Heterogeneity of glycine receptors and their messenger RNAs in rat brain and spinal cord

Messenger RNAs isolated from adult or newborn rat spinal cord were fractionated in a sucrose gradient. The fractions were injected into Xenopus oocytes to determine their potencies for expression of glycine receptors (GlyRs), which were then examined electrophysiologically. The sedimentation profiles disclosed two classes of GlyR mRNAs, one heavy and the other light. The adult spinal cord was rich in heavy GlyR mRNA, whereas the light GlyR mRNA was more abundant in neonatal spinal cord and in adult cerebral cortex. Glycine receptors encoded by heavy and light mRNAs of adult spinal cord showed some electrophysiological differences. Thus there are two types of GlyRs encoded by mRNAs of different sizes, and the expression of these mRNAs is developmentally regulated. A tissue- and age-dependent distribution of heterogeneous GlyR mRNAs may imply diverse roles of the GlyRs in neuronal function in the central nervous system.     

能量对蛋鸡性成熟过程中卵巢卵泡的影响

通过研究日粮能量水平对蛋鸡性成熟过程中卵巢卵泡的影响,结果表明:22周龄前,卵巢表面卵泡数随着周龄和能量水平的提高而增多。到22周龄,除低能Ⅱ组外,其它各组优势卵泡(10mm以上)明显增多,与低能Ⅱ组达差异显著水平(P<0.05),说明过低的能量饲料对性成熟过程中生殖器官的发育有显著的影响。14和18周龄,低能组初级卵泡的闭锁率明显高于对照和高能组,说明在生殖器官发育的早期,能量过低对初级卵泡的影响比对次级卵泡影响的程度要大。22周龄,高能Ⅰ组卵泡的闭锁率高于其它各组。     

Dynamic complex formation during the yeast cell cycle

To analyze the dynamics of protein complexes during the yeast cell cycle, we integrated data on protein interactions and gene expression. The resulting time-dependent interaction network places both periodically and constitutively expressed proteins in a temporal cell cycle context, thereby revealing previously unknown components and modules. We discovered that most complexes consist of both periodically and constitutively expressed subunits, which suggests that the former control complex activity by a mechanism of just-in-time assembly. Consistent with this, we show that additional regulation through targeted degradation and phosphorylation by Cdc28p (Cdk1) specifically affects the periodically expressed proteins.     

抑制素基因免疫对母羊生殖内分泌的影响

用抑制素基因重组质粒（pCIS）免疫生产母羊,剂量分别为每只0．2mg、0．4mg和0．8mg,以生理盐水为对照。结果表明：免疫组抗抑制素抗体阳性率达46．7％。加强免疫后第45天,免疫组的促卵泡素（FSH）水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。首次免疫后第20天与加强免疫后第45天抗体阳性羊的促卵泡素水平显著高于抗体阴性羊（P〈0．05）。与对照组相比,免疫组的雌激素（E2）与孕激素（P）水平无显著变化（P〉0．05）。抑制素基因免疫能调节绵羊的促卵泡素水平,但对雌激素与孕激素的水平无显著影响。     

卵泡生长发育及其调控的研究进展

综述了卵泡生长发育的动态模式,即卵泡经原始卵泡、初级卵泡、次级卵泡和窦腔卵泡发育至排卵卵泡的过程,着重阐述了卵泡生长发育过程中的调控机制,为进一步研究卵泡的生长、发育和排卵机制提供了理论基础。     

Amyloid protein precursor messenger RNAs: differential expression in Alzheimer's disease

In situ hybridization was used to assess total amyloid protein precursor (APP) messenger RNA and the subset of APP mRNA containing the Kunitz protease inhibitor (KPI) insert in 11 Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 7 control brains. In AD, a significant twofold increase was observed in total APP mRNA in nucleus basalis and locus ceruleus neurons but not in hippocampal subicular neurons, neurons of the basis pontis, or occipital cortical neurons. The increase in total APP mRNA in locus ceruleus and nucleus basalis neurons was due exclusively to an increase in APP mRNA lacking the KPI domain. These findings suggest that increased production of APP lacking the KPI domain in nucleus basalis and locus ceruleus neurons may play an important role in the deposition of cerebral amyloid that occurs in AD.     

Rapid changes in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the last glacial

Sedimentary time series of color reflectance and major element chemistry from the anoxic Cariaco Basin off the coast of northern Venezuela record large and abrupt shifts in the hydrologic cycle of the tropical Atlantic during the past 90,000 years. Marine productivity maxima and increased precipitation and riverine discharge from northern South America are closely linked to interstadial (warm) climate events of marine isotope stage 3, as recorded in Greenland ice cores. Increased precipitation at this latitude during interstadials suggests the potential for greater moisture export from the Atlantic to Pacific, which could have affected the salinity balance of the Atlantic and increased thermohaline heat transport to high northern latitudes. This supports the notion that tropical feedbacks played an important role in modulating global climate during the last glacial period.     

Increased litter size in the rat x-irradiated during the estrous cycle before mating

Average numbers of ovulations, implantations, and living fetuses obtained from rats x-irradiated during the estrous cycle before mating are a function of both the radiation dose and the time of exposure during the cycle. Animals irradiated during metestrus or the day thereafter exhibit significant increases in the factors studied, while those irradiated on the 3rd day after metestrus maintain fewer implantations after exposure to 300, 500, and 600 roentgens, and fewer living fetuses after exposure to 100 to 600 roentgens.     

Follicle-stimulating hormone is expressed in ovarian follicles of chickens and promotes ovarian granulosa cell proliferation

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), an important hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis(HPG) hormone, is secreted by the pituitary gland. This study confirms that FSH is expressed in chicken follicles at different stages, and positive FSHβ mRNA signals were stronger(P0.05) in granulosa cells than in oocytes. The 369 bp coding sequence of FSHβ in ovaries is 100% identical to that in the pituitary gland. The experiment in vitro revealed that the ovary possessed FSH secretory capacity. Further, FSHβ mRNA was significantly upregulated(P0.05) in follicles and significantly higher(P0.05) than that in the pituitary gland by approximately 2–23 times with the development. The number of granulosa cells decreased significantly(P0.05) in the cells with siRNA treatment, confirming that the ovarian FSH could promote granulosa cell proliferation. This view was supported by cell cycle analysis and CCND2 and CCNE2 expression. Further research indicated that no difference(P0.05) was observed between the number of granulosa cells treated with FSHβ siRNA and in exogenous FSH. However, the number of granulosa cells without FSHβ siRNA transfection was significantly higher(P0.05) for exogenous FSH. This finding suggests that the proliferative effect of exogenous FSH on ovarian granulosa cells depend on endogenous FSH. This study demonstrated that the FSH gene was expressed in chicken follicles and promoted ovarian granulosa cell proliferation, which enriched the theory on HPG axis.     

双棘黄姑鱼IGF2 基因克隆及其在卵巢发育中的作用研究

运用RT-PCR和RACE技术,首次克隆了双棘黄姑鱼(Protonibea diacanthus)的IGF2 cDNA。双棘黄姑鱼IGF2cDNA全长842bp,其中开放阅读框为648bp,5′非翻译区为125bp,3′非翻译区为69bp。IGF2前体mRNA编码215个氨基酸,成熟肽为71个氨基酸残基的多肽。多重氨基酸比对结果显示,双棘黄姑鱼与其他鱼类IGF2氨基酸序列高度保守。同源性分析表明,双棘黄姑鱼IGF2氨基酸序列与同属鲈形目的斜带石斑鱼、金头鲷、罗非鱼同源性分别为95.8%、95.3%和91.2%。系统进化树结果与同源性分析结果相似,双棘黄姑鱼IGF2基因首先与同属鲈形目的斜带石斑鱼、金头鲷、罗非鱼类聚,再与虹鳟、牙鲆、黄颡鱼的IGF2和斑马鱼IGF2b基因聚为一支,最后与斑马鱼IGF2a类聚为鱼类IGF2基因。组织分布结果表明,IGF2基因在双棘黄姑鱼各组织中表达广泛。RT-PCR结果显示,双棘黄姑鱼卵巢成熟期和退化期的IGF2表达量显著高于发育期,推测IGF2的表达可能促进了双棘黄姑鱼卵巢的成熟。     

Receptor-estrogen complex in the nuclear fraction of rat uterine cells during the estrous cycle

A quantitative method was used to determine the concentration of receptor-estrogen complex in the nuclear fraction of rat uterine cells throughout the estrous cycle. The concentrations of nuclear receptor-estrogen complex were: metestrus, 0.22; diestrus, 0.75; proestrus, 1.29; and estrus, 0.31 picomoles per milligram of DNA. This cyclic fluctuation in the nuclear complex closely parallels the secretion of ovarian estrogen during the estrous cycle, an indication that the accumulation of receptor-estrogen complex by the nuclear fraction of uterine cells may be of physiological significance, and under the control of endogenous estrogen.     

