汉中小麦条锈病病原菌来源及传播路线研究

Wheat stripe rust is a major disease in the wheat growth cycle, which will lead to poor or even no harvest of wheat, and the harm is very serious. In recent years, wheat stripe rust spread in Hanzhong City, which affected the improvement of wheat yield and quality. Combined with the wheat production practice in Hanzhong and its surrounding cities, through systematic investigation and mathematical statistical analysis, this paper basically found out the source and transmission route of wheat stripe rust in Hanzhong, and summarized the epidemic law of the disease，provide scientific basis for early prevention and reducing disease transmission.     

黄淮麦区小麦资源中高温抗条锈性品种的筛选(英文)

[Objective] The study aimed to screen wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust from the wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area. [Method] Seedlings of 165 wheat cultivars from Huanghuai growth area were identified by wheat stripe rust under high temperature; then the wheat cultivars showing stripe rust at seedling stage were further used to identify the same resistance in field. [Results] 13 cultivars were proved to be stripe rust resistant under high temperature, and the expression stages of stripe rust in the 13 cultivars were revealed. The field identification results confirmed the identification results at seedling stage via inoculation of mixed stripe rust of physiological races. The stripe resistances of wheat cultivars were also proved to be non-race-specific. [Conclusion] Wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area are abundant in wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust.     

Genetics and Molecular Mapping of a High-Temperature Resistance Gene to Stripe Rust in Seeding-Stage in Winter Wheat Cultivar Lantian 1

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a severe foliar disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the world. Resistance is the best approach to control the disease. The winter wheat cultivar Lantian 1 has high-temperature resistance to stripe rust. To determing the gene(s) for the stripe rust resistance, Lantian 1 was crossed with Mingxian 169 (M169). Seedlings of the parents, and F 1 , F 2 and F 2-3 progenies were tested with races CYR32 of Pst under controlled greenhouse conditions. Lantian 1 has a single partially dominant gene conferred resistance to race CYR32, designated as YrLT1. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) techniques were used to identify molecular markers linked to YrLT1. A linkage group of five SSR markers was constructed for YrLT1 using 166 F 2 plants. Based on the SSR marker consensus map and the position on wheat chromosome, the resistance gene was assigned on chromosome 2DL. Amplification of a set of nulli-tetrasomic Chinese Spring lines with SSR marker Xwmc797 confirmed that the resistance gene was located on the long arm of chromosome 2D. Because of its chromosomal location and the high-temperature resistance, this gene is different from previously described genes. The molecular map spanned 29.9 cM, and the genetic distance of two close markers Xbarc228 and Xcfd16 to resistance gene locus was 4.0 and 5.7 cM, respectively. The polymorphism rates of the flanking markers in 46 wheat lines were 2.1 and 2.1%, respectively; and the two markers in combination could distinguish the alleles at the resistance locus in 97.9% of tested genotypes. This new gene and flanking markers should be useful in developing wheat cultivars with high level and possible durable resistance to stripe rust.     

Effects of sowing date and ecological points on yield and the temperature and radiation resources of semi-winter wheat

Exploring the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the yield of semi-winter wheat is of great significance.This study aims to reveal the effects of sowing date and ecological points on the climate resources associated with wheat yield in the Rice–Wheat Rotation System.With six sowing dates,the experiments were carried out in Donghai and Jianhu counties,Jiangsu Province,China using two semi-winter wheat varieties as the objects of this study.The basic seedlings of the first sowing date...     

