Dissemination of weeds with rice seedlings

Abstract

Dissemination of weed seeds, weed seedlings, and shoots of perennial weeds along with transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings was observed in farmers’ fields in Guimba, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. The percentage of weed seedlings and shoots in bundles of rice seedlings to be transplanted into the field ranged from 4–5 to 14.2% in the wet season and from 3.0 to 8.7% in the dry season. Grasses comprised 63% of the weed seedlings in the wet season and 81% in the dry season. The number of weed seeds disseminated with the rice seedlings ranged from 271 to 683 per bundle. Mainly sedges and broadleaf weeds were disseminated in this manner. Possible ways of reducing dissemination of weeds with rice seedlings are suggested.     

水稻种子携带恶苗病菌种类及其致病性研究

水稻恶苗病是水稻上的一种重要病害,每年给我国的水稻生产造成严重的经济损失.本文旨在探究我国主要稻作区水稻种子携带恶苗病菌的种类及其致病性情况.采用洗涤法和平板培养法对收集我国主要稻作区的66份水稻种子样本进行恶苗病病菌分离,共获得111株病菌分离物,并从中选取24株代表性分离物,采用翻译延伸因子TEF-1α序列、形态学...     

乙阿合剂对旱稻出苗及幼苗生长的影响

乙阿合剂为目前玉米田常用土壤封闭除草剂 ,主要成分为乙草胺和阿特拉津 ,主要剂型有 40 %、42 %、48%胶悬剂。据报道 ,上年玉米田超量使用乙阿合剂 ,将影响下年旱稻出苗。当季玉米田使用乙阿合剂 ,经雨水冲刷流入旱稻田 ,会造成稻苗死亡。且越是浇水多的田死苗越严重。为了弄清乙阿合剂对旱稻出苗及稻苗生长的影响 ,特进行本试验。1　材料与方法供试药剂为河南省博爱县惠丰生物农药厂生产的 48%乙阿合剂。旱稻品种为巴西陆稻和旱稻 2 77。试验设在焦作农科所试验田 ,前作为大白菜。于 3月 2 0日采用土壤喷雾处理 ,喷雾器采用工农 1 6型背负…     

干旱-高温交叉胁迫对水稻幼苗光合特性的影响

以水稻品种‘N22’为试材,设置水稻幼苗正常生长（CK）、单一高温处理（H）以及干旱-高温交叉处理（DH）的水培试验,测定其叶片叶绿素含量、光合参数及叶绿素荧光参数,观察表皮气孔和叶肉细胞形态、叶绿体结构。结果表明,与CK相比,H处理水稻幼苗的叶绿素a、b含量、净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和实际光能转化效率[Y（Ⅱ）]显著降低,下降的幅度分别为82.15%、66.82%、64.83%、8.23%、66.20%和27.51%。DH处理下水稻幼苗叶绿素a、b含量、P_n、G_s、C_i、T_r及Y（Ⅱ）与CK差异不显著,而显著高于H处理,分别是H处理下的4.35、2.67、3.20、1.17、3.46和1.23倍。干旱预处理的水稻幼苗,通过维持正常的叶绿素含量、稳定的叶肉细胞及叶绿体结构和适度的气孔开度,可在一定程度上缓解后期高温胁迫对水稻幼苗光合作用的...     

三嗪类除草剂莠去津的研究进展

三嗪除草剂莠去津是在世界范围内广泛应用的一种除草剂,其对人类健康、农业生产及生态环境的影响具有全球性,已经引起广泛关注。本文介绍了莠去津的性质、危害、迁移分布、分析检测及相关的法规。     

Inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth by root-infecting fungi in soil of a rice paddy field

 Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could occur in soils of rice paddy fields. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance.     

北京口岸进境苗木线虫检出分析

近年来,北京口岸多次从进境苗木中检出植物病原线虫。本文对北京口岸线虫检出情况进行分析,总结了线虫疫情的特点,并提出加强进境苗木检疫监管的工作建议。旨在为提高口岸对进境苗木的检疫监管、降低检疫性线虫传入风险提供参考。     