睾酮在北方山溪鲵精巢发育周期中的分布

用免疫组织化学方法检测了睾酮(testosterone,T)在北方山溪鲵(Batrachuperustibetanus)精巢发育周期中的变化。结果表明,在北方山溪鲵的精巢中,4月份T定位在次级精原细胞的胞质中;5月份T定位在次级精原细胞的胞核中;6~7月,精母细胞和精子细胞核中呈T阳性反应;8月份,精巢的非成熟区和成熟区散在地出现T的弱阳性位点;9~10月,精巢非成熟区的精原细胞胞质及成熟区精子中有较强的T阳性反应;11月,精原细胞的胞质及精子中的阳性反应减弱。在山溪鲵的生殖周期中,4~11月精巢中始终呈现T阳性反应,而且T的分布呈现出一定的规律性。在4~5月和9~10月,精巢间质细胞和支持细胞中也有T阳性反应。上述结果说明,在山溪鲵精巢中,T对生殖细胞增殖及精子形成起调控作用。     

海藻多聚糖硫酸酯对小鼠毛囊生长周期的影响

以C57BL/6小鼠为动物模型,将60只小鼠随机分为海藻多聚糖硫酸酯(丰添)组、米诺地尔组及对照组,局部脱毛后给药,通过毛囊形态学观察、RT-PCR法探讨丰添对小鼠毛囊生长周期的影响。结果表明:脱毛后第5天丰添组及米诺地尔组小鼠背部皮肤毛囊呈生长期Ⅳ亚期,而对照组毛囊呈生长期Ⅲ亚期;拔毛后第18天时,对照组处于退行期,而丰添组、米诺地尔组毛囊多数仍为生长期Ⅵ亚期;在脱毛后第5天丰添组及米诺地尔组小鼠背部皮肤检测到血管内皮细胞生长因子(VEGF)和肝细胞生长因子(HGF)的表达,而对照组未能检测到VEGF、HGF表达;脱毛后第18天丰添组、米诺地尔组及对照组VEGF和HGF均无表达。证明丰添可通过促进毛囊提前进入生长期Ⅳ亚期,推迟毛囊进入退行期而达到促进毛发生长的作用。     

中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中血淋巴主要生化成分的变化

利用生物化学及原子吸收方法测定了中华绒螯蟹蜕皮过程中血淋巴主要生化成分的变化.研究结果显示:在中华绒螯蟹蜕皮前期,血淋巴中总糖、总脂,总蛋白和4种无机离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+)的含量都呈上升趋势.总糖含量在D0期达到高峰,Ca2+、Cu2+和Zn2+含量于D1期达到高峰,总脂和总蛋白含量于D3-4期达到高峰:蜕皮后,总糖、Ca2+、Mg2+含量升高,总脂、总蛋白和Cu2+、Zn2+含量开始降低.中华绒螫蟹蜕皮过程中血淋巴生化成分的变化与蜕皮周期密切相关.     

Endocrine and ovarian responses in water buffalo cows immunized against inhibin and subjected to the Ovsynch protocol

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of stimulating ovarian follicle development in order to improve fertility in water buffalo cows by immunization against inhibin. The experiment was carried out in early summer(May) and included 24 multi-parity crossbred Murrah-Swamp buffaloes that were divided into immunized(n=11) and control(n=13) groups. Each immunized cow was administered with a 2-m L immunogen of mineral oil adjuvant containing 2 mg of recombinant inhibin α-subunit fusion protein. The controls were treated with the adjuvant only. All animals received Ovsynch protocol treatment, starting on the day of the antigen administration, and they were artificially inseminated upon behavioral estrus. As a result, all of the immunized buffaloes generated antibodies against inhibin during the experimental period and had higher plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH), activin, and estradiol(E2) related to estrous expression. A higher proportion of immunized animals expressed estrus behavior than did the controls(72% vs. 30%, P0.05). On average, inhibin-immunized buffaloes had significantly more large follicles(≥9 mm in diameter) than the controls(mean±SEM; 1.2±0.1 vs. 0.84±0.1, respectively; P0.05) and a slightly higher mean total number of follicles(≥2 mm; 11.4±0.7 vs. 9.0±1.1, respectively; P=0.09) and small(2–4 mm) follicles(8.81±0.6 vs. 6.84±1.0, respectively; P=0.12). A higher percentage of cows ovulated in the immunized group than in the control group(91%(10/11) vs. 54%(7/13), respectively; P0.05). Moreover, inhibin-immunized cows had slightly larger corpus luteum(CL) than the controls 9 days after ovulation and significantly higher(P0.01) post-ovulation peak plasma progesterone(P4) concentrations. Immunization against inhibin also marginally increased the conception rate 42 days after insemination(45.8% vs. 15.4%; P0.05). These results demonstrate that immunization against inhibin, coupled with the treatment with the Ovsynch protocol, can constitute a new technique to increase fertility in water buffalo cows.     

奶牛发情周期中生殖激素浓度与卵泡发育对比分析

选择从澳大利亚购进的2岁左右发情周期为21 d育成母牛10头,用放射免疫测定法(R IA)测定了发情周期血清中促卵泡素、促黄体素、孕酮、雌二醇17β的浓度,并用B-型超声波诊断仪检测发情周期卵巢卵泡发育变化.结果显示:优势卵泡发育体积和FSH、LH与E2浓度在奶牛发情周期中主要表现出两个波峰,对比分析显示奶牛在发情周期第12天(优势卵泡峰时)不发情与不排卵主要原因可能是体内前列腺素等激素量不足所致.     

山羊尿石症发生过程中血液及尿液生化变化的动态研究

应用棉饼稻草日粮饲喂18只阉割公山羊,在其饮水中添加氧化镁时,对成功诱发尿石症的6只山羊血液及尿液生化变化特点进行研究.试验分4个时期:预试结束时为Ⅰ期,正式试验的第15～60天为Ⅱ期,尿闭发生初期为Ⅲ期,尿闭发生后2～5 d为Ⅳ期.结果表明:山羊采食棉饼稻草日粮后,尿沉渣晶体和结石的主要成分为磷酸铵镁和磷酸钾镁.Ⅱ期血浆尿素水平较Ⅰ期显著升高,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期血浆肌酐水平较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期显著升高,血液尿素/肌酐比值在Ⅱ期显著升高);Ⅲ、Ⅳ期血浆尿素与肌酐含量较Ⅰ、Ⅱ期显著升高,血液尿素/肌酐比值显著降低;尿蛋白在Ⅱ期明显升高,在Ⅲ期显著减低,但在Ⅳ期又急剧升高.血液磷、镁、钾含量在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期显著升高;在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期血钾、镁含量显著升高,血液无机磷、钠、氯含量显著降低.Ⅱ期尿液无机磷、镁、钾、铵含量较Ⅰ期显著降低,在Ⅲ、Ⅳ期尿磷、镁、钾、铵含量进一步降低,尿钙含量显著降低.结论:山羊磷酸铵(钾)镁尿石症尿闭出现后出现氮质血症,高钾、低磷、低钠、低氯血症以及肾机能不全,且随尿闭的持续而加重.尿液中无机磷、镁、钾、铵含量因参与晶体及结石形成而降低.     

自然发情和超排小鼠的腔卵泡发育的动态模式比较

对自然发情和超排处理发情小白鼠的有腔卵泡进行观察，超排鼠于hCG注射后不同时间取卵巢作切片，结果发现，自然发情和超排小鼠的卵泡进入有腔卵泡阶段（直径≥265μm）是一个连续的过程，但无论的卵泡被招募（recruitment)（卵泡直径≥265μm）还是由小一级有腔卵泡进入大一级有腔卵泡，其转入的速度并不是恒定的；和自然发情相比，超排可促进卵泡的招募，使招募后的卵泡闭锁大大减少，但招募的数量未见增多。     

小梅山猪发情周期生殖激素变化的研究

以ESR基因BB型小梅山母猪、大白母猪为研究对象,测定发情周期血清生殖激素(雌二醇、雌三醇、孕酮、促卵泡素和促黄体素)浓度,探讨小梅山猪高产的内分泌机制。结果表明:小梅山猪雌二醇、孕酮浓度均显著(P<0.05)高于大白猪,大白猪雌三醇和促黄体素浓度显著(P<0.05)高于小梅山猪,而两品种猪促卵泡素则无显著差异。初步认为在诸多生殖激素动态相互作用中,雌激素和孕酮是决定小梅山母猪(ESR基因BB型)繁殖力的主效激素。