青檀育苗造林技术初步研究

青檀是国家重点保护的珍贵树种，多为野生，是制宣纸的重要原料．为保护和扩大青檀资源，为石灰岩山区农民提供一条致富的门路，对青檀的人工栽培进行了研究．结果看出，青檀是一种适应性广的荒山绿化好树种；进行硬枝扦插繁育比较困难，以播种育苗为好，但须在播种前对坚硬的种子进行浸种处理；如为提高青檀树皮的产量，宜选用截干造林．     

青檀的园林价值和应用

青檀是我国特有的国家三级保护树种,栽培历史悠久,具有观赏、用材和造纸价值。文章介绍了其特性、分布、繁殖方法及栽培技术,阐述了青檀的园林价值和应用。     

安徽省石灰岩山地适生树种的选择

以皖东、皖南、皖北的典型石灰岩山地天然次生林群落为研究对象,在群落调查、更新状况调查分析的基础上,探讨了安徽省石灰岩山地的适生树种.结果表明青檀、榉树、朴树、琅琊榆、醉翁榆等榆科树种为皖东石灰岩山地造林绿化的最适树种;麻栎、枫香、黄连木、马尾松、湿地松、侧柏、刺柏、青檀为皖南石灰岩山地造林宜选树种;栓皮栎、板栗、麻栎、青檀、侧柏、杜梨、泡桐等树种为皖北石灰岩山地的造林树种.该研究将为加速北亚热带石灰岩山地绿化提供了可靠依据.     

新物种——青檀绵叶蚜寄主及天敌种类调查

青檀绵叶蚜是危害青檀的蚜虫新种。该文报道了该虫的寄主和天敌,根据试验结果:青檀是该虫的唯一适合寄主;调查到4科6属8种捕食性天敌,以异色瓢虫Leis axyridis(Pallas)、中华草蛉Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder、大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur)、黑带食蚜蝇Epistrophe balteata DeGeer、中华狼蛛Lycosa sinensis Schenkel数量大,捕食量大。除1种寄生螨外,未发现其他寄生性天敌。     

Initial Moisture Content and Density and Drying Rate of Three Pine Species Growing in the Natal Midlands

In this the first of a two-part report, results are given of investigations into the vertical distribution of the moisture content and density of wood and bark, as well as into bark thickness, bark mass and bark volume of two age groups of Pinus elliottii and P. patula trees and one of P. taeda. Variation in wood and bark properties was affected more by position in the stem than by species and age. This precludes the determination of reliable mass/volume conversion figures if stem position is not taken into consideration. The mass loss of logs of the above species after various periods of drying and the development of mass/volume conversion figures will form part of a further report.     

树皮板的研究及开发可行性

简要介绍了国内外树皮板的研究和开发情况,并以落叶松树种为例,从其资源状况、组成成分、树皮板的加工工艺等方面,对开发落叶松树皮板可行性进行探讨,旨在提出利用落叶松树皮加工制造实用产品的新思路。     

Comparison of different approaches for automatic bark detection on log images

The sawmilling industry stores and measures logs with bark in order to maximize efficiency, quality conservation and preservation. However since billing is based on the diameter under bark, it is necessary to differentiate between bark areas and wood areas automatically or via manual assignment. This paper compares different methodologies to automatically differentiate between these areas based on colour images of the log surface of two species, spruce and pine. Additionally, the performance of the different methodologies is evaluated using the proportion of correctly detected bark areas, correctly detected wood areas and the total amount of detected bark and wood areas. In the end, an algorithm taking into account colour and texture information was found to perform well on both species. Based on a larger dataset, this methodology has the potential to detect the diameter under bark based on measurements of logs with bark.     

皖东石灰岩山地次生林演替趋势与树种的生理特性分析

本文在研究分析琅琊山天然森林群落演替趋势、榆科树种生理生态特性以及皖东石灰岩地区立地分类的基础上 ,探讨了皖东石灰岩山地的适宜造林树种 ,从而为加速北亚热带石灰岩山地的绿化提供理论依据。研究结果表明 ,青檀、榉树、琅琊榆、醉翁榆等榆科树种 ,由于在生理上对高钙、干旱的石灰岩生境有较好适应性 ,同时在群落演替过程中具有相对稳定性 ,因而是皖东石灰岩山地造林绿化的适宜树种     

Association of the pine-infesting Pissodes species with ophiostomatoid fungi in Poland

Bark weevils are consistently associated with various fungi. They act as effective vectors for root-rot fungi, the rust pathogen and the ophiostomatoid fungi. In comparison with bark beetles, the interaction between ophiostomatoid fungi and bark weevils has been poorly studied in Europe. This study aims to clarify the ties among ophiostomatoid fungi and their weevil vectors in Pinus sylvestris. Samples associated with three bark weevils, including Pissodes castaneus, P. piniphilus and P. pini were collected from seven pine stands in Poland. Fungi were isolated from laboratory-reared and field-collected beetles, larvae and galleries of weevils. Isolates were identified based on morphology, DNA sequence comparison for two gene regions (ITS, ß-tubulin) and phylogenetic analyses. Fourteen morphological and phylogenetic ophiostomatoid species were identified among the 1,219 isolates. These 14 species included 11 novel associations between fungi and bark weevils. The most commonly encountered fungal associates of bark Pissodes species were Leptographium procerum, Ophiostoma quercus and O. minus. The spectrum of fungal associates was similar in three bark weevil species, despite some differences between species. Except for P. castaneus, all species of bark weevil were frequently associated with ophiostomatoid fungi. Pissodes castaneus does appear to be a consistent vector of L. procerum and Sporothrix inflata while O. minus, O. quercus and O. cf. rectangulosporium were often found in association with P. piniphilus and P. pini.     

