Physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water-washed meat in the presence of the more soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein

We investigated the physicochemical properties of the thermal gel of water‐washed pork meat (WWM) in the presence of the soluble fraction of porcine sarcoplasmic protein (SP) obtained with ammonium sulfate at 75 percent saturation. Two precipitated fractions of SP were obtained at 0–50 percent and 50–75 percent saturation, named SP‐f1 and SP‐f2, respectively, and the soluble fraction obtained at 75 percent saturation, SP‐f3, was used. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that SP‐f3 contained mainly glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), while SP‐f1 and SP‐f2 had other SPs such as phosphorylase b, enolase, actin and phosphoglycerate mutase. The gel strength of WWM was greater when SP‐f3 rather than one of various animal proteins such as bovine plasma (BP), egg white, or whey protein isolates (WPI), was added and SP‐f3 had a gel‐enhancing effect as good as that of polyphosphate (PP). The gel strength of WWM with added SP‐f3 increased significantly with NaCl at 0.15 mol/L or more, but not in the absence of NaCl (0 mol/L). The effect of SP‐f3 was evident at neutral pH and maximum gel strength was obtained at a pH above 6.0. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis showed that an endothermic peak corresponding to myosin heads in WWM shifted to a lower temperature with the addition of SP‐f3, as in the case of PP, though there was no such shift in the presence of other animal proteins (BP, egg white and WPI), suggesting that SP‐f3 increases the gel strength of WWM through the dissociation of actomyosin similar to PP. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed wall‐like structures among the protein strands in the WWM gel matrix in the presence of SP‐f3. The results of DSC and SEM indicated that the formation of a gel network in meat products is reinforced with GAPDH in SP after the interaction between GAPDH and myofibrillar protein.     

亲油亲水平衡值对鸡新城疫油苗免疫力影响的研究

制备出HLB值从4．3－14之间的新城疫（ND）油苗10组，分别免疫3月龄易感来航鸡，每隔1－2周采血直至第8周，进行HI抗体测定，HLB值为7．0时ND油苗产生的抗体水平最高。HLB值为7．0的油苗油相中乳化剂含量为10％，油水比例为4：1时，其产生的HI抗体最高。试验结果表明油苗的HLB值、乳化剂含量、油相水相之间比例对油苗效果起关键性作用。     

Optimization of hydrophile-lipophile balance for improved efficacy of Newcastle disease and avian influenza oil-emulsion vaccines

Preparations of inactivated Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI) oil-emulsion vaccines with surfactant hydrophile-lipophile-balance (HLB) values between 4.3 and 9.5 were evaluated for their efficacy in broiler-type white rock chickens. Chickens were vaccinated at 3-4 weeks of age and bled at 2-week intervals over 8 weeks. Post-vaccinal hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) geometric mean titers (reciprocals) ranged from 197 to 485 for ND vaccines and from 184 to 1040 for AI vaccines. Based on the HI response, an HLB value of 7.0 induced the greatest stimulation of antibody titers. Ten percent surfactant in the oil phase of the vaccines induced maximum titers at this HLB. The oil:aqueous ratios of the vaccines did not greatly influence the overall serologic response when the vaccines had an HLB of 7.0. These results indicate that manipulating surfactant HLB values of OE vaccine may maximize the HI response in broilers.     

Modulation of electrogenic transport processes in the porcine proximal colon by enteric neurotransmitters

The aim of our study was to evaluate the involvement of essential pro- and antisecretory neurotransmitters in regulation of secretion in porcine proximal colon. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were located immunohistochemically in the epithelium and subepithelial layer. Modulation of epithelial secretion was studied in Ussing chambers. Application of carbachol (CA), sodium nitroprussid (SNP), VIP and SP but not of NPY or SOM resulted in a chloride dependent increase in short circuit current (I(sc) ). I(sc) increase induced by CA, VIP or SNP was not altered by preincubation with tetrodotoxin or indomethacin. In contrast, SP-induced I(sc) increase was diminished by preincubation with tetrodotoxin, indomethacin, L-nitro-arginin-methyl-ester, and atropine but not hexamethonium. Simultaneous application of CA and VIP, or CA and SNP increased the I(sc) stronger as expected. Applying SP/CA led to a smaller increase in I(sc) as calculated. It is concluded that mainly prosecretory neurotransmitters are involved in regulation of colonic secretion. Cross-potentiations of acetylcholine and nitric oxide and acetylcholine and VIP suggest activation of different intracellular cascades. Similar intracellular pathways may be stimulated by acetylcholine and SP, thus preventing an additive effect of the transmitters.     

Influence of protein fermentation and carbohydrate source on in vitro methane production

Incubations were carried out with batch cultures of ruminal micro‐organisms from sheep to analyse the influence of the N source on in vitro CH₄ production. The two substrates were mixtures of maize starch and cellulose in proportions of 75:25 and 25:75 (STAR and CEL substrates, respectively), and the three nitrogen (N) sources were ammonia (NH₄Cl), casein (CA) and isolated soya bean protein (SP). Five isonitrogenous treatments were made by replacing non‐protein‐N (NPN) with CA or SP at levels of 0 (NPN), 50 (CA50 and SP50, respectively) and 100% (CA100 and SP100) of total N. All N treatments were applied at a rate of 35 mg of N/g of substrate organic matter and incubations lasted 16.5 h. With both proteins, N source × substrate interactions (p = 0.065 to 0.002) were detected for CH₄ production and CH₄/total VFA ratio. The increases in CH₄ production observed by replacing the NPN with protein‐N were higher (p < 0.05) for STAR than for CEL substrate, but the opposite was observed for the increases in volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. As a consequence, replacing the NPN by increased levels of CA or SP led to linear increases (p < 0.05) in CH₄/total VFA ratio with STAR, whereas CH₄/total VFA ratio tended (p < 0.10) to be decreased with CEL substrate. Increasing the amount of both proteins decreased linearly (p < 0.05) ammonia‐N concentrations, which may indicate an incorporation of amino acids and peptides into microbial protein without being first deaminated into ammonia‐N. In incubations with the tested N sources as the only substrate, the fermentation of 1 mg of CA or SP produced 1.24 and 0.60 μmol of CH₄ respectively. The results indicate the generation of CH₄ from protein fermentation, and that the response of CH₄ production to protein‐N supply may differ with the basal substrate.     

贮藏期间全蛋液加工品质变化研究

试验将经过巴氏杀菌(58℃,4.5 min)的全蛋液分别置于常温储藏和冷藏贮藏,分析贮藏期间全蛋液的挥发性盐基氮、起泡性及泡沫稳定性、乳化性及乳化稳定性的变化规律。结果显示:常温贮藏期间挥发性盐基氮含量的增长速率约为冷藏贮藏的2倍;全蛋液的起泡性和乳化性在贮藏期间均呈下降趋势,在常温贮藏1 d时起泡性达到较大值(41.9%),在冷藏贮藏1 d时乳化性达到较大值(27.8%)。全蛋液的起泡稳定性和乳化稳定性在贮藏期间均呈上升趋势,在常温贮藏第9天时起泡稳定性达到较大值(83.8%),在冷藏贮藏第11天时乳化稳定性达到较大值(42.4%)。     

不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的研究进展

表面活性剂是一种新型的反刍动物饲料添加剂,根据表面活性剂的分子结构,可将其分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性离子型和非离子型表面活性剂,其作用机理是通过改变瘤胃微生物种群数量进而增加瘤胃内源性酶的分泌量、分泌酶活性或促进酶与底物之间的相互作用,改变瘤胃发酵模式,提高瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。作者主要综述了表面活性剂的分类及几种常见的表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃发酵调控的影响,其中包括非离子型（吐温、烷基多糖苷、茶皂素）、两性离子型（甜菜碱、大豆磷脂）和阴离子型（十二烷基苯磺酸钠、磺基丁二酸钠二辛酯）;介绍了日粮中添加不同离子型表面活性剂对反刍动物瘤胃微生物种群数量、内源酶活、发酵产物等影响,为新型表面活性剂的开发和表面活性剂在反刍动物日粮中的合理应用提供参考依据。     

不同乳化盐对再制干酪的影响及其复配优化

以自制Mascarpone干酪和市售Cheddar干酪为原料制备再制干酪,研究4 种常见乳化盐（焦磷酸钠、六偏磷酸钠、多聚磷酸钠和柠檬酸钠）对再制干酪功能特性的影响,并进行乳化盐的复配优化。结果表明：4 种乳化盐的乳化能力大小为焦磷酸钠＞柠檬酸钠＞多聚磷酸钠＞六偏磷酸钠;根据单因素试验结果,采用响应面法,选择焦磷酸钠、柠檬酸钠和多聚磷酸钠进行乳化盐复配优化,得出乳化盐的最佳配方为多聚磷酸钠添加量0.70%、柠檬酸钠1.50%、焦磷酸钠0.40%。     

