玉米孢囊线虫发生危害和生物学研究进展

玉米孢囊线虫Heterodera zeae Koshy,SwarupSethi,1971年在印度的拉贾斯坦邦第一次被发现并报道。虽然该病在我国未见相关报道,但我国是世界上玉米生产大国,种植面积已达到世界第二位,分布范围广。因此,对该病害的了解具有重要意义。本文主要介绍国外有关玉米孢囊线虫的研究进展,包括玉米孢囊线虫病的症状、病原形态特征、危害情况、寄主范围及其生物学特性等方面。为防止玉米孢囊线虫在我国发生危害和扩散提供参考信息。     

甜菜孢囊线虫在我国的寄主范围及生活史研究

甜菜孢囊线虫Heterodera schachtii是严重危害甜菜生产的主要病原物,每年造成严重的经济损失,该线虫是我国对外重要的检疫性有害生物.本研究通过对十字花科、茄科、葫芦科、锦葵科、豆科、苋科和禾本科等16种作物29个品种进行人工接种,对其主要的寄主范围和生活史进行了测定.结果 表明,甜菜孢囊线虫2龄幼虫能够侵...     

潜在外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性风险分析

本文应用MAXENT与GARP两种生态位模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性进行了风险分析和预测。结果表明甜菜孢囊线虫可在中国17个省市生存,适生范围为26°N～48°N,77.6°E～136°E。甜菜孢囊线虫入侵的高风险区:内蒙古南部、新疆西部、河北中南部、山西东北部、宁夏、甘肃北部;中风险区:北京、天津、陕西、山西大部、内蒙古西部和东南部、吉林西部、新疆北部;低风险区:河南、陕西南部、山东、内蒙古中东部、新疆中部、辽宁、吉林大部、黑龙江南部、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江北部;而青海、新疆南部、西藏、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、海南、内蒙古少数地区和黑龙江部分地区属于基本不发生区。我国内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省市甜菜种植区均适合甜菜孢囊线虫发生,对上述地区的进出口岸应加强甜菜孢囊线虫的检疫工作。     

潜在外来入侵甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生阵风险分析

本文应用MAXENT与GARP两种生态位模型对甜菜孢囊线虫在中国的适生性进行了风险分析和预测。结果表明甜菜孢囊线虫可在中国17个省市生存,适生范围为26°N～48°N,77．6°E～136°E。甜菜孢囊线虫入侵的高风险区：内蒙古南部、新疆西部、河北中南部、山西东北部、宁夏、甘肃北部;中风险区：北京、天津、陕西、山西大部、内蒙古西部和东南部、吉林西部、新疆北部;低风险区：河南、陕西南部、山东、内蒙古中东部、新疆中部、辽宁、吉林大部、黑龙江南部、江苏、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西、浙江北部;而青海、新疆南部、西藏、四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、广东、福建、海南、内蒙古少数地区和黑龙江部分地区属于基本不发生区。我国内蒙古、新疆、辽宁等省市甜菜种植区均适合甜菜孢囊线虫发生,对上述地区的进出口岸应加强甜菜孢囊线虫的检疫工作。     

河南省小麦主产区菲利普孢囊线虫与禾谷孢囊线虫发生情况调查

为了解河南省小麦主产区菲利普孢囊线虫与禾谷孢囊线虫的发生情况,作者分别于2014年和2015年5月通过随机采样调查方法,从商丘、漯河、许昌、新乡、鹤壁、安阳、濮阳、焦作等八地区19个县市采集到61份小麦孢囊线虫(CCN)的根围土壤样品,分析了样品的孢囊密度,发现采自商丘、新乡、鹤壁、安阳和濮阳地区的样品孢囊密度普遍较高,CCN发生比较严重;利用双重PCR技术对样品的CCN种类进行了快速检测鉴定,检测出禾谷孢囊线虫单一侵染的样品有33份;菲利普孢囊线虫单一侵染的样品有9份,与禾谷孢囊线虫复合侵染的样品有19份。菲利普孢囊线虫主要采自商丘、漯河、许昌、新乡、焦作等五个地区,其中商丘地区发生比较普遍。该研究可为河南省小麦的品种布局和孢囊线虫的综合防治提供指导。     

安徽颍上县禾谷类孢囊线虫发生与危害

为了解安徽皖北麦区及颍上县禾谷类孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematode,CCN)发生和危害情况,用"zig-zag"法在皖北不同麦区采集小麦根际土样60份,利用Fenwick&Oostenbrink法分离CCN孢囊,统计卵密度发生频度。依据孢囊阴门锥等形态特征,鉴定颍上县CCN种类。利用扩散系数法判断CCN田间平面分布型,利用系统观察法,动态监测小麦生长季节0～300mm土层的2龄幼虫(J2)虫口变化。通过酸性品红染色方法监测早期侵染;选择CCN密度中等田块,以涕灭威作播前土壤处理,比较‘泛麦5’等品种的药剂处理间的株高和产量差异。结果表明,在皖北麦区,62%的田块CCN卵发生密度为1～10个/g土;经鉴定发生在颍上县的CCN为禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae),颍上黄桥镇双楼村禾谷孢囊线虫在田间为块状分布;在颍上监测到J2对小麦侵染的最早时间在3月18日,当感染田块卵密度在2.5～20.5个/g土时,产量损失为9.8%～14.9%,其中‘泛麦5’产量损失显著,达14.9%。     

河南省禾谷类作物孢囊线虫的发生分布与种类鉴定

为探究河南省主要禾谷类作物孢囊线虫的发生分布,明确孢囊线虫对不同作物的危害情况,于2017—2020年对河南省18个市50个县（区）的小麦、玉米和水稻作物的孢囊线虫种类和发生分布进行随机取样调查,采用形态学特征、分子生物学鉴定和rDNA-ITS序列进化树分析技术鉴定不同作物孢囊线虫的种类,并根据土壤中孢囊基数和单孢囊卵数明确不同作物孢囊线虫的发病严重度。结果显示,共采集土壤样品308份,其中224份样品检测到孢囊,孢囊检出率为72.7%。小麦孢囊线虫发生分布范围覆盖40个县（区）,其中15个县（区）为禾谷孢囊线虫Heterodera avenae侵染,23个县（区）为菲利普孢囊线虫H. filipjevi侵染,南阳市西峡县西坪镇和开封市尉氏县张市镇为禾谷孢囊线虫和菲利普孢囊线虫混合侵染发生区;玉米孢囊线虫H. zeae在濮阳市清丰县韩村镇、许昌市长葛市董村镇和禹州市范坡镇检测点首次被发现;旱稻孢囊线虫H. elachista在信阳市潢川县魏岗乡、来龙乡和新乡市获嘉县亢村镇检测点首次被发现。孢囊线虫发病严重度数据表明,小麦田平均孢囊含量高达17.3个/100 mL;玉米田平均孢囊量为11.0个/100 mL;水稻田平均孢囊量为4.4个/100 mL。表明河南省孢囊线虫高发地块主要集中在豫北、豫东和豫中平原区。     

甜菜胞囊线虫的研究进展和鉴定技术

甜菜胞囊线虫(Heterodera schachtii Schmidt 1871)是甜菜上重要的并具有经济意义的寄生线虫,被列入我国<进境植物危险性病、虫和杂草名录>,目前在国际上开展了多方面的研究工作,取得了很大进展.     

马铃薯孢囊线虫分子检测技术研究进展

马铃薯孢囊线虫是世界级重要的检疫性有害生物,可危害马铃薯并造成重大的经济损失。早发现早防控,对保护马铃薯产业的健康发展极其重要。本文对马铃薯孢囊线虫的现有分子检测技术进行了综述,分析了各种检测技术在马铃薯孢囊线虫检测中的优缺点,为开发适合于田间快速检测的新技术提供参考。     

贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的发生与分布

大豆孢囊线虫病是威胁大豆生产的重大病害之一。2015-2016年,采用随机取样的方法对贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的发生和分布情况进行了调查。调查范围包括贵阳、六盘水、安顺、毕节、黔西南和遵义等6个地区下辖的14个县(区),共采集土样287份。调查结果表明,贵州省大豆孢囊线虫的总检出率为28.2%,其中毕节地区的大方县和赫章县孢囊检出率最高,分别达到46.7%和45.0%,而在遵义市、贵阳市和黔西南州孢囊检出率为0。六盘水地区的水城县孢囊发生量最大,平均孢囊数为3.4个/200g土,最大孢囊数达到17个/200g土;安顺地区的镇宁和关岭县大豆孢囊线虫发生程度最轻,每200g土样平均孢囊数分别为0.3和0.2个,最大孢囊数仅为2个/200g土。分离的孢囊主要形态特征与大豆孢囊线虫一致,并且ITS序列与甘肃大豆孢囊线虫种群序列一致性达100%。根据形态学观察和ITS序列分析比对,将贵州省采集到的孢囊线虫鉴定为大豆孢囊线虫。本研究结果可为有效防控贵州省大豆孢囊线虫病提供依据。     

