Effects of C/N ratio on nitrogen removal with denitrification phase after a nitrification-based biofloc aquaculture cycle

In the current study, we set up a denitrification process to remove the nitrogen pollutants, especially nitrate (NO₃^–-N), from the wastewater after a nitrification-based biofloc technology (BFT) aquaculture cycle. Five different treatments (CN0, CN1, CN2, CN4 and CN6, respectively) were used, which involved addition of extra carbohydrate with variable ratios of elementary organic carbon to NO₃^–-N by weight (C/NO₃^–-N ratio equal to 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6, respectively). With CN2, CN4, and CN6 treatments, NO₃^–-N was decreased (with increasing alkalinity) to ≤ 6.42 ± 0.30 mg·L⁻¹ and low amounts (close to zero) of nitrite (NO₂^–-N) were achieved. However, there were high concentrations of residual NO₃^–-N and/or NO₂^–-N in CN0 and CN1. CN2 achieved the best denitrification, wherein 81.00 ± 0.95% of the initial input nitrogen was removed. By fitting the equations, the highest nitrogen recycling rate (23.08 mg-N·g-C⁻¹) was achieved with a C/NO₃^–-N ratio of 4.16. Denitrifying bacteria were the dominant bacteria in all extra carbohydrate added treatment groups. Although denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms contributed to the removal of phosphorus, high concentrations of residual soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) were observed in all treatment groups. Overall, extra addition of carbohydrate with C/NO₃^–-N ratio ≥ 2 is advisable for nitrogen removal, while the highest nitrogen recycling rate will be achieved with a ratio of 4.16.     

渤海西小磨虾池氮、磷营养盐研究

西小磨1996年和1997年7－8月期间248个调查数据显示，NO2－N浓度范围和平均值沿岸分别是1．3－22．2μg/L和5．7μg/L，虾池分别是1．1－13．5μg/L和6．6μg/L，NO3－N范围和平均值沿岸分别是1．3－214．2μg/L5和70．7μg/L，虾池是2．3－159．7μg/L和36．1μg/L。NH4－N范围和平均值沿岸分别是未检出－37．9μg/L和6．7μg/L，虾池是未检出－106．8μg/L和10．8μg/L。PO4－P范围和平均值沿岸分别间1．6－11．0μg/L和4．9μg/L，虾池是0．74－18．8μg/L和4．0μg/L。虾池中氮、磷的特点是浓度上限值和平均值远较非养殖的远岸外海区高，氮、磷的变化趋势并不总是一致，降雨能导致虾池NO3－N和NO2－N的大幅度提高，但不能影响PO4－P和NH4－N。     

Treatment of shrimp farm effluent with omnivorous finfish and artificial substrates

Long‐term environmental sustainability and community acceptance of the shrimp farming industry in Australia requires on‐going development of efficient cost‐effective effluent treatment options. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a shrimp farm treatment system containing finfish and vertical artificial substrates (VAS). This was achieved by (1) quantifying the individual and collective effects of grey mullet (Mugil cephalus L.) and VASs on water and sediment quality, and (2) comparing the retention of N in treatment systems with and without the presence of finfish (M. cephalus and the siganid Siganus nebulosus (Quoy & Gaimard)), where light was selectively removed. Artificial substrates were found to significantly improve the settlement of particulate material, regardless of the presence of finfish. Mullet actively resuspended settled solids and reduced the production of nitrate when artificial substrates were absent. However, appreciable nitrification was observed when mullet were present together with artificial substrates. The total quantity of N retained by the mullet was found to be 1.8– 2.4% of the incoming pond effluent N. It was estimated that only 21% of the pond effluent N was available for mullet consumption. When S. nebulosus was added, total finfish N retention increased from 1.8% to 3.9%, N retention by mullet also improved (78±16 to 132±21‐mg N day^?1 before and after siganid addition respectively). Presence of filamentous macroalgae (Enteromorpha spp.) was found to improve the removal of N from pond effluent relative to treatments where light was excluded. Denitrification was also a significant sink for N (up to 24% N removed). Despite the absence of algal productivity and greater availability of nitrate, denitrification was not higher in treatments where light was excluded. Mullet were found to have no effect on the rates of denitrification but significantly reduced macroalgal growth on the surface of the water. When mullet were absent, excessive macroalgal growth led to reduced dissolved oxygen concentrations and nitrification. This study concludes that the culture of mullet alone in shrimp farm effluent treatment systems does not result in significant retention of N but can contribute to the control of macroalgal biomass. To improve N retention and removal, further work should focus on polyculturing a range of species and also on improving denitrification.     