响应面法优化沙棘再制奶酪加工工艺

本试验以新鲜沙棘果及奶酪为主要原料,探讨了沙棘再制奶酪的加工工艺。首先经护色、打浆、精磨、过滤、调酸、均质等工序,制备澄清均一的沙棘果汁。以样品感官品质和Vc含量为评价指标,通过单因素试验以及响应面试验,得出最佳配方及工艺为：35.00%天然奶酪、18.56%沙棘果汁（料水质量比1∶1）、1.54%复合乳化盐（m_柠檬酸钠∶m_{多聚磷酸钠}∶m_焦磷酸钠∶m_{六偏磷酸钠}=4∶2∶2∶1）、12.00%黄油、6.00%脱脂乳粉、6.00%白砂糖、0.50%复合稳定剂（m_卡拉胶∶m_黄原胶=4∶1）,其余20.40%为纯净水,乳化温度为84 ℃,乳化时间为11.4 min,搅拌速度为3 000 r/min。经此工艺制成的成品,感官评分为57.5分（满分60分）,Vc含量达16.61 mg/100 g。成品组织结构细腻光滑、色泽橘黄、口感润滑、营养丰富,具有沙棘果的风味,符合《GB25192—2010 再制奶酪》要求。     

绵羊肺腺瘤病毒衣壳蛋白杂交瘤细胞系的建立

为了制备特异性的抗绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus,JSRV) 内蒙株衣壳蛋白(CA)的单克隆抗体(McAb)杂交瘤细胞系,以原核表达CA蛋白为抗原,免疫BALB/c小鼠,经4次免疫后,取脾细胞与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞经杂交瘤技术进行融合,同时以表达蛋白作为包被抗原进行特异性ELISA检测,共筛选到6株阳性杂交瘤细胞株。经过3次亚克隆后,最终得到了5株能稳定分泌抗体的单细胞克隆株;再利用CA真核表达蛋白以间接免疫荧光法,对此5株杂交瘤细胞进行进一步的特异性鉴定。结果显示,有3株具有特异性强荧光反应,也能检测到目的基因的表达产物。本试验获得了3株稳定分泌抗JSRV-NM株CA蛋白McAb的杂交瘤细胞系,为建立检测病原的特异性诊断方法、分析JSRV-NM株CA蛋白的功能及鉴定B细胞抗原表位等奠定基础。     

Topographic relationship between senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloidosis in the brain of aged dogs.

The distributions of senile plaques (SP) and cerebrovascular amyloidosis (CA) were studied by employing thioflavin S and modified Bielschowsky stains, and beta-protein immunohistochemistry on serial sections of the brains of aged dogs older than 10 years. Mature and perivascular plaques, both of which contained compact amyloid deposits, always showed a close topographic relationship to CA. In contrast, the majority of diffuse plaques showed no topographic relationship to CA. Cell bodies of neurons and/or glia were almost always involved in the diffuse plaques. In addition, beta-protein immunohistochemistry demonstrated amyloid deposits on the periphery of occasional neurons. These findings suggest that different mechanisms may be involved in the development of the different subtypes of SP in the brains of aged dogs.     

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A的研究进展

肺表面活性物质相关蛋白A（pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A,SP-A）是肺表面活性物质（pulmonary surfactant,PS）中含量最丰富的蛋白成分,主要分布于支气管表面和肺泡气液界面上,属C-型胶凝素家族的重要成员,在维持PS的正常生物学功能和调节局部免疫及炎症反应方面发挥重要作用。研究结果表明,SP-A质和量的改变与哺乳动物的肺部疾病密切相关,以SP-A作为肺疾病严重程度的指标已日益受到重视。此外,在急性肺损伤/急性呼吸窘迫综合症（ALI/ARDS）的治疗方面,PS替代治疗虽已获得了一定成功,但是,因现有外源性PS制剂中缺乏SP-A,使其疗效大受限制。因此,运用分子生物学手段,研究SP-A的表达调控,大量获取SP-A,将成为PS制剂研发的一个主要方向。     

Elevation of serum surfactant protein-A with exacerbation in canine eosinophilic pneumonia

A 7-year-old female spayed Labrador Retriever was admitted to our hospital, because of cough with sputum. She was diagnosed as having canine eosinophilic pneumonia (CEP) based on blood eosinophilia, bronchial pattern and infiltrative shadow observed on thoracic radiography, bronchiolar obstruction and air-space consolidation predominantly affecting the right caudal lung lobe, as revealed by computed tomography (CT), predominant eosinophils in CT-guided fine needle aspiration and the clinical course. She exhibited a good response to steroid therapy, and the cough disappeared. The serum surfactant protein (SP)-A level increased with the aggravated symptom and decreased markedly with improvement compared with the C-reactive protein level and the number of eosinophils. We propose that serum SP-A level is a good biomarker in CEP.     

