水稻栽培技术要点与推广方法阐释

我国作为世界人口大国,粮食安全问题是限制我国现代化建设发展的重点问题。水稻是人们日常食用最多的农作物,在我国种植历史较为悠久,在现代化农业发展过程中种植生产较多高产优质的粮食,是现代农业发展的重点项目。现阶段我国农业经济发展较快,在水稻生产过程中积极应用各项全新的栽培技术,是促进水稻种植生产的重要对策。基于此,对水稻栽培技术要点以及推广方法进行探析,旨在保障我国粮食安全,促进现代化建设。     

我国粮食安全的影响因素分析

粮食是关系民生的基础,粮食安全问题是关系国家战略安全的基石,随着经济全球化的发展,粮食危机成为世界范围内关注的重点话题。基于此,通过分析目前国内影响粮食安全的因素,包括人口数量、耕地资源、科技进步、粮食物流和农业政策五大影响因素,进而给出一些保障我国粮食安全的政策建议。     

桃源县粮食生产面临的问题与发展途径

农业是经济社会长期稳定发展的基础,粮食又是基础中的核心。湖南省是我国农业大省,无论是粮食种植面积还是总产量,均位居全国第一;桃源县粮食生产名列全省前茅,改革开放后粮食生产能力稳步提升、产量显著提高。但是,随着我国社会主义现代化建设事业快速发展,粮食作为重要战略物质,其生产任务越来越重、发展环境越来越复杂,粮食安全潜伏着不容忽视的危机。     

建设现代农业，确保新时期国家食物安全

中国是一个拥有13亿人口的大国,半个世纪以来农业有了很大的发展,以占世界约9％的耕地、生产了占世界约25％的粮食、养活了占全球约22％的人口,已引起大家的关注。但在加快建设现代农业的新形势下,我们正面临着资源紧缺、基础设施薄弱、耕地连年减少、种粮农民收入增长缓慢等情况,因此,重视和加强农业、农村和农民工作,确保国家粮食安全,将是一项事关国家昌盛、民族兴旺的基础性、战略性、长期性任务。党中央、国务院高度重视粮食生产和粮食安全,连续5年颁布涉农的“一号文件”,提出建设现代农业,提高农业综合生产能力,确保国家粮食与食物安全。食物安全既是全面小康社会的重要指标,也将对国民经济和社会的全面、协调、可持续发展起到基础性保障作用。     

吉林省2010年粮食产量预测

粮食是关系国计民生的重要商品,是关系经济发展、社会稳定和国家自立的基础,保障国家粮食安全始终是治国安邦的头等大事。随着人口增加,我国粮食消费呈刚性增长,同时,城镇化、工业化进程加快,水土资源、气候等制约因素使粮食持续增产的难度加大;生物燃料发展,     

中国粮食和水资源安全协同战略

我国粮食总产"九连增", 但粮食进口量也在增加, 北粮南运规模也在增大, 中国粮食安全处于紧平衡状态。本文针对我国大豆进口和高油高蛋白质食品过量消费的问题, 提出了中国粮食产业和消费结构协同战略。针对我国粮食生产能力和粮食供给量的发展趋势, 提出在重视中国农业走出去, 在国外建立粮食生产和供给基地的同时, 更要立足和加快国内后备耕地的开发, 挖掘我国粮食生产潜力。针对中国水资源南北分布不平衡和近年来干旱洪涝灾害频发, 提出中国粮食安全要建立在水资源安全的基础上。针对我国粮食主产区即长江中下游平原、华北平原、东北平原和西北地区4大粮仓的存在问题和发展潜力, 提出了相应的水资源安全和粮食安全的协同战略。强调水资源安全是粮食安全的基础, 在耕地面积日趋减少, 靠增加单位面积产量保障中国粮食总产的情况下, 只有进一步加强中国水利建设和提高水资源利用效率, 加快南水北调工程, 才能实现与北粮南运的协同, 特别是加快西线调水工程, 开发西部粮仓, 中国粮食新增潜力还可能有很大的提高。     

重视杂粮战略地位 促进杂粮产业发展

1发展小杂粮是改善人民膳食结构的需要 粮食是国家战略物资,中国的粮食安全关系中国乃至世界粮食市场的稳定。为保障国家粮食安全,应对粮价波动和粮食危机,必须着手制定和完善粮食战略。     

粮食安全要警钟长鸣

<正>"丰年缺粮",已成为我国粮食供需的常态。虽然粮食连续十年增产,总产量首次突破6亿吨大关,但是"中国自己养活自己"却日趋艰难,随着人口增长和消费水平的提高,粮食供需缺口不断增大,2012年粮食自给率已经跌破90%,三大主粮(小麦、玉米、大米)净进口成为常态化,2011年我国玉米全面进口,2013年小麦也成为进口大国。在当今粮食能源化、高价化和武器化的背景下,我国粮食安全,直接关乎中华民族的生存和     

中国应抓住气候变化的战略机遇期

气候变化是世界关注的热点问题,中国是世界人口和农业大国,如何科学应对气候变化,趋利避害,把握重要机遇期,是关系中国复兴的重大课题。本文从地质时期气候变化、历史时期气候变化和近代气候变化3个方面,分析说明了气候变化取决于自然和人类活动状况,气候变化有冷暖交替周期,目前处于第四纪冰期的小暖期,进一步提出了要从太阳系、大气圈、岩石圈、水圈和生物圈不同层次的相互影响,来研究气候变化的思路。根据中国经济社会和农业发展与气候变化历史过程对比分析,中国粮食连续九连增,特别是东北粮食基地生产能力的快速提高,明显受益于气候变暖。提出了中国应抓住气候变化中的战略机遇期。目前我国粮食供需总体上仍处于紧平衡状态,"靠天吃饭"还没有根本改变,我国粮食呈北粮南运,北方又是干旱缺水和受气候变化影响敏感的地区,建议国家有关部门立项开展我国北方气候变化与水资源安全和粮食安全研究,以为保障我国粮食安全提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

农田保护与乡村振兴协调发展探讨

我国是人口大国、农业大国,农业在社会主义现代化建设中具有非常重要的作用。农田是农业可持续发展和保障粮食安全的基础。对此,从保护农田所面临的复杂形势着手,探讨了基本农田保护在乡村振兴中所起的作用,并建设性地提出了基本农田保护和乡村振兴协调发展的对策。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.