Suppression of rice blast by phylloplane fungi isolated from rice plants

Rice phylloplane fungi were evaluated for their potential as biocontrol agents for rice blast disease caused by Magnaporthe grisea. A total of 1923 fungal isolates were obtained from rice plants in fields at Ishigaki and Iwama and from potted plants placed in a cedar woods in Iwama as bait. Although 82.9% of isolated fungi could not be identified, species of Epicoccum were the most prevalent among identified isolates. Of the 1923 isolates, 967 were randomly selected for screening against rice leaf blast. Nine isolates (MKP5111B, MKP5112, J2JMR3-2, K2J131-2, I5R3-1, NOP541, K1KM134-1, NOP5112, MKP33222) suppressed the disease when a conidial or hyphal suspension of both the phylloplane fungus and pathogen were simultaneously used to inoculate rice plants cultured in pots in a growth chamber. Five of the isolates originated from potted plants in the woods and four from Ishigaki, a subtropical island. Five (MKP5111B, MKP5112, NOP541, NOP5112, MKP33222) of the nine isolates strongly suppressed conidial germination of M. grisea (0.7%) and formed inhibition zones (3–5mm width) in dual cultures with the pathogen. Methanol extracts from the isolates also inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen. These results suggest that the five isolates produced antibiotic(s). These five isolates are likely identical or closely related fungal species because the sequence of their ITS regions were 100% similar. ITS sequence analysis also suggested that J2JMR3-2 was associated with a species of Fusarium. Under field conditions, J2JMR3-2 reduced both leaf and panicle blast severity, and three other isolates (MKP5111B, K1KM134-1, K2J131-2) suppressed leaf blast in one of the three experiments.     

Cellular and biochemical effects induced by atrazine on blood of male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)

Atrazine a potent endocrine disruptor herbicide is broadly used to control rapidly growing unwanted weeds in various cereals crops which induce adverse effects both in mammalian and avian species. In present study 96 mature male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were procured and randomly kept in eight groups (A to H) each having 12 birds. Atrazine was administered orally at 0, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight to all experimental groups. The mitomycin C at 2 mg/kg body weight was given to the birds of group B which served as a positive control. From each group 4 birds were randomly selected and harvested at day 15, 30 and 45. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum total protein, serum albumin and serum testosterone values were recorded at day 45 in all treated groups. A significant increase in serum ALT and AST concentration was also recorded. Moreover, morphological alterations in nucleus of erythrocytes were also observed including blebbed nuclei, notched nuclei, lobed nuclei, vacuolated cells, binucleated cell, and cell with pear shaped and micronucleus. Overall, our results show that atrazine at higher doses induces significant serum biochemical alterations and changes in nucleus of erythrocytes.     

Silicon content in rice seedlings to protect rice blast fungus at the nursery stage

To control rice blast effectively at the nursery stage, the absolute SiO₂ content necessary for rice plants to resist blast disease was investigated using various rice cultivars and soils. Nine rice cultivars with different complete resistance genes and different degrees of partial resistance were grown on nursery soils amended with silica gel at different rates to change the SiO₂ content of rice plant. The rice seedlings were then inoculated 28 days after sowing with Pyricularia grisea to estimate their blast resistance. In all rice cultivars, the number of lesions was significantly reduced when SiO₂ content increased in the rice seedling; lesions were reduced to 5%–20% of the number on the seedlings grown in soil without silica gel when the seedling SiO₂ content reached 5%. Additionally, the susceptibility to blast disease of rice seedlings grown on eight soils collected from different districts, with varying amounts of silica gel, was compared. The number of lesions decreased significantly when the SiO₂ content in the seedlings reached 5%. These results suggest that SiO₂ content of at least 5% in the rice plant can control this disease at the nursery stage under any conditions.     

Weed flora of water rice in the Red River Delta,Vietnam

The occurrence of weeds in water rice was surveyed in the Red River Delta, Vietnam during spring and summer rice-growing seasons in 1995 and 1996. Sixty different weeds from 19 plant families were recorded. The most important plant families as weeds of rice were Poaceae and Cyperaceae. The most important weed however was Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne (Lythraceae) followed by Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. and Cyperus difformis L. A brief comparison of this rice weed flora and those of Australia and California was made.     

Oxidative stress response and histopathological changes due to atrazine and chlorpyrifos exposure in common carp

Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common pesticides found in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. Herein, we investigated the oxidative stress responses and histopathological changes in the liver and gill of common carp after a 40-d exposure to CPF and ATR, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery treatment. We found that exposure to ATR, CPF or their mixture for 40 d could induce decrease in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) activities and increase in MDA content in a dose-dependent manner in the liver and gill of common carp. Especially with regard to the pathological changes, the tissue damage increased in severity in a dose-dependent manner. The liver tissue of common carp revealed different degree of hydropic degeneration, vacuolisation, pyknotic nuclei, and fatty infiltration. The gills of common carp displayed varied degrees of epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis, oedema with epithelial separation from basement membranes, general necrosis, and epithelial desquamation. After a 20-d recovery treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the corresponding exposure groups in all of the highest doses, but not in the lower doses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subchronic oxidative stress and histopathological effects caused by ATR, CPF and their mixture in the common carp. Thus, the information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of ATR-, CPF- and ATR/CPF-mixture-induced oxidative stress in fish.     

深圳口岸进出口苗木螺旋线虫的鉴定

１９９１～１９９７年对深圳、广州、东莞、南海、三水、江门、开平、新会的花场进行了线虫调查,共采集根际土壤样品５０７个,发现１３４个样品含有螺旋线虫,占２６．４％,而且螺旋线虫是主要的寄生种类,经鉴定为双宫螺旋线虫（Ｈｅｌｉｃｏｔｙｌｅｎｃｈｕｓｄｉｈｙｓｔｅｒａ（Ｃｏｂｂ,１８９３）Ｓｈｅｒ,１９６１）,寄主植物共６８种,其中绝大多数为我国双宫螺旋线虫的寄主新记录。１９９４～１９９７年经深圳口岸入境,从香港、台湾、泰国、比利时、荷兰进口的５批次、２０种苗木也检获双宫螺旋线虫。     

Synergistic and antagonistic effects of atrazine on the toxicity of organophosphorodithioate and organophosphorothioate insecticides to Chironomus tentans (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The acute toxicities of two organophosphorodithioate (dimethoate and disulfoton) and two organophosphorothioate (omethoate and demeton-S-methyl) insecticides were evaluated individually and in binary combination with the herbicide atrazine using fourth-instar larvae of the aquatic midge, Chironomus tentans. Atrazine alone up to 1000 μg/L did not show significant toxicity to the midges in a 48-h bioassay. However, atrazine concentrations as low as 1 μg/L in combination with dimethoate at EC₂₅ (concentration to affect 25% of tested midges), 100 μg/L in combination with disulfoton (EC₂₅), and 10 μg/L in combination with demeton-S-methyl (EC₂₅) significantly enhanced the toxicity of each organophosphate insecticide. In contrast, atrazine concentrations of 10 μg/L and above in combination with omethoate (EC₂₅) significantly decreased the toxicity of the insecticide. Biochemical analysis indicated that increased toxicity of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl in binary combination with atrazine correlated to the increased inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, cytochrome P450-dependent O-deethylation activity in the midges exposed to atrazine at 1000 μg/L was 1.5-fold higher than that in the control midges. Thus, atrazine appeared to induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in the midges. Elevated cytochrome P450 monooxygenase activity may increase the toxicities of dimethoate, disulfoton, and demeton-S-methyl by enhancing the oxidative activation of dimethoate into omethoate, and disulfoton and demeton-S-methyl into their sulfoxide analogs with increased anticholinesterase activity. In contrast, atrazine reduced the toxicity of omethoate possibly by enhancing the oxidative metabolic detoxification since omethoate does not require oxidative activation.     

枣苗失水与栽植成活率关系的研究

针对陕北黄土丘陵区红枣产业化开发规模空前，但生产中普遍存在枣苗失水导致栽植成活率很低的问题，通过田间试验和计算机回归分析，研究了不同失水时间对枣苗失水率和栽植成活率的影响。结果表明，失水时间与失水率呈极显著一元一次正回归关系，与栽植成活率呈极显著一元一次负回归关系；失水时间与栽植成活率的回归方程为Y=81．391-0．106t，回归系数为0．7441。     

Sites of infection by pythium species in rice seedlings and effects of plant age and water depth on disease development

ABSTRACT Seedling disease, caused primarily by several species of Pythium, is one of the major constraints to water-seeded rice production in Louisiana. The disease, also known as water-mold disease, seed rot, and seedling damping-off, causes stand reductions and growth abnormalities. In severe cases, fields must be replanted, which may result in delayed harvests and reduced yields. To develop more effective disease management tactics including biological control, this study was conducted primarily to determine sites of infection in seeds and seedlings; effect of plant age on susceptibility to P. arrhenomanes, P. myriotylum, and P. dissotocum; and minimum exposure times required for infection and seedling death. In addition, the effect of water depth on seedling disease was investigated. Infection rates of seed embryos were significantly higher than those of endosperms for all three Pythium spp. The development of roots from dry-seeded seedlings was significantly reduced by P. arrhenomanes and P. myriotylum at 5 days after planting compared with that of roots from noninoculated controls. Susceptibility of rice to all three species was sharply reduced within 2 to 6 days after planting, and seedlings were completely resistant at 8 days after planting. There was a steep reduction in emergence through the flood water, relative to the noninoculated control, following 2 to 3 days of exposure to inoculum of P. arrhenomanes and P. myriotylum. In contrast, P. dissotocum was much less virulent and required longer exposure times to cause irreversible seedling damage. Disease incidence was higher when seeds were planted into deeper water, implying that seedlings become resistant after they emerge through the flood water. These results suggest that disease control tactics including flood water management need to be employed for a very short period of time after planting. Also, given that the embryo is the primary site of infection and it is susceptible for only a few days, the disease should be amenable to biological control.     

磁化水对不同土壤水分下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合和养分吸收的影响

采用二因素二水平完全试验设计,研究了砂培条件下磁化处理（分别为0.3T磁场强度处理的磁化蒸馏水和蒸馏水处理）对不同土壤水分条件下（正常水分处理：田间持水量的80%~85%;干旱处理：田间持水量的40%~45%,于黄瓜4~5叶期维持7 d）黄瓜幼苗生长、水分关系、光合作用和养分吸收的影响。结果表明,磁化水浇灌显著降低黄瓜幼苗的生长和水分利用,其中茎粗、地上部生物量、根生物量、总生物量、根体积、根表面积、整株耗水量和整株水分利用效率分别降低6.7%、8.9%、19.1%、9.9%、22.1%、18.5%、6.2%和10.9%;磁化水浇灌导致黄瓜幼苗叶SPAD值降低了3.7%,叶气孔导度和蒸腾速率则分别增加了21.8%和17.5%,叶瞬时水分利用效率降低了17.7%,但对净光合速率影响不大;磁化水浇灌使PSII最大光化学效率和电子传递速率分别降低了5.2%和18.6%,同时增加叶片中K含量。除叶片K含量外,干旱条件下磁化水对黄瓜生长和生理代谢影响不大,表明磁化水的作用依赖于土壤水分条件。     

Abiotic persistence of atrazine and simazine in water

Hydrolysis and photolysis experiments have been undertaken to investigate the abiotic persistence of atrazine and simazine in a variety of waters. Hydrolysis only occurs to a significant extent at pH values at the lower limit of those found in the natural aquatic environment (pH 4.0 or less). Photolysis was initiated by a wide range of wavelengths in waters at pH 4.0, but only by more energetic wavelengths of less than 300 nm at higher pH values (pH 6 to 8). Based on these data, the aquatic half-life of atrazine and simazine in well-lit acidic upland waters will be typically six days. In lowland rivers with higher pH (7 to 8.5), these triazines are likely to exhibit half-lives of months rather than days. In groundwaters, atrazine and simazine will have half-lives in the order of years, due to the exceedingly slow rate of hydrolysis. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

国外引种新特点及检疫风险点分析研究

分析了山东农业2000-2012年国外引种数据,结果表明：近年国外引种呈现出数量阶段性增长变化、种苗来源全球化、作物种类全面化、引种单位多元化、引种用途多样化、种植区域分散化、引种渠道复杂化等7大新特点,存在着入境包装材料及类别增多、入境检疫检验业务量增大、植物疫情来源广泛、风险分析要求更高、有害生物传播载体增多、同一起源中心的有害生物传入机会增大、监管对象多元、种植栽培管理模式多样、种苗逃逸变害可能性增加、监测区域范围增大和逃检漏检现象普遍等11项潜在的检疫风险点,需要采取有针对性的限制或防范措施,防患于未然。     

黄岩水果苗木与农产品检疫现状及对策建议

在1981-2018年黄岩水果类苗木及非种用农产品调运检疫中,共调出柑橘、杨梅和枇杷等苗木10 475批次,11 051.42万株;柑橘果实等非种用农产品147 689批次,852 920.95 t。基于柑橘等水果苗木调运检疫数量变化与水果产业发展变化关系,分析了果苗检疫存在的问题,包括无证育苗现象较普遍、检疫申报不规范、疫情信息不对称和漏检逃检等,提出了水果类苗木生产经营实行许可证制度、严格遵守植物检疫规程、建立种苗调运可追溯和到达地报告复检制度等建议,这对做好调运植物检疫工作有积极意义。