Sodium butyrate maintains growth performance by regulating the immune response in broiler chickens

1. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary sodium butyrate on the growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens. In experiment 1, 240 1-d-old chickens were allocated into 4 dietary groups (0, 0·25, 0·50 or 1·00 g sodium butyrate/kg) with 6 replicates each. In experiment 2, 120 1-d-old chickens were fed a control diet (without sodium butyrate) or 1·00 g sodium butyrate/kg diet. Half of the chickens fed on each diet were injected intra-peritoneally with 0·5 g/kg body weight of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 16, 18 and 20 d of age. 2. There was no effect of dietary sodium butyrate on growth performance. On d 21, serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were decreased in chickens given 1·00 g sodium butyrate/kg, serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities were significantly increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased by dietary sodium butyrate at 0·50 or 1·00 g/kg. On d 42, serum IL-6 was markedly decreased by dietary sodium butyrate, while 1·00 g sodium butyrate/kg greatly reduced MDA and increased catalase. 3. LPS challenge significantly reduced the growth performance of chickens. Serum IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, corticosterone, alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) were increased in LPS-challenged chickens. Dietary sodium butyrate supplementation maintained the body weight gain and feed intake. Sodium butyrate supplementation inhibited the increase in IL-6 and AGP in serum at 16 d of age and TNF-α, corticosterone, AGP and PGE(2) at 20 d of age. Similar inhibitory effects of sodium butyrate in serum glucose and total protein concentrations were also found at 20 d of age. 4. The results indicated that dietary sodium butyrate supplementation can improve the growth performance in chickens under stress and that this may be used to moderate the immune response and reduce tissue damage.     

Mechanism of macrophage activation by chitin derivatives

In order to analyze the detailed mechanisms responsible for macrophage activation by chitin derivatives, resident peritoneal macrophages were prepared and stimulated with chitin, chitosan and low-molecular weight chitosan. Our findings were as follows: (i) chitosan induced apoptosis of peritoneal macrophages, but this did not occur when chitin or water soluble low-molecular weight chitosan were used; (ii) chitosan treatment induced activation markers, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, class II, Fc receptors, transferrin receptor, mannose receptor, Fas, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, whereas chitin and low molecular weight soluble chitosan induced only the expression of MHC class I and II molecules; (iii) apoptosis induced by chitosan was mediated by the Fas signaling pathway, in response to phagocytosis via the mannose receptor. We conclude that since chitosan activates macrophages, this may be the mechanism by which it accelerates wound healing.     

Purification of carbonic anhydrase isozyme VI (CA-VI) from swine saliva.

Salivary or secreted carbonic anhydrase (CA), which constitutes a new class of CA, designated CA-VI, was isolated. Swine CA-VI purified from swine saliva by inhibitor-affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography had a specific activity of 5,468 units/mg. The molecular weight was 250,000, as determined by gel filtration under non-denaturing conditions, and the subunit molecular weight was found to be 37,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, indicating that swine CA-VI consists of 7 subunits. The treatment of the enzyme with endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase F reduced its subunit molecular weight from 37,000 to 35,000 and 32,000. We raised a rabbit antibody against purfied swine CA-VI. Double immunodiffusion showed that anti-swine CA-VI serum reacted with swine CA-VI and swine saliva, but not with hemolysate (containing CA-I and CA-Il) or muscle extracts (containing CA-III). The concentration of CA-VI in swine saliva, measured using single radial immunodiffusion, was 0.027 +/- 0.017 mg/mg total protein.     

双乙酸钠对苜蓿青贮品质、营养成分及蛋白分子结构的影响

为了促进节粮型畜牧业发展,为反刍动物提供优质青贮饲料。研究了添加剂(双乙酸钠)在紫花苜蓿青贮中的最佳作用剂量,通过在青贮过程中添加不同浓度的双乙酸钠,探究其对苜蓿青贮发酵品质、营养特性以及蛋白质分子结构的影响。选用6月初第一茬刈割的初花期金皇后紫花苜蓿为原料进行青贮,试验组依据双乙酸钠的添加水平设0(对照),0.1%、0.2%、0.3%、0.4%、0.5%、0.6%和0.7%共8个处理组,在常温下贮藏45 d后测定相关指标。测定结果如下:添加双乙酸钠组苜蓿青贮饲料pH值显著低于对照组(P<0.05),中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量也显著降低,感官评分试验组均优于对照组。双乙酸钠添加量为0.7%时,蛋白质含量最高,丙酸、丁酸及氨态氮含量最低;酰胺Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的峰高及峰面积显著降低,α-螺旋区与β-折叠区中心高度比显著升高。这表明添加双乙酸钠能显著改善青贮苜蓿的营养特性、发酵品质以及蛋白质分子结构。综合本试验数据及经济成本考量,双乙酸钠最佳添加量为0.5%~0.6%。     