The effects of commercial bacterial products on macrobenthos community in shrimp culture ponds

This study was conducted to assess the effects of commercial bacterialproducts on the composition and abundance of macrobenthos in commercial tigerprawn Penaeus monodon culture ponds. Nine brackishwaterponds, with an area of 0.5 ha each were used for this study. Twocommercial bacterial products (T₁ and T₂) were applied inthree ponds each. Another three ponds served as the control. Sediment samplesfrom all ponds were analyzed for the nitrogen, phosphorus and organic mattercontents, and macrobenthos. Total nitrogen and total carbon concentrations inthe sediments of T₁ were significantly lower (p< 0.05) thanT₂. In addition, total nitrogen in T₁ pond sediment wassignificantly lower (p < 0.05) than the control towardsthe end of the culture period. There were no significant differences in totalphosphorus amongst treatments. The study revealed the presence of four majorgroups of macrobenthos in all treatments; gastropods, bivalve, polychaetes andinsect larvae. The total density of macrobenthos in all ponds, exceptgastropods, showed a decreasing trend with the progress in culture indicatingeither predation by shrimp or deterioration of pond bottom. T₁ hadsignificantly (p < 0.05) higher density of polychaetescompared to the T₂ and the control.     

Effect of water exchange on effluent and sediment characteristics and on partial nitrogen budget in semi-intensive shrimp ponds in New Caledonia

An experiment was conducted in six earthen ponds with 20 shrimps m^?2Litopenaeus stylirostris (Stimpson) during the warm season in New Caledonia to study the dynamics of wastes in relation with water exchange rate (WER). The nitrogen budget was established, taking into account the different forms of nitrogen in the water, sediment, feed and shrimp. Data from a wide range of treatments applied in unreplicated ponds were treated using regression analysis to establish the relationship between WER and partial nitrogen budget, sediment characteristics and shrimp performance. To compare effluent quality between treatments during the season, data were analysed using the non‐parametric sign test. The water outflow was characterized by a decrease in the concentrations of N‐mineral forms (TAN, NO₂^?–NO₃^?), an increase in the concentration of organic soluble and sestonic organic forms (expressed in terms of particulate nitrogen, particulate organic carbon, chlorophyll a) compared with the water inflow. Increasing WER increased the amount of exported wastes and mainly in the organic forms and TAN can be considered as negligible. The nitrogen budget showed that 19–46% of nitrogen input (feed+water) was exported into the coastal environment. The results showed that the quality of the sediment decreased as WER decreased. The potential negative impact of the developing industry in New Caledonia on the costal environment could be partially reduced in a first step by decreasing WER. However, if applied in the farms, this practice should be linked to a close survey of the evolution of sediment quality.     

碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响

研究不同碳源对海水水族箱脱氮系统运行效果的影响,从而为系统高效运行提供依据。结果表明,当初始硝酸盐浓度为100 mg/L时,分别以乙醇、乙酸钠、柠檬酸钠和葡萄糖作为唯一碳源,海水水族箱中硝酸盐去除效果达到99%所需时间分别为8 d9、d1、0 d和11 d。以葡萄糖和柠檬酸钠为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐呈现出先积累再消耗的变化规律,亚硝酸盐峰值浓度分别为16.7 mg/L和17.6 mg/L,并分别在13d和11 d降解到0.1 mg/L以下;而分别以乙醇和乙酸钠作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中亚硝酸盐氮浓度均维持在0.1 mg/L以下。以乙醇作为唯一碳源时,水族箱中DO迅速下降,8 d时稳定在2 mg/L左右,分别投加其他3种碳源时,水族箱中DO始终维持在6 mg/L以上。除柠檬酸钠外,投加碳源后水族箱中浊度和pH未出现明显变化。     

海水养殖尾水人工湿地处理系统及其脱氮过程研究进展和展望

利用人工湿地处理海水养殖尾水具有很大的应用前景,其中,脱氮是人工湿地的主要任务之一。基质上栽培的植物和附着的微生物参与的氮循环是人工湿地生物脱氮的主要路径,植物和多种氮代谢菌群在人工湿地内部相互协同与制约,构成了一个复杂的氮代谢网络。海水养殖尾水的高盐度和低碳氮比(C/N)又决定了此类人工湿地独特的处理环境和生物脱氮机制。同时,人工湿地的供氧模式、水力负荷(HRT)、水力停留时间(HLR)等水力条件参数对脱氮效能也有很大影响,对这些指标进行调控和优化,可以提高湿地的整体脱氮性能。本文从海水人工湿地的构建、基质的选取、耐盐植物的筛选、氮循环相关微生物以及运行参数调控四个方面,对近年来海水养殖尾水人工湿地生物脱氮方面的研究进展进行了综述和展望,以期为深入理解海水人工湿地脱氮机制和优化运行方式提供参考。     

Characterization of intake and effluent waters from intensive and semi-intensive shrimp farms in Texas

Two commercial shrimp farms in south Texas were evaluated for influent and effluent water quality from June to October 1994. The intensive farm, Taiwan Shrimp Village Association (TSV) had an average annual yield of 4630 kg ha^?1 while the semi‐intensive farm, Harlingen Shrimp Farm (HSF), had a yield of 1777 kg ha^?1. The study had three objectives: (1) to compare influent and effluent water from the intensive and semi‐intensive shrimp farms, (2) to show which effluent water‐quality indicators exceeded allowable limits, (3) to indicate inherent problems in farms operated with water exchange and summarize how findings from this study led to changes in farms' management that limited potential negative impact on receiving streams. Water samples were collected and analysed twice a week for the TSV farm and once a week for the HSF farm. Samples were analysed for dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity, pH, ammonia‐nitrogen (NH₃‐N), nitrite‐nitrogen (NO₂‐N), nitrate‐nitrogen (NO₃‐N), total phosphorus (TP), total reactive phosphorus (TRP), five‐day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (cBOD₅), total suspended solids (TSS) and settleable solids (SettSols). Most of the effluent constituents showed fluctuations throughout the sampling period often related to harvest activity. Effluent pH at TSV was lower than influent values but within the regulatory requirements set by Texas Commission of Environmental Quality (TCEQ), formerly known as Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC). HSF effluent pH values were higher than its influent, but still within TCEQ limits. Effluent DO mean levels were generally below the regulatory daily mean requirement, with values at TSV often below those for influent. Effluent nutrient concentrations and net loads were generally higher at the intensive shrimp farm, with NH₃‐N mean concentrations above the daily mean set by the TCEQ on several occasions. Effluent TSS concentrations were higher than influent for both farms, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The two farms presented similar TSS concentrations despite their different stocking densities. However, TSS total net load and net load per hectare were higher at the intensive farm. The semi‐intensive farm presented higher cBOD₅ concentrations and net loads despite its lower stocking density, with daily mean values above the TCEQ limit. The cBOD₅ net load at TSV presented negative values indicating higher load at the influent than at the effluent. Analyses showed no evidence of self‐pollution between influent and effluent at the two farms. The high feed conversion ratio (FCR) values (2.3 and 2.7 for the intensive and the semi‐intensive farm respectively) suggest that better feed management is needed to reduce nutrient and solid net loads release from the two farms. The data obtained from this study resulted in several modifications in design and management of the two farms that reduced the potential negative impact on receiving streams. A brief summary of the improvement in selected effluent water‐quality indicators at the intensive shrimp farm is provided.     

碳、氮、磷营养对7种海洋微藻种群增长的影响研究

文章采用批次培养方式研究双胞旋沟藻(Cochlodinium geminatum)、米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)、牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros muelleri)、球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)、亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)和眼点拟微绿球藻(Nannochloropsis oculata)在不同碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)条件下的生长特性,以期为养殖尾水的原位处理筛选优良藻种(株)。结果表明,这7种微藻的比生长速率与C、N、P浓度总体呈正相关。相较对照组,C对旋沟藻、骨条藻和拟微绿球藻比生长速率的促进作用分别为35%、19%和19%,P对比生长速率的最大促进作用介于25.01%~446.60%,硝酸盐为16.54%~77.52%,铵盐为15.79%~88.82%,尿素为25.16%~71.43%。7种微藻的最大比生长速率与细胞体积总体呈负相关,棕囊藻的比生长速率最高,拟微绿球藻和扁藻最大比生长速率与其他藻华种相比无显著差别。微藻的氮磷吸收速率随细胞体积增加呈升高趋势,单位氮磷利用效率随细胞体积增加呈降低趋势。培养液中P吸收速率显著高于N,氮磷比均呈升高趋势。眼点拟微绿球藻和亚心形扁藻可用于养殖尾水氮磷的快速去除。     

光照、氧气、pH和盐度对沼泽红假单胞菌2-8菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除的影响

以1株具有亚硝酸盐消除能力的沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）2-8菌株（简称2-8菌株）为材料,研究了不同光照和氧组合、pH、盐度对菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力的影响。结果发现,光照厌氧条件最利于2-8菌株的生长,该条件下菌株亚硝酸盐消除能力最强,25h消除率达（91.33±1.27）%;菌株在pH7.0时生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力最强,25h亚硝酸盐消除率达到（95.58±4.34）%,在pH9.0以上和5.0以下时基本不生长;菌株在w（NaCl）为0和0.4%的培养基中生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力最强,在w（NaCl）为0.8%～2.0%的培养基中,生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力随w（NaCl）增高而减弱。测定的4个环境因子主要通过影响菌株的生长来影响其对亚硝酸盐的消除能力。     

Performance of single-drain and dual-drain tanks in terms of water velocity profile and solids flushing for in vivo digestibility studies in juvenile shrimp

In vivo digestibility determination in shrimp is a challenge because these animals are coprophagous, benthic and slow feeders and the small amount of feces that they produce is difficult to collect. The objective of this study was to evaluate an efficient tank design for the purpose of studying shrimp digestibility. Different tank designs were evaluated considering drain system (dual-drain and single-drain), water inlet flow rate (8, 12, and 16 L min⁻¹) and bottom drain diameter (6, 13, 19, 25 and 50 mm) and their effects on tank hydraulics, water velocity and solids flushing. A circular and slightly conical 500 L tank was adapted with a clarifier for the two dual-drain designs (Cornell-type and central-type) and settling columns for the two single-drain designs (Guelph-F and Guelph-L). Results showed that: (1) water rotational velocity profile was more homogeneous in tanks with larger bottom drain outlets, and water velocity increased with water inlet flow rate from almost zero up to 14.5 ± 0.7 cm s⁻¹; (2) solids flushing, measured as the percentage of feed pellets retained at both the bottom drain and in the settling devices, was positively correlated with the surface loading rate (L min⁻¹ flow per m²) and was more effective at the Guelph-L design fitted with a 150 mm diameter settling column. In this system 100% of the solids were removed at the inflow rate of 16 L min⁻¹. It can be concluded that among the systems evaluated, the Guelph-L at an inflow-rate of 12 L min⁻¹ was most efficient for both solids removal and water velocity profile and thus seemed more suitable for shrimp digestibility studies in high performance conditions. Technologies involving hydrodynamic must be intensively applied to solids removal for aquatic species production as well as research purposes like digestibility, which is highlighted in this study.     

光照周期对中国对虾稚虾蜕皮和生长的影响

实验中国对虾 (FenneropenaeuschinensisOsbeck)的初始体重为 (0 .94 5± 0 .0 0 5 )g ( X±SE) ,投喂的饲料为人工配合饲料 ,实验的光照周期为 0L∶2 4D、2 4L∶0D、14D∶10L和 14L∶10D ,实验持续 35d。在 4种光照周期条件下 ,实验结果如下 :(1)中国对虾的特定生长率 (SGR)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(2 )中国对虾的摄食量 (FI)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(3)中国对虾的食物转化率 (FCE)没有显著的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(4 )中国对虾的蜕皮频率 (MF)不同 ,其中 ,2 4L∶0D和 0L∶2 4D下较低 ,14L∶10D和 14D∶10L下较高 ,且差异达到显著水平 (P <0 .0 5 )。实验结果表明 :光照周期影响中国对虾用在蜕皮上的能量分配 ,中国对虾的蜕皮频率存在一定的差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但由于对中国对虾的摄食量和食物转化率没有影响 ,中国对虾用在生长的能量比例相近 ,故对中国对虾的生长未产生显著的影响。与光照强度和光谱组成对中国对虾生长的影响的研究结果相比 ,在中国对虾的集约化养殖生产中 ,光照周期的选择是次要的     

Probiotic bacteria effects on growth and bacterial composition of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

The effects of Bacillus probiotic forms on growth performance and microbiota were examined in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon). Shrimp were fed for 120 days with one of three diets; a control diet alone or supplemented with either probiotics consisting of live‐sprayed Bacillus (LS) or freeze‐dried Bacillus (FD). Culturable bacteria counts in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water of the three treatments were relatively constant during the experiment. Bacillus numbers in the hepatopancreas and intestines of probiotic‐treated groups increased significantly (P < 0.05) after 30 treatment days and remained relatively constant afterwards while no appreciable changes occurred in the control. Shrimp supplemented with LS and FD contained significantly lower concentrations of Vibrio (P < 0.05) in the hepatopancreas, intestine and culture water, compared to those in the control group. Shrimp treated with LS and FD probiotic bacteria showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE), compared to those of control group. Probiotic bacteria have the potential to enhance shrimp culture by reducing Vibrio and improving growth performance.     

几种金属离子对沼泽红假单胞菌2-8生长和亚硝酸盐消除的影响

在培养基中添加一定浓度金属离子,研究了不同浓度铜离子（Cu2＋）、镁离子（Mg2＋）、锌离子（Zn2＋）、铁离子（Fe3＋）和锰离子（Mn2＋）对沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudom onas palustris）2-8株生长和亚硝酸盐消除能力的影响。结果发现,1×10-7mol.L-1Cu2＋刺激菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除,1×10-4mol.L-1Cu2＋抑制生长和亚硝酸盐消除,1×10-6mol.L-1和1×10-5mol.L-1的Cu2＋抑制生长,但刺激亚硝酸盐消除;1×10-4mol.L-1Mg2＋刺激菌株生长和亚硝酸盐消除;不同浓度Zn2＋对菌体生长影响不显著,但浓度为1×10-6mol.L-1和1×10-7mol.L-1时刺激亚硝酸盐消除,浓度大于1×10-6mol.L-1时抑制亚硝酸盐消除;Fe3＋促进生长,浓度越高生长越好,对菌株亚硝酸盐消除的影响则刚好相反;不同浓度Mn2＋均抑制菌株生长,1×10-6～1×10-3mol.L-1Mn2＋抑制亚硝酸盐消除。受测定的5个金属离子中除1×10-4mol.L-1Cu2＋对菌株亚硝酸盐消除能力的抑制较强外,其他离子的抑制会随时间推移逐渐消失。     

加装集污装置对水库投饵网箱养殖框鳞镜鲤生长及氮、磷排放的影响

为降低投饵网箱养鱼氮、磷排放对水库水体的影响,探求生态网箱养殖模式,以体质量为(167.81±34.66)g的框鳞镜鲤幼鱼为研究对象,对加装集污装置的网箱与传统网箱养殖框鳞镜鲤的生长情况和氮(N)、磷(P)的输入和回收情况进行了比较实验。结果表明:集污网箱框鳞镜鲤的生长性能明显优于传统网箱,加装集污装置对框鳞镜鲤的存活率无显著影响。集污网箱和传统网箱中N的回收率分别为76.83%和44.14%,P的回收率分别为63.13%和35.18%,2组网箱间差异极显著;集污网箱和传统网箱中N的利用率分别为28.36%和25.57%,P的利用率分别为21.30%和18.25%,集污网箱中N、P的利用率均高于传统网箱且差异显著;投饵网箱加装集污装置后减少了氮、磷向水库水体的排放,减轻了网箱养殖对环境的富营养化影响。     

Assessing sediment removal capacity of vegetated and non-vegetated settling ponds in prawn farms

Sediment removal capacity is assessed for a constructed mangrove wetland, and a non-vegetated settling pond that are both used for filtering water in tropical aquaculture. The assessment is performed through sediment budget analysis using data of suspended sediment concentration collected from optical backscatter sensors. The sensors were deployed at the pond's inlet and outlet. These data sets provide a measure of trapping efficiency of each pond with different flow regimes and settling areas. The tides influenced flow in the wetland but none was felt in the settling pond. The average trapping efficiency obtained for the vegetated and the non-vegetated ponds was (40±33) and (70±36)%, respectively. The deposition rate calculated for the vegetated and non-vegetated pond ranges between 13–174 g/m² per h (average=63 g/m² per h) and 10–19 g/m² per h (average=14 g/m² per h), respectively. The efficiency of vegetated and non-vegetated ponds is likely to be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio (length/width) from the current value of 6 to 1 and of 5 to 1, respectively.     

The effects of different solids and biological filters in intensive pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) production systems

Biofloc systems rely on suspended solids in the water to house microbes that can remove or cycle nitrogenous wastes; however, nitrogen cycling can be inconsistent. In contrast, external biofilters are used in many recirculating systems to provide a more consistent environment for microbes to process nitrogen. Regardless of the biofiltration approach, solids levels must be controlled to prevent issues in shrimp such as gill fouling, low dissolved oxygen levels, and other negative impacts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of settling chambers versus foam fractionators for solids filtration and to compare external biofilters to the biofloc approach as biofiltration strategies. Sixteen 1-m³ round, polyethylene tanks were randomly assigned to four treatments, each of which had four replicate tanks. Eight biofloc systems were established: four using settling chambers for solids control (BF-S) and four using foam fractionators (BF-F). The other eight tanks used external biofilters; four had settling chambers (EB-S) and the other four had foam fractionators (EB-F). All 16 systems were stocked with 250 shrimp at an average size of 4.3 g which were grown for 85 days. There were no significant differences in shrimp production between treatments; however, variability was high in biofloc systems. Nitrite levels were significantly lower in systems with fractionators compared to systems with settling chambers. The concentrations of dissolved Na, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba in the water were significantly reduced in treatments with settling chambers. The results of this study show that filtration choices significantly impact short- and long-term water quality and reusability but may not have much effect on shrimp production in the short-term.     

The effects of artificial substrate and stocking density on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) performance and water quality dynamics in high tunnel-based biofloc systems

The use of artificial substrates in shrimp aquaculture may allow for production of shrimp at increased densities while providing a growth medium for microbes that assist with water quality processes and provide supplemental nutrition for shrimp. Greenhouse-based shrimp production systems can extend the shrimp production season in temperate climates while conserving water and energy. For this study, we evaluated the effects of providing extra substrate and shrimp density on water quality and shrimp production in greenhouse-based biofloc systems. Four 11-m³, wood framed, and rubber-lined tanks were constructed in each of four high tunnel greenhouses (for a total of 16 tanks). Four treatments were evaluated: high-density stocking with substrate (HDS), high-density stocking with no substrate (HDNS), low-density stocking with substrate (LDS), and low-density stocking with no substrate (LDNS). Each treatment was randomly assigned to one tank in each tunnel to block for location. No artificial heat was used, and shrimp were grown for 120 days. High-density systems were stocked at 200 shrimp/m³ while low-density tanks had 100 shrimp/m³. Adding substrate increased total in-tank surface area by 13.4%. The addition of substrate had no significant effect on any shrimp production or standard water quality parameters. Shrimp had significantly greater final weight, faster growth rate, and lower feed conversion rate in low-density treatments (P ≤ 0.02 for all). Total shrimp biomass production was significantly higher in high-density treatments (HD: 4.0 kg/m³; LD: 2.3 kg/m³; P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in survival between densities (HD: 91.3%; LD: 94.5%; P = 0.43). Peak and overall mean nitrite levels were significantly higher in high-density treatments compared to low-density treatments. Dissolved oxygen levels and pH over the course of the study were significantly lower in high-density treatments, likely due to increased respiration rates in the water column. This project shows the feasibility of shrimp production in temperate climates with no artificial heat using high tunnel greenhouses, few impacts of added substrate on shrimp production, and increased shrimp density can result in much larger harvests with few negative impacts on production metrics.     

3种氮源加富对半叶马尾藻幼苗生长和生化组成的影响

为了探讨硝氮(NO_3~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和尿素氮(Urea)3种氮(N)源对半叶马尾藻(Sargassum hemiphyllum)幼苗生理特性的影响,在实验室条件下,把幼苗分别置于不同N源浓度中培养24 d,而后测定藻体的生长和生化组成含量。结果显示,不同N源和N浓度对幼苗的生长和部分生化组成有显著影响。3种N源加富均能促进幼苗的生长和组织N的增加,相对生长速率随着N浓度的升高而增加,在浓度为25~150μmol/L组中,幼苗的组织N增加量接近或超过每天以最大速率生长的N需求(0.032%/d);在浓度为50μmol/L时,相对生长速率达到最大值,Urea组的最大相对生长速率显著低于NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N组;在浓度为10、25μmol/L时,NH_4~+-N组幼苗的相对生长率显著高于相同浓度下的NO_3~--N组,而在浓度为50~150μmol/L时则相反。除了最高浓度组(150μmol/L),随着N浓度的升高,幼苗光合色素、可溶性蛋白和组织N含量逐渐增加,而可溶性糖含量逐渐降低;在相同N浓度下,NO_3~--N加富幼苗的可溶性糖、叶绿素a和叶绿素c含量最高,NH_4~+-N加富时,可溶性蛋白和组织N含量最高,而Urea加富下墨角藻黄素含量最高。当NH_4~+-N浓度增加至150μmol/L时,幼苗的生长和可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度最大。研究表明,将培养水体中NO_3~--N加富至50~150μmol/L或NH_4~+-N加富至25~100μmol/L时,可有效促进半叶马尾藻幼苗的生长、光合作用和物质积累,为室内幼苗顺利度夏培育提供保障。