Quantitative reproductive potential of Heterodera schachtii on weeds typical for late summer fallow in sugar beet rotations

In Europe, sugar beet is often produced in a 3‐year rotation with cereals, leaving stubble fields fallow from cereal harvest until primary tillage in autumn in the year prior to sugar beet production. The weed flora on such fields could include host plants of Heterodera schachtii that is one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Crop sequences with non‐hosts and cover cropping with resistant cruciferous hosts during this period have been crucial for its management. Availability of resistant and tolerant sugar beet cultivars could entice growers to forego cover cropping, exacerbating weed problems during the fallow period. The objective of this study was to determine the reproductive potential of H. schachtii on weeds that develop during this period. Under glasshouse conditions, reproduction on 39 plant species was compared with that on oilseed radish and sugar beet of differing nematode host status. In 2 years in field microplots, 18 previously tested species were grown in H. schachtii‐infested soil during the typical fallow period at 60 plants m^?2, and nine of these species were also grown at 180 plants m^?2. There were variable results between years after 8 weeks of growth, but most weeds allowed lower reproduction (<10%) than the susceptible sugar beet; only Stellaria media at 180 plants m^?2 and Thlaspi arvense at both plant densities increased nematodes. Such weed densities may seldom occur under commercial conditions; thus, weed management for nematological considerations during the stubble period may have limited importance.     

Composition of the stubble weed flora and its role for Heterodera schachtii in the year preceding sugar beet production

In Germany, sugar beet is often rotated with 2 years of cereal. Extensive fallow periods between cereal harvest and autumn primary tillage allow for a weed flora to develop. Broad‐leaved weeds could potentially be alternate hosts for the common nematode Heterodera schachtii, one of the most important pests of sugar beet. Between 2009 and 2012, annual weeds developing in cereal stubble fields during July to mid‐October in the season prior to sugar beet were surveyed, including known hosts of H. schachtii. Yearly weather patterns and agronomic practices possibly impacted weed species composition and weed population densities. During September, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Mercurialis annua, Polygonum spp., Solanum nigrum and Sonchus spp. occurred at the highest frequencies. Weed hosts of H. schachtii were present, but densities, frequencies and uniformity were limited. In 2010 and 2011, staining for nematodes in roots revealed juvenile penetration of some weeds but few adult stages. No indication of nematode reproduction of H. schachtii was found on these weed hosts. A fairly stable weed flora was detected on stubble fields that could provide some carry over for weed species. An elevated risk for nematode population density build‐up on these weeds was not found and management of these weeds at the observed densities during the stubble period for nematological reasons appeared unnecessary.     

Changes in the structure of Arabidopsis thaliana roots induced during development of males of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii

Plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Heterodera show a high degree of sexual dimorphism, which is reflected by different nutritional demands and differences in the structure of the induced specific syncytial feeding site in the plant. The determination of the sex of the nematode Heterodera schachtii and other related species was repeatedly reported to be dependent on trophic factors, which are provided by the induced syncytia. The structural differences of syncytia induced by H. schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed at the anatomical and ultrastructural level. Syncytia of males were induced in the root pericycle. The developing syncytium then expanded into procambial or cambial cells of the vascular cylinder. Differentiated vascular elements were not included. The expansion of the syncytium triggered the proliferation of cambial and peridermal tissues, in a manner similar to secondary growth, and the formation of additional xylem and phloem elements. In comparison to syncytia associated with females, syncytia associated with males were less hypertrophied and were composed of more cells. Distinct cell wall openings were mostly found between the few strongly hypertrophied syncytial elements at the actual feeding site in the pericycle. The ultrastructure was very similar to female-associated syncytia but showed conspicuous differences in the structure and localization of cell wall ingrowths. These ingrowths were rare and weakly developed and occurred not only at the interface with xylem elements but also at the internal and external walls of the syncytia. After feeding had ceased at the end of the third developmental stage the syncytia degenerated.     

旱稻孢囊线虫（Heterodera elachista）孵化特性研究

为了解旱稻孢囊线虫的孵化特性,从水稻根系及根系附近土壤分离孢囊,在室内离体条件下研究不同温度及水稻根系分泌物、土壤浸液、水稻根汁等因子对2龄幼虫孵化的影响,并观察不同温度下2龄幼虫的存活能力.结果表明:旱稻孢囊线虫孵化的适宜温度范围为28～32℃,且在该温度范围初孵2龄幼虫的存活率高、存活时间相对较长,35℃下孵化率及初孵2龄幼虫的存活率、存活时间均明显下降,40℃下无线虫孵化,20℃下孢囊线虫孵化率仅为0.9％,4℃下可延长2龄幼虫的存活时间.水稻分泌物、水稻土壤浸液和水稻20倍根汁对旱稻孢囊线虫孵化具有刺激作用,5倍根汁和4 mmol/L氯化锌溶液对线虫的孵化有抑制作用.上述结果可为制定旱稻孢囊线虫防治措施提供依据.     

Ovipositional preference and life history parameters of Lixus incanescens (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on selected sugar beet cultivars

Ovipositional preference and life history parameters of Lixus incanescens were studied on six sugar beet cultivars: Ardabili, Aras, Persia, Flores, Laetitia and Rosire. In both no-choice and free-choice tests, females of L. incanescens laid fewer eggs on Persia and Laetitia compared with Ardabili, Aras, Flores and Rosire. In performance experiments, the pre-imaginal stages developed slower and survived lower on Persia and Laetitia than on Ardabili, Aras and Flores. The intrinsic rate of natural increase and the population growth rate were lowest on Persia (r_m = 0.126 day^?1 and λ = 1.134 day^?1) among the tested cultivars. Petiole diameter and length were positively correlated with pre-imaginal survival rate (r² = 0.96 and r² = 0.98, respectively); therefore, thinner and shorter petioles in Persia and Laetitia led to an increased pre-imaginal mortality. These results suggest that Persia and Laetitia express promising traits that can be an integral component of sugar beet breeding for resistance to L. incanescens.     

调亏灌溉下氮肥管理对滴灌甜菜产量及水氮利用的影响

以Beta356为试材,研究调亏灌溉下不同施氮量[纯氮0 kg·hm^-2(N0)、150 kg·hm^-2(N1)、225 kg·hm^-2(N2)]与基追比[播种前、叶丛期、块根膨大期施氮比例分别为20∶60∶20(T1)、30∶50∶20(T2)、40∶40∶20(T3)]对甜菜生长特性、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明:在叶丛期和块根膨大期分别进行50%和30%田间持水量(θ_f)调亏灌溉基础上施225 kg·hm^-2氮肥的同时,增加基肥比例能够显著提高叶面积指数(124.39%～143.87%)和叶绿素含量(23.03%～119.80%);在糖分积累期进行30%θ_f调亏灌溉后施用氮肥对叶面积指数影响较小,但有利于提高叶片叶绿素含量。调亏灌溉后施氮使块根膨大期和糖分积累期干物质总量分别较对照提高了34.08%～56.84%和32.43%～76.26%,但两个施氮量处理间未达到显著差异。甜菜产量随施氮量和基肥比例增加分别升高和降低,含糖率随施氮量增加而降低...     

New insights into virus yellows distribution in Europe and effects of beet yellows virus,beet mild yellowing virus,and beet chlorosis virus on sugar beet yield following field inoculation

Beet yellows virus (BYV), beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV), beet chlorosis virus (BChV), and beet mosaic virus (BtMV) cause virus yellows (VY) disease in sugar beet. The main virus vector is the aphid Myzus persicae. Due to efficient vector control by neonicotinoid seed treatment over the last decades, there is no current knowledge regarding virus species distribution. Therefore, Europe-wide virus monitoring was carried out from 2017 to 2019, where neonicotinoids were banned in 2019. The monitoring showed that closterovirus BYV is currently widely spread in northern Europe. The poleroviruses BMYV and BChV were most frequently detected in the northern and western regions. The potyvirus BtMV was only sporadically detected. To study virus infestation and influence on yield, viruses were transmitted to sugar beet plants using viruliferous M. persicae in quadruplicate field plots with 10% inoculation density simulating natural infection. A plant-to-plant virus spread was observed within 4 weeks. A nearly complete infection of all plants was observed in all treatments at harvest. In accordance with these findings, a significant yield reduction was caused by BMYV and BChV (−23% and −24%) and only a moderate reduction in yield was observed for BYV (−10%). This study showed that inoculation at low densities mimics natural infection, and quick spreading induced representative yield effects. Within the background of a post-neonicotinoid era, this provides the basis to screen sugar beet genotypes for the selection of virus tolerance/resistance and to test the effectiveness of insecticides for the control of M. persicae with a manageable workload.