吐温60和吐温80对反刍动物瘤胃和生产性能的影响

非离子表面活性剂(NIS)已经作为添加剂能有效地刺激需氧微生物的生长。本文综述了非离子型表面活性剂吐温60和吐温80在反刍动物营养中的应用。     

Use of mannanoligosaccharides and zinc chelate as growth promoters and diarrhea preventative in weaning pigs: Effects on microbiota and gut function

The efficacy of a commercial source of mannanoligosacharides (BM), organic zinc (BP), or their combination to enhance performance, gastrointestinal health, and immune response in weaned pigs was evaluated. A total of 128 piglets, weaned at 20 +/- 2 d, were housed in 32 pens. Animals received 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control diet (CT) to which 0.2% of BM, 80 mg/kg of Zn as BP, or both additives (BMP) were added. The experiment lasted for 5 wk including a prestarter period of 2 wk and a starter period of 3 wk. Body weight was recorded and daily feed intake was calculated. Fecal consistency was monitored for the first 21 d. After 2 wk, 32 animals were killed, digesta samples from the stomach, ileum, and cecum were collected, and pH and the short-chain fatty acid profile were determined. Microbiological counts for enterobacteria and lactobacilli were evaluated using quantitative PCR. Histological parameters in the jejunum and immunoglobulin concentrations in serum and ileal digesta were also measured. Both additives improved G:F during the starter period (0.63, 0.69, 0.67, and 0.68 for CT, BM, BP, and BMP, respectively; P < 0.04). Mean fecal score values for the first 21 d were improved by BM and BP, showing decreased values compared with the CT diet (1.22, 0.89, 0.87, and 1.06 for CT, BM, BP, and BMP, respectively; P = 0.002). The addition of BM decreased enterobacteria counts in the jejunum (9.13, 8.05, 8.87, and 7.89 log 16S rRNA gene copies/g of matter for CT, BM, BP, and BMP, respectively; P = 0.05). Empty ileal weight, defined as the segment including the continuous Peyer's patch, tended (P = 0.08) to increase with BP treatment (8.9, 9.6, 11.9, and 10.3 g/kg of BW for CT, BM, BP, and BMP, respectively). Crypt depths in the jejunum were lower in animals fed the combination of the additives (BPM) compared with those fed the control diet (281 vs. 235; P < 0.03). No significant differences were registered in pH, short-chain fatty acids, or serum and ileal immunoglobulin concentrations. The results suggest that the use of BM or BP can improve the efficiency of gain during the starter period.     

Effects of dizocilpine pretreatment on parvalbumin immunoreactivity and Fos expression after cerebral ischemia in the hippocampus of the Mongolian gerbil

The mechanisms of ischemic neuronal death have been focused on glutamate receptor activation and subsequent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of dizocilpine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, pretreatment on Fos expression and parvalbumin (PV, calcium binding protein) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus of the mongolian gerbil after global ischemic insults. The number of PV-immunoreactive (PV-ir) neurons in CA1 were significantly decreased from 1 day after cerebral ischemia, while dizocilpine pretreatment completely suppressed the loss of PV-ir neurons in CA1. Dizocilpine pretreatment also protected the structural loss of microtubule-associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in CA1 after ischemic insults. In addition, dizocilpine pretreatment increased Fos expression in both hippocampal CA3 and CA4 after 3 hr ischemic reperfusion as compared to that of the saline pretreated group. Subsequently, the Fos-defined cellular activity of PV-ir neurons was slightly increased by dizocilpine pretreatment in the hippocampal area. This study demonstrated that NMDA receptor mediated calcium influx was associated with the loss of PV-ir neurons in CA1 hippocampal region, and that dizocilpine pretreatment increased Fos expression and the neuronal activity of PV-ir neurons in the non-vulnerable region of hippocampus after cerebral ischemia. Based on this data, we conclude that the protective effect of dizocilpine may be induced by the regulation of calcium overload, or by the upregulation of a neuroregenerative initiator such as Fos protein.