Lipophilic extractives of the inner and outer barks from six different <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus</Emphasis> species grown in Indonesia

The chemical compositions of the dichloromethane extracts of inner and outer barks from six Pinus species (P. elliotii, P. oocarpa, P. caribeae, P. merkusii, P. montezumae, and P. insularis) grown in Indonesia were investigated by GC and GC–MS. Generally, the amounts of extractive contents were higher in the inner bark than in the outer bark except for P. merksuii. Fatty acids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, resin acids, triterpenoids, and steroids were detected and quantified. Inner and outer barks differed not only in content of these compounds but also in their composition. Fatty acids and alcohols were the major classes of lipophilic compounds in the outer bark of P. caribeae, P. insularis, and P. montezumae. Steroids and triterpenoids were the dominant compounds identified in the inner bark of P. elliotii, P. insularis, and P. merkusii. Resin acids were the most abundant group in the inner bark of P. oocarpa whereas monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were recorded in minor quantities in both bark layers of all species.     

云南橡胶树小蠹虫研究

云南植胶区橡胶树小蠹虫为4个科17个种的小蠹虫群体,是主要蛀食橡胶树死亡组织的次期性害虫,长期生存在橡胶林中。1990年后,橡胶树小蠹虫为害逐渐明显,表现大量发生,虫害树快速死亡,造成严重的经济损失。经2000～2007年的研究表明:橡胶树小蠹虫种群结构已发生重要变化,活蛀性的角面长小蠹(Platypussecrelus Sampson)、小杯长小蠹(P.calicutus Chapuis)已发展成为优势种,致使橡胶树小蠹虫种群从次要害虫逐渐变为主要害虫,成为橡胶树衰退重要的促进因素(Contributing factors);橡胶树衰退,特别是过度的乙烯利刺激割胶导致的橡胶树衰退,是促变小蠹虫群体结构并逐渐发展成为主要害虫的主要诱因。因此,提高管理水平,调控生产技术,使胶林生态系统达到新的平衡,才是有效地控制橡胶树衰退趋势和控制小蠹虫为害于经济阈值之下的正确途径。     

样木解析法及其在材积表编制中的应用研究

提出了一种材积表编制样本资料收集的新方法———样木解析法。即在标准地中采用随机或机械抽样方法选取样木,进行树干解析,获得样木生长过程;通过建立树皮系数与树皮率回归模型,将样木解析后的各龄阶去皮直径和去皮材积转化为带皮直径和带皮材积,一株样木可获得龄阶数个编表样本。经四川农业大学实习林场楠木一元材积表、二元材积表编制实践,有减少编表样本收集工作量、消耗林木少的优点,且能达到精度要求,同时,也为珍稀树种材积表编制样本资料收集提供了新的方法。     

海南木莲人工林生物量及养分分配

本文测定并分析了海南尖峰岭地区３０年生的热带乡土树种海南木莲人工林生物量及其估算模型，论述了生物量及其养分分配规律。指出：海南木莲各器官及整株生物量模型以幂函数模型Ｗ＝ａ（Ｄ２Ｈ）ｂ比较理想；全林分的总生物量为１４４．０６６ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中地上部分生物量８９．９３５ｔ／ｈｍ２。乔木层生物量占７８．８１％，林下植物层占２１．１９％；在乔木层中，树干、树叶、树枝、树皮和树根所占的比例分别是５４．１２７％、２．３５４％、７．７６２％、９．３７０％和２６．３８８％；乔木层中，各器官的养分含量，除Ｃａ外，都是叶比其它器官（枝、皮、干、根）的养分含量高许多，Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ５个常量养分元素在海南木莲人工林生物体中的总贮量分别为５５７．７５４，２４．３３０，５９９．９０８，２７５．５５７，６４．１０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，各养分贮量在各器官中分布，除Ｐ外，从小到大为树叶、树枝、树皮、树干、树根     

Use of waste materials as nursery growing media for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus halepensis</Emphasis> production

Peat moss is gradually being replaced by other materials as a growing medium in forest nurseries due to economic and ecological constraints. In this study, six different mixtures were tested, mixing peat moss (P) and pine bark (B) with digested sewage sludge (S) activated sewage sludge (A) and paper mill sludge (M), as growing media for Pinus halepensis seedlings; three different waste doses were applied. Seed germination percentage, seedling growth and foliar nutrient content after 1 year in a greenhouse and percentage survival after transplanting were recorded. The influence of base substrate (P or B) on germination percentage changed in different ways according the type of waste. The order of the different applied mixtures by suitability (germination rate and seedling growth) from best to worst was as follows: activated sludge with peat, activated sludge with pine bark, sewage sludge with peat, sewage sludge with pine bark, paper mill sludge with pine bark and finally paper mill sludge with peat.     

