宰前应激对猪肉品质的影响及调控技术研究进展

宰前应激严重影响着猪肉品质以及猪的福利,引起了人们的广泛关注。国内外都在积极探索宰前应激对肉质的影响规律,以期望通过一些积极的调控手段来降低宰前应激对猪肉品质的影响,同时提高猪在运输、屠宰过程中的福利。本文主要综述了影响猪肉品质以及猪福利的宰前应激因素、应激的评价指标以及降低宰前应激的调控方法等方面的研究进展。     

运输影响猪福利和宰后肉质的要素分析

运输是猪宰前最易受到应激的阶段。与运输应激相关的问题有猪的皮肤擦伤、死亡、脱水疲劳和宰后肉质的下降等。论文重点阐述和分析装载密度、运输时间、极端温度、驱赶方式和卡车设计等因素对猪福利和宰后肉质的影响,并提出运输过程中改善猪福利和宰后肉质的措施。     

屠宰前处理对家兔胴体和肉质的影响

目前,兔肉生产已逐步成为高度专业化的产业。随着生活水平的不断提高,人们不仅注重肉类产品的产量,还更加关注肉产品的质量问题。商品兔宰前处理带来的应激对肉质会产生不利影响。本文综述了宰前禁食、装载运输、宰前休息、宰前致晕等程序带来的应激因素对家兔胴体和肉质的影响,为生产优质兔肉提供参考。     

猪应激综合征的防治措施

猪应激综合征(PSS)是机体在受到内外环境因素的刺激所发生的非特异性全身性反应。其发病的主要原因是基因突变而致,最常发生于封闭式饲养或者肉联厂里饲养待宰的猪,肌肉发达的皮特兰猪和长白猪发病率最高。1病因当猪只在受到许多致病因素如拥挤、过热、过冷、运输、驱赶、中毒、     

浅析生猪宰前静养的重要性

生猪宰前静养是指生猪由养殖场经过运输卸至屠宰场待宰圈后,在屠宰前的停食静养,可以让生猪得到充分休息,缓解运输造成的疲劳、恐惧及应激等不良状态,使其恢复到正常放松状态.GB/T17236-2019《畜禽屠宰操作规程生猪》宰前要求一项中明确规定:待宰生猪临宰前应停食静养不少于12 h,宰前3h停止喂水.本文就生猪宰前静养的...     

西北地区冬夏季节生猪待宰时间对冷鲜肉品质的影响

为找出我国西北地区商业屠宰模式下,不同季节猪群的最佳待宰时间,分别在夏季(8月中旬)和冬季(12月下旬),选取甘肃省某猪场体质量为(110±5)kg的杜大长三元杂交猪80头。运输至距离该猪场约280 km的屠宰场卸载后,随机分为4组,每组20头;在待宰圈中分别待宰0、3、6、12 h后,电击晕(110 V、2.6 A、3 s)屠宰,取背最长肌,分别在宰后0.75、24 h测定pH、温度以及保水性、剪切力等肉质指标。结果显示,夏季待宰6 h和冬季待宰3 h的肌肉温度和pH范围最适宜,滴水损失和剪切力最小。结果表明:生猪待宰时间过长或过短易产生PSE肉(白肌肉)或DFD肉(黑干肉);生猪经短途运输后,在夏季高温环境下休息6 h左右、冬季干燥寒冷条件下休息3 h左右生产的猪肉品质最佳。该研究对西北地区屠宰行业通过待宰休息减少生猪应激,提高冷鲜肉品质提供了数据参考。     

生猪屠宰前静养对肉品品质的影响

正生猪经过运输、装卸、驱赶等过程抵达屠宰场后,还处于疲劳和恐惧状态,会出现不同程度的脱水和电解质紊乱,影响屠宰后的胴体品质。生猪宰前给予一段时间静养,供给清洁的饮水,能让生猪得到充分休息,恢复到正常放松状态,改善宰后的胴体品质。同时,有利于发现病害猪,降低质量安全隐患。     

肉鸡宰前管理研究进展

宰前管理是肉鸡宰前禁食、禁水、运输、宰前静养的统称,是实现动物福利和品质控制的首要环节,对宰后鸡肉的品质有显著影响。本文就国内外肉鸡宰前管理(宰前禁食、禁水、运输、宰前静养四个环节)情况及其对鸡肉品质产生的影响进行阐述,着重分析运输过程中不同应激因素对鸡体造成的损伤以及对鸡肉品质的影响,旨在为我国肉鸡屠宰加工宰前管理规范制定提供参考。     

氯丙嗪预防生猪应激反应的实验观察

畜禽发生应激综合症时,可导致体重减轻,产量下降,产品品质降低,甚至死亡。生猪在出售、运输、加工过程中由于捆绑、驱赶、鞭打、殴斗、精神紧张、突然惊恐、宰杀电麻不当等都会使生猪神经兴奋,心跳、呼吸加快,毛细血管充血,肠蠕动增强等一系列应激反应,导致生猪掉膘和宰后肉品质量下降,如猪肉干燥质硬,色泽深暗,也可导致产生白肌或肌肉坏死。     

减少屠宰场待宰生猪应激反应的措施

正着畜禽屠宰行业的高度集约化发展,待宰畜禽应激反应严重影响着畜禽产品品质,同时屠宰场是一个病原易交叉感染、传播的聚集地,应激畜禽易造成传染病的流行。畜禽从养殖场运往屠宰场的过程中,由于晕车、高温、挤压、饥饿、缺水等影响,导致运输应激综合征易于发生。为了减少畜禽应激带来的经济损失和待宰时应激反应带来的危害,本文以某屠宰场待宰生猪为例,总结出几种减少待宰生猪应激反应的措施。1应激的发生1.1应激的发生过程     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …