淹水胁迫下美洲黑杨新无性系光合特征的变化

以美洲黑杨I-69、XL-75、XL-77、XL-90及苏柳J172为研究对象,采用盆栽育苗并实行人工淹水胁迫处理,测定不同淹水胁迫条件下各无性系光合特征,分析各光合生理指标的变化规律、相互关系及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明:淹水胁迫下各无性系Pn、Tr、Cond、Ci均表现出先随淹水胁迫快速下降,至30 d或45 d时略有回升的趋势,其中4个美洲黑杨无性系淹水胁迫时Pn、Tr、Cond在不同无性系之间、淹水与不淹水对照之间均存在显著差异(a=0.01),4个杨树无性系中,以I-69杨下降幅度最大,其Pn下降89.91%~91.98%、Tr下降91.78%~95.27%、Cond下降96.30%~97.41%。Ci在淹水胁迫时下降幅度明显不及Pn,表明淹水胁迫下Pn降低是气孔限制与非气孔限制因素共同作用的结果。水分利用效率WUE随淹水胁迫的进行先上升、后下降,但均高于不淹水对照。叶片蒸汽压亏缺值Vpdl随淹水胁迫程度加深明显上升。对净光合速率与其他光合生理指标及环境因子关系进行了分析。     

紫荆叶片夏季水分利用效率的日变化

紫荆叶片净光合速率日进程曲线为“双峰”形,光合效率午间明显降低,主要由非气孔限制引起。蒸腾速率和气孔导度的日变化为“单峰”形,午间最高。水分利用效率早晚较高、午间较低。净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率与一些环境因子的相关性都达到0．01显著水平。利用多元逐步回归方法分别得到了净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率与环境因子的最优方程。     

Germination and seedling growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dimorphandra jorgei</Emphasis> MF Silva and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Swartzia macrostachya</Emphasis> Benth. var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">riedelii</Emphasis> Cowan

Dimorphandra jorgei MF Silva (Caesalpinaceae) and Swartzia macrostachya Benth. var. riedelii Cowan (Fabaceae) are tree species from the southern Bahian Atlantic Forest, identified for the restoration of degraded areas. The objective of this research is to study their seed germination and seedling growth to develop simple methods for seedling production in small scale nurseries. Because the species have distinct dormancy and germination characteristics, the seeds were submitted to different treatments. D. jorgei seeds were immersed in hot water, scarified and stored for 12 weeks in the laboratory environment (25°C). S. macrostachya seeds were submitted to different combinations of drying and storage in the laboratory environment or refrigerator (4°C). Seedlings were submitted to two light treatments for 3 months: partial shade (52% of full sun) and full shade (12% of full sun). In D. jorgei, the highest germination occurred for scarified seeds (87%) and for seeds stored for 12 weeks and then scarified (69%). In S. macrostachya the undried control seeds had the highest germination, followed by that of the refrigeration storage treatment, without predrying (99% and 97%, respectively). The average values for the growth parameters were greater in full shade for D. jorgei, while S. macrostachya seedlings showed greater growth rates in partial shade. Two months growth is recommended before D. jorgei seedlings are of the sufficient size and leaf number for field planting. On the other hand, a period of 4 months is recommended for S. macrostachya, due to its relatively slow growth.     

Effects of submergence in water on seed germination and vigor of the Copaifera lucens （Fabaceae） seedlings

We analyzed the tolerance of Copaifera lucens seeds to sub- mersion in water to assess the use of this species for direct seeding in riparian forest restoration programs. Seeds were submerged in water for 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 days or not submerged （control = 0 days of submer- gence）. For the control and at the end of each period of submersion, germination and seedling vigor tests were carried out. For germination tests, seeds were sown in plastic pots containing sand and kept in labora- tory conditions. The percentage of seed germination, the germination rate and the average germination time were analyzed. For seedlings, total biomass, leaf area, leaf mass per area and leaf area ratio were analyzed. Submersion time drastically affected the dissolved oxygen content and seed germination. Between 4 and 8 days of submersion there was a de- crease from 83.8% to 15.6% in the germination percentage. No seed germination occurred after 16 days of submersion. Although there was a significant decrease in the percentage of seed germination between 4 and 8 days of submersion, seedling vigor was not affected. Seeds of this species were partially tolerant to submersion in water, suggesting that C. lucens is a promising species for direct seeding in riparian forest restora- tion projects.     

温度对杉木中龄林针叶光合生理生态的影响

采用活体测定方法,在大气CO₂ 浓度(350±10)μL·L^-1、70%±5%相对湿度和一定光合有效辐射通量密度条件下,测定了18a生杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.)Hook.)中龄林针叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(g_s)、蒸腾速率(E)和暗呼吸(Rd)等光合生理生态指标对温度的响应。结果表明,杉木中龄林针叶光合生理生态指标对温度的变化非常敏感。Pn对温度的响应呈抛物线型,不同季节Pn的最适温度不同,在生长盛期(5月下旬)和后期(10月中旬)为25℃左右,在生长中期30℃左右,但生长盛期当年生针叶例外,其Pn最适温度仅22℃～23℃。Pn的最适温度与测定前5d平均最高气温更接近。g_s 和E对温度的响应与Pn相似,但g_s 达最大值的温度比Pn低。在试验条件下温度对Pn的影响可能主要由于非气孔因素引起。温度对g_s的影响可能源于叶面-大气水汽压差(VPD)的变化和光合作用引起的胞间CO₂ 浓度的改变。温度对E的影响与g_s 和VPD的变化密不可分。暗呼吸随温度增加呈指数增加,但由于生理活性和所处光环境的差异,当年生针叶Rd明显高于1a生和2a生老叶。杉木针叶光合生理生态对温度变化的长期响应与适应,还有待于进一步的研究。     

Low light availability affects leaf gas exchange,growth and survival of Euterpe edulis seedlings transplanted into the understory of an anthropic tropical rainforest

Euterpe edulis Mart. (Arecaceae) is a threatened palm tree of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest understory with fundamental importance for the restoration of degraded forest environments. We assessed the leaf gas exchange, growth and survival of E. edulis seedlings transplanted at three different forest sites (S1, S2 and S3) in the same area in which cocoa trees had been cultivated in a rustic agroforestry system. Measurement was carried out during the first year after seedling transplantation. The sites were characterised according to canopy openness (CO) and total daily photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Average CO and PPFD values were 13.3%, 8.0% and 6.7%, and 3.34, 2.79 and 0.62 mol m^?2 d^?1 for S1, S2 and S3, respectively. A progressive decline in seedling survival was observed in all sites throughout the experiment. At 387 d after planting, survival at S1, S2 and S3 was 57%, 44% and 37%, respectively. The gross light-saturated photosynthetic rate (A_max), leaf area and plant biomass were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in S1 and S2 when compared with S3. The values of dark respiration rate (R _d) and photosynthetic compensation irradiance (I _c) were sufficiently low for a positive carbon balance. Notwithstanding, the interpretation of results of microclimate variables together with leaf gas exchange and growth variables indicated that seedlings at all sites were in a suboptimal condition to achieve A_max, which is probably the main cause of the dramatic decline in the seedlings’ survival throughout the first year after transplantation. From a practical point of view, if the values of CO and PFD are lower than 10% and 3 mol m^?2 d^?1, respectively, it is suggested that the transplanting of E. edulis seedlings to the understory of abandoned agroforestry systems be accompanied by cultural practices, such as the thinning and pruning of tree tops.     

不同栽培条件下枣树幼果期光合作用日变化规律的研究

笔者以10年生壶瓶枣为试材,研究了枣树在灌溉、未灌溉、遮阴、雾化栽培和喷施亚硒酸钠5个处理下光合作用的日变化规律。结果表明:干旱条件降低了树体的光合作用,通过遮阴、雾化栽培和喷施亚硒酸钠可以提高树体的气孔导度,调节叶片的蒸腾,提高树体的光合速率,保证光合作用的进行。亚硒酸钠处理显著提高了叶片上午的净光合速率,气孔导度和蒸腾速率都比其他处理高。     

Ecophysiological responses and carbon distribution of Pinus koraiensis seedlings to elevated carbon dioxide

The net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, RuBPcase (ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylose) activity, dry weight of aboveground and belowground part, plant height, the length and diameter of taproot of Pinus koraiensis seedlings were measured and analyzed after six-week exposure to elevated CO2 in an open-top chamber in Changbai Mountain of China from May to Oct. 1999. Seedlings were planted in four different conditions: on an open site, control chamber, 500 μ L.L-1 and 700 μL.L-1 CO2 chambers. The results showed that the total biomass of the seedlings increased whereas stomatal conductance decreased. The physiological responses and growth to 500 μL.L-1 and 700 μ L.L-1 CO2 varied greatly. The acclimation of photosynthesis was downward to 700 μL.L-1 CO2 but upward to 500 μ L.L-1 CO2. The RuBPcase activity, chlorophyll and soluble sugar contents of the seedlings grown at 500 μL.L-1 CO2 were higher than that at 700 μ L.L-1 CO2. The concentration 500 μ L.L-1 CO2 enhanced the growth of aboveground part whereas 700 μL.L-1 CO2 allocated more carbon to belowground part. Elevated CO2 changed the carbon distribution pattern. The ecophysiological responses were significantly different between plants grown under 500 μL.L-1 CO2 and 700 μL.L-1 CO2.     

模拟林草模式不同遮荫条件下扁穗牛鞭草光合生理特征研究

不同遮荫梯度下扁穗牛鞭草(H.compressa(L.f.))的最大净光合速率分别为全光照的84.2%、66.8%、44.3%、42.5%,且长期在遮荫条件下生长的扁穗牛鞭草叶绿体微结构或叶绿素含量可能发生了一定程度的变化;遮荫16%和48%时扁穗牛鞭草的表观光合量子速率(AQY)略大于全光照下的值,扁穗牛鞭草有基本适应此环境的趋势和可能,初步结论显示,48%及其以下的遮荫度范围在林草模式植被恢复上是可以参照的指标。     

珙桐与主要伴生植物基本光合特征比较

在稳定的CO2浓度和基本稳定的光强下,采用U-6400光合作用仪对珙桐及其常见的主要伴生种枫香、灯台树、木姜子、腊莲绣球等测定基本光合作用的结果显示：在山坡土生与溪边石生环境下,珙桐净光合速率（Pn）和蒸腾速率（Tr）高于主要伴生灌木,低于主要伴生乔木。     

不同遮荫度对三种牧草净光合速率和生物量影响的比较分析

在模拟林一草植被恢复模式的遮荫条件下进行,比较分析了扁穗牛鞭草、鸭茅、多年生黑麦草在不同遮荫梯度下的净光合速率和收获生物量。结果表明,扁穗牛鞭草在不同遮荫状态下净光合速率占全光下的23.8%~72.6%,净光合速率的大小与光照的相关程度较高(r=0.8879);鸭茅、多年生黑麦与光照强度的相关程度低一些(r=0.6315、0.4677),不同遮荫度下鸭茅和多年生黑麦草的净光合速率分别占其全光照下的68.7%~88%和65.5%~99.3%;在遮荫对几种牧草收获生物量的影响率上也是扁穗牛鞭草最大,鸭茅和多年生黑麦草在相同生长期内,在中低遮荫度下的收获生物量反而有接近或超过全光照下的量的趋势。试验结果对林-草退耕种植模式的牧草选择和长期的培育经营有一定的借鉴性。     

Molecular Markers as Probes in Screening Genetic Diversity and Gene Pool Sustainability in Salix Intensive Forestry

The importance of protecting the genetic heritage of willows and maintainine the eenetic diversitv of both natural and artificial populations isYintr&ced. The devklopment of a set of genetic markers that can immediately be employed in studies of genetic diversity in willows is conciseiy presented: one initial data on the variabilitv within F1 controlled crosses of two willow species that are part of the Canadian willow breeding program are also discussed.     

3个杨树品种在鲁西地区光合生理特性研究

在鲁西地区对鲁林2号、鲁林3号、2025杨(对照)3个杨树品种的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度等生理指标进行测定的结果表明:鲁林2号、鲁林3号的净光合速率显著高于对照,具有高产潜能。相关性分析发现,蒸腾速率、空气温度与杨树净光合速率分别呈极显著和显著正相关关系,说明杨树要实现高产,必须有充分的水、热条件做保障。     

马尾松净光合速率初步研究

本文研究了马尾松一年生苗的鳞叶及幼树１、２年生针叶的月龄与净光合速率的变化规律；马尾松天然更新树团的生境，生产结构，净光合速率及净生产力的变化。进一步论述了马尾松的光合生态特性，并据此对马尾松育苗，培育过程中抚育管理措施制订及实施的最佳时段进行了论证。     

在CO2浓度加富条件下马尾松针叶的生理生态响应

研究了在3种不同CO2浓度(360 μmol·mol-1、800 μmol·mol-1、1 200 μmol·mol-1)下马尾松针叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、水分利用效率的变化.结果表明:在当前CO2(360 μmol·mol-1)浓度下,当光强为1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1时,净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度分别为3.46 μmol·m-2·s-1、0.273 mmol·m-2·s-1、0.0254 mmol·m-2·s-1,针叶的光饱和点和光补偿点分别为:(1 800±2) μmol·m-2·s-1和(24±2) μmol·m-2·s-1.当CO2加富到1 200 μmol·mol-1时,针叶的光饱和点降低了200 μmol·m-2·s-1,而光补偿点增加了4 μmol·m-2·s-1.在光照强度为50～2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1的条件下,不同CO2浓度下的水分利用率平均值分别为:1 200 μmol·mol-1浓度下的19.163 μmol·mmol-1,800 μmol·mol-1浓度下的12.912 μmol·mmol-1,360 μmol·mol-1浓度下的11.192 μmol·mmol-1.短期的CO2加富降低了植物叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔导度,而植物的水分利用效率则上升.     

3个朱顶红品种的光适应性研究

以朱顶红的3个品种为研究对象,研究了不同遮光处理（全光,遮阴度为30%、60%、90%）对其生长量及净光合速率日变化、净蒸腾速率日变化的影响。结果表明：3个朱顶红品种的叶长、叶宽、叶面积、花葶高度均随着遮阴处理程度的加大而显著增加,而花冠大小及花色无明显差别;3个朱顶红品种在30%的遮光下全天的日平均净光合速率最高,全光下日平均净蒸腾速率最高。结论：3个朱顶红品种更适宜在30%的遮光环境下栽植。