籼型光温敏两系不育系H153S的选育及应用

光温敏核不育系转育起点温度的高低是决定两系杂交水稻制种能否安全的关键因素之一,选育起点温度较低的光温敏核不育系可以显著提高两系杂交水稻制种纯度。本课题组利用系谱选育法,将播始历期较短、不育起点温度较高、农艺性状较好的两系不育系中间材料7HS006与播始历期较长、育性转换温度较低的绿102S进行杂交,选育出籼型两系不育系H153S,该不育系的不育起点温度较低,育性稳定,可繁性、农艺性状较好。H153S将在两系杂交水稻制种和推广中起重要的实际应用价值。     

水稻群体育种理论与实践

水稻群体育种是以光温敏核不育水稻为遗传载体,借助它的生态不育特性,建立多亲本天然授粉的杂交群体。在F2、F3……进行生态育种和常规育种的双向选择,即选择优良不育株,育成新的光温敏核不育系。选择可育株,育成新的常规水稻品种。在F2、F3……代收取不育株的天然杂交种,构建新一轮杂交群体。作者利用群体育种技术已育成通过辽宁省审定的粳型水稻光敏核不育系GB028S和常规水稻品种盐丰47。     

水稻群体育种理论与实践

水稻群体育种是以光温敏核不育水稻为遗传栽体，借助它的生态不育特性，建立多亲本天然授粉的杂交群体。在F2、F3……进行生态育种和常规育种的双向选择，即选择优良不育株，育成新的光温敏核不育系。选择可育株，育成新的常规水稻品种，在F2、F3……代收取不育株的天然杂交种，构建新一轮杂交群体。作者利用群体育种技术已育成通过辽宁省审定的粳型水稻光敏核不育系GB028S和常规水稻品种盐丰47。     

温敏核不育基因在籼型三系遗传背景下的育性表达

用3个温敏核不育系培矮64S、6311S和360S与7个籼型质核互作型水稻雄性不育系及相应的保持系、3个恢复系配组,观察了51个组合的F1、19个F2及6个BC1的育性表现。结果表明：培矮64S温敏核不育性状由2对隐性基因控制,具有对质核互作型雄性不育系育性的强恢复基因;6311S温敏核不育性状由1对隐性基因控制,同时具有1对弱恢复基因;360S温敏核不育性状由1对隐性基因控制,但没有恢复基因。进一步利用4个细胞质雄性不育系/6311S组合F2群体中4个温敏核不育株与5个细胞质雄性不育系CMS配组,研究了杂交F1的育性,表明在可育细胞质背景下,三系恢复基因对温敏核不育基因的表达没有影响;在不育细胞质背景下,三系恢复基因是温敏核不育基因表达的关键。由此提出了选育不育细胞质背景的光温敏核不育系和温敏核不育背景的质核互作型不育系的策略。     

籼型节水抗旱稻光温敏核不育系申旱1S的选育

以HD9802S为不育基因供体,优质香型节水抗旱稻保持系沪旱1B为轮回亲本进行杂交和2次回交,经过多代系谱选择和测交筛选,育成籼型节水抗旱稻光温敏核不育系申旱1S。该不育系具有不育性稳定、育性转换临界温度较低(23℃)、开花习性好、异交结实率高、米质优良、抗旱性强等优点,2015年通过上海市品种审定委员会技术鉴定。     

香型糯稻光温敏核不育系荃香糯S的选育

荃香糯S是用光温敏核不育系新安S为母本,用常规香糯材料Y874为父本杂交后经多代选育而成的香型糯性光温敏核不育系2,009年通过安徽省农作物品种审定委员会组织的专家技术鉴定。该不育系不育期不育株率100%;在合肥地区,花粉败育以无花粉型为主,花粉不育度达99.99%。该不育系具有香味,米质为糯性,其它特征特性与亲本新安S相似,配合力强,株叶形态好,具有隐性浅褐色颖壳标记。     

优质抗病杂交糯稻新组合糯两优12的选育与应用

糯两优12是用糯稻光温敏核不育系闽糯1S和三系保持系嘉农wx2B配组育成的籼型杂交糯稻新组合，具有稳产、优质、抗稻瘟病等特点，于2021年通过福建省农作物品种审定委员会审定。     

浅析两系“龙凤胎”—x186

2003年在01-124稻田里发现不育株36-20S后,先后两年南北两地高低温条件下未得到不育株种子,因而采用"逐代展开法"保留其不育基因。2011年9月,发现其杂交后代不育株率高达42%。利用冬季南滨变温幅度大的条件,观察x186不育株稻茬、可育株单株和同代原种不育株的育性。结果表明x186G1S、x186HS是温敏不育系,起点温度为21～22℃,x186G2S、x186-1S、x186-2S是反温敏不育系,临界温度为25～26℃。x186同时含有温敏型不育基因和反温敏不育基因,因而称作"龙凤胎"。同时选育育性类型截然不同的两系不育系,既拓宽时空,又便于制、繁种。反温敏不育系的选育及应用,将为两系法杂交粳稻育种的发展和杂交粳稻的推广应用带来变革,x186便是北方早粳稻区两系法育种的拐点。     

水稻光温敏核不育系异交结实障碍的影响因素分析

以水稻光温敏核不育系培矮64S、W7415S、W6154S、N26S、安农S、农垦58S、7001S和5008S为母本,常规籼型品系8258和U89为父本,分期播种后进行杂交,对影响水稻光温敏不育系异交结实障碍的因素进行了分析。结果显示,水稻光温敏核不育系存在不同程度的遗传异交结实障碍和环境异交结实障碍;环境对不育系异交结实的影响因素主要是环境温度,影响的敏感时期主要是籽粒灌浆充实前期;不同的不育系,环境温度对其异交结实影响作用的敏感时期、敏感期长短、敏感程度和影响程度均有明显差异。     

光身稻光温敏核不育系光153S的选育

以光身糯稻不育系双光糯S与优质、起点温度低、育性稳定的SE21S杂交,经过多年系谱选择,育成光身稻光温敏核不育系光153S。光153S长光条件下不育起点温度24℃左右,中抗稻瘟病,稻米品质较优,于2005年10月通过了福建省科技成果鉴定。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.