Finite dose diffusion studies: III. Effects of temperature, humidity and deposit manipulation on NAA penetration through isolated tomato fruit cuticles

Effects of temperature, humidity, rewetting and removal of deposits on penetration of NAA [2-(1-naphthyl)acetic acid] through isolated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruit cuticles were studied using a finite dose diffusion system. In this system, an aqueous 5-microliter droplet (0.1 mM NAA in 20 mM citric acid buffer) is applied to the outer surface of a cuticle, which is mounted in a glass diffusion half-cell. The cell wall surface is in contact with a receiver solution (20 mM citrate). Penetration is monitored by repeated sampling of the receiver solution. Droplets appeared dry on visual inspection within 1 h of application, but significant NAA penetration continued after droplet drying. Maximum rates of NAA penetration increased exponentially as temperature was increased (from 5 degrees to 35 degrees C), the energy of activation averaging 153 (+/- 11.6)kJ mol-1. At 35 degrees C, penetration reached a plateau within 10 h of application (at 91.1 (+/- 1.0)% of dose applied) while at 5 degrees C penetration after 800 h reached only 30.2 (+/- 7.5)%. Increasing relative humidity from 20 to 80% increased maximum rates [from 1.0 (+/- 0.21) to 2.7 (+/- 0.80)% h-1] and penetration at 120 h after application [from 36.8 (+/- 2.1) to 64.3 (+/- 3.7)%]. Rewetting deposits at 120, 240 and 360 h after application resulted in increased NAA penetration. However, amounts and rates of NAA penetration progressively decreased with each subsequent rewetting. Removal of deposits by cellulose acetate stripping at various times after droplet application resulted in a rapid decrease in NAA penetration. NAA penetration following deposit removal was always less than 6.1% of the amount of NAA applied and averaged 0.5 (+/- 0.2)% when deposits were removed immediately after droplet drying.     

The effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall on captan decline on apple leaves and fruit in controlled environment conditions

BACKGROUND: Captan is an important fungicide for controlling diseases in horticultural crops. Predicting its dissipation is important for estimating dietary risks and optimising pesticide application. Experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of captan loss on apple leaves with temperature, humidity and rainfall, and to investigate captan loss on fruit in dry conditions. RESULTS: There was large unit-to-unit variability in captan residues in spite of the controlled application. Temperature and humidity had negligible effects on captan loss. Captan loss is predominately due to washoff by rain, although a certain proportion of captan may bind to the plant surface tightly and hence may not be readily removed by rain. About 50% of captan can be washed off by as little as 1 mm of rain after an application, and the loss appeared not to relate to the amount of rain. Under dry conditions, daily loss of captan is estimated to be around 1% on both fruit and leaves, giving a half-life of ca 70 days. CONCLUSIONS: Captan loss on leaf and fruit surfaces is primarily due to rain washoff.     

Effects of relative humidity, light intensity and photoperiod on the colony development of Erysiphe sp. on Rhododendron

Growth and reproduction by powdery mildew pathogens is generally inhibited by decreasing relative humidity. With Erysiphe sp. on Rhododendron cv. Elizabeth, the initial stages of colony development were adversely affected by reducing the relative humidity from 100% to 70 and 85%. No significant effects on secondary or tertiary hyphal development were detected. Light intensity and photoperiod both had considerable effect on the induced resistance response of the host. Over the initial 5 days of colonization there were no significant differences between any of the treatments. After 13 days, however, expansion of fungal colonies at 180 photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was limited solely to the area initially infested by primary hyphae. By comparison, in colonies grown at 80 PAR regardless of day length, secondary and tertiary hyphae had extended beyond the area first colonized. These effects resulted in differing morphologies, small colonies of densely packed hyphae formed at 180 PAR compared with open spreading colonies at 80 PAR.     

蛾龄、温度和相对湿度对草地螟自主飞行能力的影响

为了更好地了解草地螟(Loxostege sticticalis L.)的迁飞行为规律,为改善和提高其监测预报技术提供进一步的试验依据,本文应用所在实验室研发的昆虫自主飞行测试系统,对不同日龄(1~5日龄)、温度(14、18、22、26和30℃)和相对湿度(20%、40%、60%和80%)条件下的成虫自主飞行活动(飞行倾向、时间和次数)进行了研究。所得的主要结果为:1~2日龄成虫的飞行活动较少,3日龄后明显升高,并随日龄增加而升高。其中4~5日龄的飞行活动显著高于1~2日龄的;在14~30℃条件下,成虫飞行活动随温度的上升而增加,在26℃下达到最大。当温度达到30℃时又下降;在20%~80%湿度条件下,成虫飞行活动随湿度的升高而增加,当湿度达到80%时达到最大,并显著高于其他低湿条件的。对3日龄成虫在22℃、80%湿度条件下持续10h的测试结果表明,测试开始后1h成虫的飞行活动频率相对较高,之后就逐渐下降,在第8h也相对较高,9~10h的飞行活动明显降低。本文就上述结果与草地螟迁飞的关系进行了讨论。     

Mortality and F1 progeny of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F), on wheat treated with diatomaceous earth: effects of rate, exposure period and relative humidity

A series of experiments at 25 (+/-1) degrees C were conducted in which different application rates of diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation Protect-It at two levels of relative humidity, 40 and 55%, and at three exposure periods were evaluated for control of Rhyzopertha dominica (F). Test insects were placed in vials containing 40 g of soft winter wheat mixed with 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 g DE kg(-1). At all rates except 0.25 g kg(-1), mortality was significantly different from that in the control at the relevant exposure period. After each exposure interval, dead and live insects were counted and removed, and the vial containing wheat was then returned to the appropriate humidity chamber for 8 weeks until F(1) adults emerged. F(1) progeny production was significantly different from the control group at all rates. Mortalities for 1, 2 and 3 weeks exposure were found to be 47 (+/-5)%. Despite the fact that mortality increased with increasing rate, total mortality was not achieved even at the highest rate of DE. F(1) progeny production decreased with increasing rate for both RH conditions, and containment of population for both RH conditions was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1). For each exposure period, F(1) progeny production of R dominica decreased with increasing rate of DE, and population suppression was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1) for all exposure intervals. In summary, Protect-It resulted in reduced F(1) adult progeny and containment of population was achieved at 1.00 g DE kg(-1) at which rate mortality was 77%.     

温度和湿度对B型烟粉虱发育、存活和生殖的影响

研究了采自北京市的B型烟粉虱种群在不同温、湿度条件下的生长、发育和繁殖力参数.结果表明,相对湿度是影响卵、1龄若虫、3龄若虫和成虫发育的主要因素,30%～70%RH是烟粉虱发育的适宜范围.在25℃组合90%、70%、50%和30%RH环境下的种群内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.0499、0.0596、0.064和0.0856.若虫的发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,20～30℃是烟粉虱发育的适宜范围.在1 5℃下从卵发育到成虫需要69.0天,但30℃下则减少到27.7天.当温度上升到35℃时,只有少数个体能发育到3龄.不同龄期对温度的要求有较大的区别,2龄若虫的发育起点温度最低(6.16℃),而卵期所需的有效积温最高(110.22日度).在80%RH配合30、25、20和15℃条件下的内禀增长率(rm)分别为0.0729、0.0673、0.0895和0.0486.     

施肥、起垄和品种对黄土高原新造耕地马铃薯氮磷钾吸收与分配的影响

于2019―2020年在黄土高原延安地区选择典型新造耕地,开展不同栽培措施和品种下马铃薯氮、磷和钾元素吸收量及其分配规律的研究.试验设7个处理,分别为克新1号+NPK(氮磷钾无机肥)+平作(CK)、克新1号+NPK+起垄(T1)、克新1号+NPKM(氮磷钾无机肥+有机肥)+平作(T2)、克新1号+NPKM+起垄(T3)...     

喷灌条件下作物光合作用及生长的研究进展

就国内外有关喷灌条件下作物光合作用及生长的研究成果进行了分析和评述,讨论了喷灌条件下作物的生态、生理因子之间的相互关系以及对农田小气候变化的适应机制,指出了该领域研究中存在的问题和今后应加强的研究方向。     

A note on the chemical composition, intake and digestion of Striga hermonthica herbage by sheep

Striga hermonthica causes serious crop yield losses in West Africa. Hand pulling, an effective method for the reduction of light infestations, might be encouraged if farmers could use this weed as livestock feed. This study evaluated the chemical composition and the voluntary intake and digestion of S. hermonthica herbage by sheep. Crude protein (g kg⁻¹ dry matter (d.m.)) was 184 in the whole plant, 230 in the leaf and 87 in the stem. Ash content varied from 183 to 253 g kg d.m.⁻¹. The concentration of neutral and acid detergent fibre and lignin in whole pot-grown plants was 364, 278 and 127 g kg d.m.⁻¹ respectively. The digestibility of dry and organic (o.m.) matter was 493 and 657 g kg⁻¹, respectively, and intake of digestible o.m. was 27.1 g kg W^−0.75. The relatively high N and P levels in S. hermonthica warrant further evaluation in terms of its potential use as a source of protein or for compost. Its use as a feed appears to be limited by the high ash content and possibly by anti-nutritional effects on animals. These effects should be further investigated before recommending its use for this purpose.     

Comparative effects of different types of tank‐mixed adjuvants on the efficacy,absorption and translocation of cyhalofop‐butyl in barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli [L.] Beauv.)

The efficacy of cyhalofop‐butyl with tank‐mixed adjuvants on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus‐galli [L.] Beauv.), as well as the physico‐chemical properties, absorption and translocation, was evaluated and compared. The efficacy experiment showed that the treatments with tank‐mixed adjuvants were approximately twofold more effective than with cyhalofop‐butyl alone at 2% (v/v) (silwet 625 at 0.05%). The surface tension decreased and the droplets could spread automatically on the leaves after adding the adjuvants. The spreading speed increased significantly with the adjuvants. The epidermal cells and wax layer were damaged by the adjuvants. The absorption of cyhalofop‐butyl was increased significantly after adding the tank‐mixed adjuvants. GY‐T12 and silwet 625 were conducive to upward translocation and all six tank‐mixed adjuvants promoted the downward translocation of the herbicide. The results demonstrate that adjuvants can have a considerable influence on the efficiency of cyhalofop‐butyl on barnyardgrass.     

不同配方存活基质对生防菌ANIT-8908A保存、防效和土壤定殖力的影响

研究了豆饼粉、泥碳土、木屑、KCl和尿素按不同配比制成的4种配方的存活基质对生防菌ANIT-8098A在室内的保存、田间防效和土壤定殖能力的影响。试验结果表明:用8.0%豆饼粉、46.0%泥炭土、40.0%木屑、5.0%KCl、1.0%尿素制成的生防菌制剂ANIT-3号存活基质对生防菌ANIT-8098A室内保存效果最好,经90 d后保存率仍高达83.33%;生防菌制剂ANIT-3号在田间对茄子青枯病的防效最高,达100.00%;生防菌制剂ANIT-3号对生防菌ANTI-8098A在土壤中定殖力的促进效果也最高,药后40 d定殖率为11.2%。     

Studies on the action mechanism of benzoylurea insecticides to inhibit the process of chitin synthesis in insects: A review on the status of research activities in the past, the present and the future prospects

In this review an effort was made to summarize the up to date information on the knowledge on the action mechanism of diflubenzuron (DFB), a prototype chemical for the benzoylurea type insecticides, with respect to its molecular mechanism to inhibit insect chitin synthesis. The key problem in pinpointing the action site of this insecticide has been the lack of in vitro demonstration of its action to inhibit insect chitin synthesis under cell free conditions. This problem was solved when an approach using a intracellular vesicle preparation from the cuticle of newly molted Periplaneta americana was developed. Using this approach it has become possible to identify that DFB indeed inhibits the process of incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into insect chitin. Recently there has been a breakthrough in this field, when a sulfonylurea receptor (SUR) was identified in Drosophila melanogaster. This information was instrumental in establishing that insect SUR in the above intracellular vesicular preparation from P. americana as well as Blattella germanica is likely the actual target site of DFB to cause inhibition of chitin synthesis. The role of SUR in this case has been determined, by using glibenclamide, a typical SUR specific inhibitor as an aid, to be helping the exocytotic movement of these vesicles as is the case of other members of the group of ABC-transporters to which insect SUR belongs. In this case both DFB and glibenclamide have been shown to cause the depolarization of the vesicle membrane through inhibition of the K⁺ channel, which leads to their inhibition of chitin synthesis.     

A comparison of the effects of the nematodes Radopholus similis and Pratylenchus goodeyi on growth,root health and yield of an East African highland cooking banana (Musa AAA-group)

We combined two protein-marking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with a predator gut content ELISA to monitor the movement and feeding activity of commercially-purchased Hippodamia convergens Guèrin-Mèneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under realistic field conditions during two field seasons in central Arizona. The protein-marking ELISAs were used to differentiate released H. convergens from the native beetles. Commercially purchased beetles marked with rabbit immunoglobulin G (IgG) were released into cotton fields and chicken IgG marked beetles were released into adjacent cantaloupe fields. Results showed that the total native beetle abundance in each crop was about the same size. The recovery rates after 15 days for the released beetles were less than 1.0% over all the releases, indicating that they dispersed readily from the release site. Of the recaptured beetles containing rabbit IgG (cotton), 82.2% were recovered in cotton and 11.8% moved to cantaloupe. Of those containing chicken IgG (cantaloupe), 66.5% were recovered in cantaloupe and 33.5% moved to cotton. A predator gut content ELISA was used to determine if there were differences in the frequency of predation of released versus indigenous H. convergens on the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows &; Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The proportion of beetles containing whitefly antigens was always higher for the released beetles than for their native counterparts. Our results demonstrate an approach to combine protein marking and predator gut content ELISAs that allows the simultaneous comparison of feeding and intercrop movement of native and commercially-obtained biological control agents.