“三江源”隆务河流域天然林区小蠹区系初步研究

青海省"三江源"区隆务河流域天然林区有小蠹虫19种,危害青海云杉、紫果云杉、油松、祁连圆柏和桦树,以中亚细亚种占优势。小蠹种群的动态变化受气温、立地条件、林木生长势、林分卫生状况等因子的影响。以提高经营管理措施和信息素等生物防治为主,适时进行化学触杀剂防治为辅的方法是控制小蠹种群危害的较好途径。     

珍稀植物青檀的生物学特性及栽培技术

青檀(Pterocektis tatarinowiiMaxim)是我国特有的纤维树种,已被列为国家三级保护植物。主要介绍了其生物学特性以及栽培技术,以期为该种植物的合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

Pezicula canker of Quercus rubra L., caused by Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.) Sacc.

The ascomycete Pezicula cinnamomea (DC.) Sacc. [Anamorph: Cryptosporiopsis grisea (Pers.) Petr.] causes Pezicula canker of Red Oak (Quercus rubra L.) in Germany and is also associated with bark diseases of other oak species. The author's studies on morphology, biology and en-dophytism of P. cinnamomea are presented and its ecological role is discussed. It can be con-cluded that P. cinnamomea is a species with a broad host range. The fungus is a common en-dophyte of Red Oak bark, and development of Pezicula canker is dependent on reduction of host vigour.     

檀木名实录

在论述檀木的来历、国产檀树种类以及进口的檀木树种后 ,考证了中国古代诗歌《诗经》中所说的檀 ,究竟是何树种。经查明 ,李时珍著《本草纲目》中记载的檀 ,似无定指。清 ,吴其濬著《植物名实图考》中定为黄檀 ,似论据不足。经多方考证 ,《诗经》中所说的檀应为青檀。     

Antifungal effect of bark extracts from some European tree species

The inhibitory effect of methanol bark extracts from six deciduous and three coniferous European tree species were bioassayed against eight fungi from the different damage categories, brown rot, white rot, canker and blue-stain. This is the first report providing data on the antifungal activity of several Europaen tree species against fungi within these damage categories. Generally the decay fungi were more inhibited by the bark extracts than the blue-stain fungi, while the lowest inhibition was found among the cancer fungi. The main pattern found between the fungal groups in relation to the bark extracts in this study is believed to be caused by the route of ingress. Acer platanoides bark extract proved to be the most efficient bark extract tested, significantly reducing the growth rate of all tested fungi. Betula pubescens bark extract generally gave the weakest reduction in growth rate. In this study, the conifer bark extracts were in general more active against the canker and blue stain ascomycete fungi than the deciduous trees extracts.     

Effects of Ca^2＋concentrations on accumulations of mineral elements in the components of Pteroceltis tatarinowii

The bark ofPteroceltis tatarinowii is a raw material for manufacturing Xuan Paper. The effects of Ca²⁺ concentrations on the accumulation of mineral elements in the bark, leaf and root ofPteroceltis tatarinowii were studied under controlled conditions. The types of Hoagland nutrient solution with three Ca²⁺ concentrations levels (200, 400 and 600 μg·g⁻¹) and a control (without Ca²⁺ were designed to culturePteroceltis tatarinowii. After 6 months, contents of seven mineral elements including Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na in the root, leaf and bark were analyzed. The results indicated that Ca accumulations content in the root, leaf and bark had positively relation with Ca²⁺ concentrations (200, 400, 600 μg·g⁻¹), and the order of the Ca content in the three components was root>leaf>bark. Ca content in the root treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 5.5 times as high as that of the control, and about 1.4 times as high as that of the root treated in 200 and 400 μg/g Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. On the contrary, K and Mg contents in the root, leaf and bark were negatively related to Ca²⁺ concentrations, especially in the bark, and their accumulation trend followed the order of leaf>root>bark. K content in the bark treated with 600 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 39.3% of that of the control, and was 79.0% and 91.8% of that of the bark treated with 200μg·g⁻¹ and 400μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively; Mg content in the bark treated with 600μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations was 23.4% of that of the control, and was 27.1% and 35.4% of that of the bark treated with 200 and 400 μg·g⁻¹ Ca²⁺ concentrations respectively. Compared with the control, the general tendency of Mn, Zn and Cu content decreased with increasing of Ca²⁺ concentrations and their contents were in the order: root>leaf>bark. Based on the results of this study, the experiment has been useful for providing academic bases in improving the bark quality ofPteroceltis tatarinowii on non-limestone soil. Foundation item: This paper is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 39970608). Biography: Fang Shengzun (1963), male, Professor in Stiiviculture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210027, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong