大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状的相关性研究

采用盆栽方法, 对黑龙江省和吉林省的42份大豆品种的根系性状与地上部性状间的相关关系进行了研究. 结果表明: 大豆品种根系性状与地上部性状存在相关关系, 随生长进程的推进相关关系趋于明显. 鼓粒初期所测7个根系性状与地上部茎粗、冠鲜重、冠干重均呈中度(以上)相关关系, 除主根长度与冠鲜重之间的相关系数在0.05水平上达     

黄淮海地区大豆品种苗期根系性状的遗传变异及与耐逆境胁迫的关系

从83份黄淮海地区代表性大豆地方品种和育成品种(系)中按根系类型选取32份,用以研究苗期根系性状的遗传特点、与地上部性状的相关以及与逆境胁迫的关系。大豆苗期一级侧根数、主根长、根干质量、总根长和根体积等性状,在品种间、各苗龄间均存在显著遗传变异;根系性状与整株干质量呈高度相关;根干质量、根总长和根体积的相对值与耐旱平均隶属函数值,一级侧根数、主根长、总根长、根体积、根干质量的相对值与耐铝毒平均隶属函数值呈极显著相关,且根系性状的相对值在品种间存在显著变异,可用做耐逆性选择的根系指标。     

玉米种质苗期耐冷性状的遗传分析

摘要：早春低温冷害是黑龙江省主要的自然灾害之一,已成为影响本区域玉米产量水平提高的重要因素。本研究选择不同耐冷玉米种质8份,按Griffing Ⅱ的设计组配,分析低温逆境下玉米出苗及幼苗期性状的遗传规律。相关分析表明,相对出苗指数、相对出苗率、相对苗干重、相对根干重两两相关,相对出苗率与相对根总长相关,上述性状适合作为玉米幼苗耐冷性鉴定的指标。不同亲本的GCA方差、不同组合的SCA方差在相对出苗率、相对发芽指数、相对苗干重、相对根干重、相对根总长等性状上的差异显著。非加性基因效应在相对出苗率、相对发芽指数、相对苗干重、相对根干重、相对根总长中起到重要作用,且狭义遗传力普遍较低,各性状均低于50%,高低次序为相对发芽指数>相对出苗率>相对根干重>相对苗干重>相对根总长,上述性状选择适宜在中晚代进行选择。     

Effects of Exogenous Injection of Different Sugars on Leaf Photosynthesis, Dry Matter Production and Adenosine 5'-Diphosphate Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) Activity in Sweet Potato, Ipomoea batatas (Lam.)

Solutions of sucrose, glucose and fructose were artificially injected into the stems of sweet potato plants. The effects of solution injection on both dry matter production and the activity of adenosine 5'-diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) in tuberous roots were investigated and compared. The total weight of carbon (T_C) artificially and photosynthetically supplied to a plant during the treatment period of 40 days was 0.987–1.869 times the weight of photosynthetically assimilated carbon alone. At the final sampling time, the dry matter weight of tuberous roots in the plants injected with sugar solutions showed a 2.73–9.13-fold increase over that of the control plant. The root weight linearly increased with T_C. The activity of AGPase was also enhanced by solution injections, with 27–63 % increases compared to the control, but was not significantly related to T_C. The injection of sugar solutions is concluded to have a dual effect on root production in sweet potato. One effect is that the increased sugar concentration in the plant increases AGPase and sink activities, and the other effect is that the increased carbon supply quantitatively promotes starch synthesis and accumulation in roots.     

Heritability and gene effects for root characteristics in peas measured at flowering

Summary Heritability and gene effects for root weight, root volume and root to shoot weight ratio were determined in peas (Pisum sativum L.) at flowering. The populations used were developed from four crosses between lines and cultivars differing in size of the root systems. Broad-sense heritability was between 0.41 and 0.81 for root weight, and between 0.44 and 0.77 for root volume. Additive and dominance effects were important in the genetic control of root weight and volume in all populations, while epistatic effects were important only in two populations. The importance of the genetic parameters in the control of root to shoot weight ratio was unclear. Assuming high correlations between root growth in soil-filled pots in the greenhouse and growth in the field, with the presence of large additive effects and high heritability estimates for root weight and volume, selection for superior pure lines with large root systems should be effective.     

Analysis of genotypic variation of sugar and acid contents in peaches and nectarines through the Principle Component Analysis

Genotypic variations and correlations were estimated for sugar and acid contents on afresh flesh weight basis in peach and nectarine genotypes derived from a clone of a wild peach (Prunus davidiana) by three generations of crosses with commercial nectarine varieties. 107genotypes were studied in Avignon (France), 40 in Gotheron (France), and 18 of them were common to both locations. Considerable variations in sugar and acid contents were found among genotypes in both locations. Though location significantly affected sucrose, sorbitol and acid contents of the18 common genotypes, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that genotypic correlations among sugar and acid contents were stable in both locations. Almost all sugars and acids analysed exhibited positive loadings for the first principal component (PC). Variations of dry matter content among genotypes only partially explained this general trend as shown by the PCA on a dry flesh weight basis. Glucose and fructose contents were closely correlated and were similar in amount inmost genotypes, while fructose content was lower than glucose content in about 12% of the genotypes. A positive but loose relationship was found between malic and citric acid contents in both locations. Likewise, sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid contents were positively associated. The first PC could be used as a general flavour component. In addition, three groups of closely associated variables (fructose and glucose; malic and citric acids; sucrose, sorbitol and quinic acid) were detected through PCA. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) fruit

Maternal inheritance of sugars and acids in peach fruit were investigated during two successive years using reciprocal populations derived from ‘low acid’ (LA) flat peach ‘Zaolupan’ and non-LA round peach ‘Zaoxing’. The reciprocal populations segregated into LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited offspring. Generally, the reciprocal populations had similar range and mean values of sugar and acid. Mean values were to different degree lower than or similar to mid-parental values. Maternal inheritance did not show significant effects on sugars and acids. Broad sense heritability of sugars and acids was high, ranging from 0.61 to 0.90. The correlations among sugars and acids were studied, and positive correlations were always found between glucose and fructose, and quinate and shikimate. Generally, mean glucose, fructose, sorbitol, quinate and shikimate contents did not show significant difference among LA round, LA flat, non-LA round and non-LA flat-fruited progenies. Mean sucrose and total sugar contents of flat-fruited progenies tended to be higher than round-fruited progenies, while mean malate, citrate and total acid contents did not significantly differ with fruit shape (round vs. flat).     

不同基质栽培百子莲生长效应评价

为探明基质不同理化性质对大花百子莲幼苗生长的影响,筛选百子莲适合的栽培基质,采用草炭、枯枝落叶腐熟肥、椰糠、松树皮、黄沙、珍珠岩、园土等材料配成8种混合基质,以园土作为对照,测定不同基质理化性质与不同基质栽培百子莲幼苗的形态、生长及相关生理指标,进行指标间相关性分析。结果显示,土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度与叶片数、最大根长间存在显著正相关(P＜0.05),土壤EC值与根干重、根冠比及单叶鲜重间显著负相关(P＜0.05),土壤全钾与地上部分鲜重、地上部分干重间显著负相关(P＜0.05),表明改善土壤通气状况能够促进百子莲生长,EC值增高限制根系干物质积累、降低植株根冠比,钾素营养抑制百子莲地上、地下部分营养生长。方差分析表明,不同混合基质处理间百子莲幼苗各项指标存在极显著差异(P＜0.01),大多数配比基质百子莲生长形态指标优于园土对照,经生长指标综合评价,草炭、枯枝落叶腐熟肥、椰糠、松树皮、黄沙以2:1:1:1:1配比混合基质综合评价指数最高(0.91),其次为草炭、椰糠、黄沙以2:1:1配比基质(0.66),表明这2种混合基质较适宜百子莲生长,可在百子莲规模化生产中推广应用。     

北方春大豆地方品种种子活力相关性状多样性分析

对104个北方春大豆地方品种的苗鲜重、苗高、下胚轴长、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等10个活力相关性状进行测定,并进行多样性分析。结果表明,大豆地方品种种子活力相关性状存在丰富的遗传变异,变异系数在17.65%~35.42%之间,其中发芽势变异系数最大,为35.42%,下胚轴长变异系数最小,为17.65%。相关性分析表明,除下胚轴长与根体积、根表面积、总根长呈显著负相关外,其余各性状之间呈显著或极显著正相关。聚类分析将104个大豆地方品种分为4个类群,类群Ⅲ的苗鲜重、苗高、下胚轴长、发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、主根长的均值最大,类群Ⅳ总根长、根体积和根表面积的均值最大。主成分分析中前4个主成分累积贡献率达到87.854%。第1主成分反映的是大豆根系粗壮程度;第2主成分反映的是发芽速度;第3主成分反映地上部分伸长能力;第4主成分反映地下部分伸长能力。隶属函数值将104份材料按活力高低分为3类,并筛选出8个高活力地方品种（保险豆、汤原秃荚子、黄豆、宝清小金黄、和龙油太、富锦四粒黄、牛毛黄和汪清神仙洞）,可作为培育高活力大豆品种的亲本材料。     

Heritabilities and genetic correlations in turnips (Brassica campestris L. var. rapa)

Summary Estimates of heritability for five root characters and genetic correlations between percent dry matter and each of the remaining characters were determined in a population of half-long purple top white turnips. Heritability was fairly high for difference in diameter between upper and lower root half, intermediate for percentage of dry matter and flatness of base, and low for length/width ratio and fresh root weight. There was a significant negative correlation between percent dry matter and fresh root weight. The prospects for further improvement of the species are discussed briefly.     

FACE对武香粳14根系活性影响的研究

利用我国惟一的农田开放式空气CO₂浓度增高(Free-air CO₂ enrichment-FACE)研究平台,研究大气CO₂浓度比对照（现大气CO₂浓度）高200 μmol·mol^-1的FACE处理对水稻品种武香粳14根系活性的影响。结果表明：(1)FACE处理使水稻单位干重根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积的最大值比对照提早10 d左右,移栽后18 d及其以后不同生育时期的单位干重根系的总吸收面积、活跃吸收面积、α-萘胺氧化量等根系活性指标均显著或极显著低于对照,但FACE处理对每穴根系活性的影响相对较小;(2)移栽后28 d及其以后不同生育时期每穴的不定根数、不定根总长度、根系体积、根干重与单位干重根系的活性关系密切,根量越大单位干重根系的活性越低;(3)不同生育时期的植株含氮率与单位干重根系的活性多呈正相关,植株碳氮比与单位干重根系的活性多呈负相关。笔者认为,FACE处理水稻生育前期根系生长量大、植株含氮率低、碳氮比高等可能是造成其单位干重根系活性显著低于对照的重要原因。     

不同小麦基因型孕穗期根系性状与吸氮量的关系

通过水培培养,研究了生产上主栽的不同小麦基因型在充分供氮条件下孕穗期的根系、根系生理活性及根系与地上部干重以及吸氮量之间的关系。结果表明,地上部干重、根干重、根体积、根冠比、根活性及植株吸氮量不同基因型间有显著差异,根总吸收面积、根活跃吸收面积不同基因型间无明显差异;植株吸氮量与地上部干重显著相关,其相关系数达0.634,经进一步相关性分析表明,植株吸氮量的差异和地上部干重的差异主要是由于植株根干重和根体积不同造成的。研究表明,选择根干重和根体积大的小麦品种有利于提高小麦的氮利用效率。     

Breeding Potential of Root Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum)

The objective of this study was to investigate the breeding potential of the inulin-containing root chicory which has potential as a new industrial crop. Polycross families and reference varieties were grown in field experiments at 3 locations to assess their performance and the amount of variation available for breeding. Significant variation between polycross families for all characters except for glucose content and the ratio total sugar/dry matter content was observed. Compared to ‘Fredonia’, 12 out of 72 polycross families gave between 15 % and 24 % more total sugar yield. Preliminary estimates for the heritability of two yield components were calculated by means of the parent-offspring regression analysis. Additive genetic variance seems to determine the inheritance of fructose and total sugar content. All findings suggest that the total sugar yield of root chicory can be considerably increased by breeding.     

不同引进甜菜品种经济性状关系分析

为了探究不同甜菜品种块根重量、大小、长度之间的差异性,以及甜菜块根个体和含糖率、块根产量和含糖率之间的关系,以5个新疆主栽甜菜品种(KWS1176、KWS9147、BETA379、BETA468、BETA356)为材料,用GB/T 10496-2018中的调查方法测定5个甜菜品种的块根性状、含糖率、根产量和产糖量等经济性状,并分析其相关性。KWS1176、KWS9147、BETA379、BETA468、BETA356之间单个块根重量差异性不显著。块根含糖率表现为：KWS1176(13.62%)> BETA379(13.37%)> BETA468(12.80%)>KWS9147(12.56%)> BETA356(9.04%);块根产量表现为：KWS9147(100000.5 t/hm2)> BETA468(95000.48 t/hm2)> BETA379(93187.97 t/hm2)> BETA356(89875.45 t/hm2)>KWS1176(82000.41 t/hm2)。KWS1176、KWS9147、BETA356含糖率与个体...     

籼、粳超级稻品种根系形态及若干生理特征的差异

为阐明籼、粳超级稻根系干物质积累与分布特征和主要形态生理性状指标的差异及其与产量形成的关系,以当地主体且具有代表性的2个超级杂交籼稻组合和2个常规粳型超级稻品种为试验材料,对麦稻两熟制条件下籼、粳超级稻单茎和群体根干重、总根长、根数、根体积、根系吸收面积、发根力、抽穗后根系伤流强度及根冠比、每条根长、根直径、根密度、颖花根流量、抽穗期根系在土层中的分布和产量构成等方面进行了系统的比较研究。结果表明：(1)整个生育期,粳稻的根冠比、每条根长、发根数、发根体积、发根干重及颖花根流量、穗数、群体颖花量、结实率和实收产量均高于籼稻,而根直径、每穗粒数和千粒重低于籼稻,其中根冠比、每条根长、颖花根流量、穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和实收产量差异达显著或极显著水平;(2)粳稻抽穗前(含抽穗期)单茎根干重、总根长、根数、根体积和根系总吸收表面积及根密度均低于籼稻,但差异不显著,而成熟期这6个指标粳稻均显著或极显著高于籼稻;(3)粳稻拔节前单茎活跃吸收表面积和活跃吸收表面积比均小于籼稻,而拔节后(含拔节期)两者差异趋势与之相反,差异显著或极显著;(4)除拔节期群体根干重、拔节期和抽穗期群体根数外,其他群体形态生理特征指标粳稻均显著或极显著高于籼稻;(5)无论是单茎还是群体,粳稻抽穗后0~35 d根系伤流量均显著或极显著高于籼稻;(6)粳稻0~10 cm土层根系干重所占比例极显著低于籼稻,10 cm以下土层根系干重占根系总干重的比例极显著高于籼稻,粳稻扎根更深,进一步强化了植株抗倒防早衰能力。与超级杂交籼稻相比,常规粳型超级稻抽穗后根系生长优势不断加大,特别是群体生长优势,成熟期粳稻所有根系形态生理特征指标均优于籼稻,是粳稻高产形成的重要原因和保障。     

高肥力土壤氮钾配施对鲜食型甘薯产量及品质的影响

为了探明高肥力土壤氮钾配施对烟薯25产量和品质的影响,采用二因素三水平完全随机区组试验设计,分别设3个N处理(0,45,90 kg/hm~2)和3个K_2O处理(0,75,150 kg/hm~2),共计9个氮钾组合处理,分别于收获期调查甘薯地上部性状,测定块根干鲜质量、Vc、淀粉、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量。结果表明:高肥力土壤上施用氮肥可增加甘薯蔓长、茎叶鲜质量、T/R值,并提高甘薯块根内蛋白质、葡萄糖和蔗糖的含量,高肥力土壤上施用氮肥情况下,块根干鲜质量、淀粉和果糖含量有所降低。施用钾肥能显著提高块根干鲜质量、薯干率及淀粉和葡萄糖的含量;促进了甘薯对Mg的吸收,降低了甘薯对Ca的吸收。在氮钾互作条件下,甘薯分枝数、结薯数及Vc、蛋白质、蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖含量与不施肥处理相比均有所提高;鲜薯产量与氮肥、钾肥的施用存在交互作用,即在不施N、施K_2O 150 kg/hm~2时,甘薯产量达到最高,较不施肥处理增产10 825.5 kg/hm~2,增幅为29.2%。同时在施N 90 kg/hm~2、不施K_2O时,甘薯产量最低,较不施肥处理减产1 435.5 kg/hm~2,降幅为3.9%。因此,在高肥力土壤,应不施或少施氮肥并配施适量钾肥以期获得鲜食型甘薯的高产优质。     

Phenotypic diversity among local Spanish and foreign peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] accessions

Phenotypic data for tree and fruit characteristics was collected over three consecutive years from a germplasm collection of 94 peach and nectarine accessions representing both traditional Spanish as well as foreign cultivars with widespread global plantings. All accessions were grown at the Experimental Station of Aula Dei located in the Ebro Valley (Northern Spain, Zaragoza) under a Mediterranean climate. Tree traits evaluated included bloom and harvest date, vigor, yield, yield efficiency and flower and leaf characteristics. Fruit traits included fresh weight, firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, levels of individual soluble sugars (sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol), vitamin C, total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, relative antioxidant capacity and ripening index. Extensive variability was observed for most qualitative and quantitative traits with significant correlations identified between many traits. While the traditional Spanish accessions demonstrated good adaptability to the northern Spain evaluation site, opportunities for continued improvement in tree and fruit quality traits were demonstrated by an extensive phenotypic variability within the germplasm collection.     

盐胁迫下超级稻新品种‘松粳15’发芽特性分析

为了探讨超级稻新品种‘松粳15’在盐胁迫条件下的种子发芽特性,采用NaCl单盐胁迫,设置50、100、150、200 mmol/L 4个浓度梯度进行人工气候箱培养,调查分析了发芽势、发芽率、苗长、根长、主根数、苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重等发芽指标。结果表明：盐胁迫导致‘松粳15’发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数下降,并且随着盐浓度的升高逐渐降低,苗长和主根数受到抑制,根长随着盐浓度增加呈先增后降的趋势,苗鲜重和苗干重低于对照,根鲜重和根干重高于对照,通过对盐浓度与发芽特性指标相关分析,盐浓度与根鲜重、根干重极显著正相关,与苗长、根数、苗干重、芽势、芽率呈极显著负相关。     

大穗型籼稻品种根系性状的基本特点

在群体水培条件下,以国内、外不同年代育成的常规籼稻代表品种(2001年为88个、2002年为122个)为材料,测定干物重(包括根系)、根系性状和根系活性、产量及其构成因素等,采用组内最小平方和的动态聚类方法将供试品种按单穗重从低到高依次分为A、B、C、D、E、F 6类,研究各类品种根系的基本特点。结果表明,供试品种间单穗重的差异很大(两年分别相差493%和764%),A、B、C、D、E、F类品种的平均单穗重,2001年分别为0.99、1.56、2.00、2.54、3.16、4.08 g,2002年分别为0.82、1.38、1.80、2.38、3.04、4.29 g。大穗型品种每株不定根总长、每株根干重、每株根系总吸收面积显著大于小穗型品种。大穗型品种每穗根数、每穗根重、每穗根长、每穗根系总吸收面积、每穗根系活跃吸收面积、每穗根系活性显著优于小穗型品种。多元回归分析表明,显著影响单穗重的主要根系性状是每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力,决定系数为0.620~0.639。随着每穗根长、每穗根重、抽穗期冠根比、每穗根系总活力提高单穗重显著增加。     

不同基因型小麦对低氮胁迫的生物学响应

采用溶液培养法,研究了不同基因型春小麦（加春1、2、4号）根系对低氮胁迫的生物学响应、苗期氮素吸收、分配的基因型差异以及与根系形态之间的相关关系。结果表明,在低氮胁迫下,小麦的根重、根长、根条数、根系总吸收面积与活性吸收面积、根系活力均明显降低,但不同基因型间差异明显,加春2号根系具有较好的形态学与生理