significant(P≥0.054) in any C or CB treatments. The a214 treatment showed the highest(P=0.009) in vitro digestibility of dry matter(595.0 g kg~(–1) DM) after ensiling and the highest abundance of Lactobacillus(69.42 and 79.81%, respectively) on days 60 and 65, compared to all of other treatments. Overall, the silage quality of alfalfa was improved with the addition of a214, which indicates its potential as an alfalfa silage inoculant.     

衍生化气相色谱法检测瘤胃液和青贮液中乳酸对映体和挥发酸

利用手性衍生化试剂L-薄荷醇和气相色谱柱前衍生化,将瘤胃液和青贮液中L-和D-乳酸对映体转化为酯类非对映体对,建立同时分析发酵液中乳酸对映体和挥发酸的气相色谱检测方法。样品乳酸对映体的质量浓度在0.05~10.00 mg/mL范围内时,标准曲线的决定系数分别达到R2=0.999 5和R2=0.999 6。乳酸对映体的回收率为96.15%~108.24%,且相对标准偏差小于5%。采用本方法检测瘤胃液和青贮液样品的L-和D-乳酸对映体含量,并且与酶学检测法进行比较,2种方法的测定结果没有显著性差异(P>0.05)。发酵液中挥发酸经衍生化处理,可以与L-和D-乳酸对映体在同一色谱条件下检测,各组分在0.05~5.00 mg/mL范围内线性良好,R2=0.998 2~0.999 4。乳酸对映体和挥发酸的色谱分析在6 min完成。     

添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸发酵品质和化学成分的影响

以新鲜玉米秸为原料,分别添加酶制剂Ｃｏｒｎｚｙｍｅ０,５００,７５０,１０００ｍＬ／ｔＤＭ进行青贮．感观评定得知各处理青贮料均属于优质青贮料．Ｃｏｒｎｚｙｍｅ的添加降低了青贮玉米秸的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,其中以添加１０００ｍＬ／ｔ组降低最多,分别比未添加组（对照组）降低７．０％和４．８％．青贮料的乳酸含量分别为１３２．９,１２２．５,１２９．９,１４６．７ｇ／ｋｇＤＭ,添加１０００ｍＬ／ｔ组使乳酸含量较对照组提高了１０．４％;青贮料的乙酸含量随Ｃｏｒｎｚｙｍｅ添加水平的提高而增加（分别为１５．５,１７．３,１８．６,２４．２ｇ／ｋｇ）,比对照提高１１．６％,１９．４％和５６．１％;青贮料总有机酸含量分别为１４９．５,１４０．８,１４９．６,１７０．９ｇ／ｋｇ,添加１０００ｍＬ／ｔ组比对照高１４．３％．试验组和对照的青贮料均不含丁酸．添加Ｃｏｒｎｚｙｍｅ对青贮玉米秸的干物质、粗蛋白和可溶性碳水化合物的含量以及对ｐＨ值、氨态氮占总氮之比值均无显著影响．青贮玉米秸的干物质回收率以试验组为低（分别为９４．０％,８８．２％,８８．８％,８７．１％）．     

混播对青贮玉米生长、产量和饲用品质的影响

试验以中熟的中原单32和晚熟的东青1号两个青贮玉米品种为材料,进行同行混播、间行混播,研究不同混播方式与青贮玉米各生育时期、产量和饲用品质的关系。结果表明,不同混播方式对青贮玉米品种生育时期影响不显著;实行2:2间行混播,并在中原单32达到乳熟末期时进行混合收获,可获得较高干物质产量和较好的饲用品质。     

肥料运筹对青贮玉米产量和营养成分的影响

通过青贮玉米肥料运筹试验,研究了青贮玉米的施肥量和施肥方式对产量和营养成分的影响。结果表明：雅玉8号适宜的施肥量为285～375kg／hm2,且干物质产量随着施肥量的增加而增加;施用肥量315kg／hm2时,采用重基肥不施穗肥的施肥方式,青贮玉米产量高,营养成分好。