Evolution of varieties and development of production technology in Egypt wheat: A review

Wheat was the first crop grown in Egypt, and it remains highly important. Egypt is the largest wheat importer in the world and consumes an extensive amount of bread. It is imperative for wheat scientists to decrease the large gap between production and consumption. Wheat yields in Egypt increased 5.8-fold(6.7 billion kg) between 1961 and 2017 due to variety improvement and the use of better planting methods such as the raised bed method, ideal sowing date, surge flow irrigation and farm irrigation systems, laser levelling, fertilizers, and intercropping with raised beds. In this paper, the development of wheat production techniques and variety evolution over more than five decades in Egypt have been analyzed. In particular, we have focused on the technologies, cultural practices and causes for per unit area yield increase. The main purpose was to study the issues that have arisen during wheat production and to make recommendations for smart agricultural practices. In 1981, the yield was 3 300 kg ha–1 and through the improvement of varieties, expansion of agricultural land and the adoption of modern agricultural techniques yield reached 6 500 kg ha–1 by 2017. The production growth rate was 4.1% annually, and the total grain yield increased 4.3-fold, from 1.9 billion kg in 1981 to about 8.1 billion kg in 2017. The use of new improved varieties, new cultivation techniques, and modern irrigation techniques contributed to 97.0% of the increase in yield per unit area and 1.5% of the increase in yield was due to planting area expansion. Therefore, the increase in total yield mainly depended on the increase in yield per unit area. Wheat production in Egypt has been improved through the development of breeding and cultivation techniques. The use of these new techniques, the popularization of new high-quality seed varieties, and the use of the raised bed method instead of the old method of planting in basins have made the largest contributions to increased yield. In the future, wheat yield could be further increased by using the tridimensional uniform sowing mode and the development of wheat varieties that are resistant to rusts, deficit irrigation, and abiotic stress, that are highly adaptable to mechanized operation and have high yields. Based on our analysis, we propose the main technical requirements and measures to increase wheat yield in Egypt in the near future.     

小麦条锈病气象等级预测方法研究(英文)

[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish the model for forecasting wheat stripe rust occurrence condition using meteorological factors. [Method] Based on the data of wheat stripe rust occurrence degrees in its past prevalent years and the meteorological data at corresponding periods, the methods of grey correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics were employed to establish the forecast model for four pathogenesis indices according to the time sequence before winter, Early March, Early April and Middle May. Thus, the criterion for forecasting the occurrence degree of wheat stripe rust was obtained based on the distribution method of arithmetic progression. [Result] The model corresponding to meteorological conditions for forecasting wheat stripe rust was successfully established. According to the verification, the forecasting results before winter and in Early Mar. were more severer than the real occurrence condition, while the forecasting results in Early Apr. and Middle May were basically consistent with real values. [Conclusion] The results of the present study may avail the control of wheat stripe rust in Henan Province.     

四川省农业科学院-CIMMYT国际科技合作回顾与展望

This paper reviewed the cooperation achieved between Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(SAAS) and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) since 1986 year,focusing on germplasm exchange,shuttle breeding,personnel visiting and training.By utilizing the germplasm,and new breeding methods introduced from CIMMYT,a series of wheat,barley and maize varieties with high yield,good quality and disease resistance were released by SAAS,such as wheat varieties Chuanmai 30,Chuanmai 42 and maize variety Chengdan 202.CIMMYT also produced many wheat varieties with good yield,good resistance especially good resistance to karnal bunt disease.SAAS-CIMMYT cooperation not only enriched the gene bank of germplasm in Sichuan,promoted the wheat breeding capability and application level in production,but trained many scientists for SAAS,which in return to promote the cooperation to a high level.This article also prospected the future and put forward the suggestions for the cooperation.     

Progress Towards Genetics and Breeding for Minor Genes Based Resistance to Ug99 and Other Rusts in CIMMYT High-Yielding Spring Wheat

Wheat rusts continue to cause significant losses worldwide despite major efforts given to their genetic control. This is due to frequent evolution and selection of virulence in pathogen overcoming the deployed race-specific resistance genes. Although the life of effective race-specific resistance genes can be prolonged by using gene combinations, an alternative approach being implemented at CIMMYT is to deploy varieties that posses adult plant resistance （APR） based on combinations of minor, slow rusting genes. When present alone, the APR genes do not confer adequate resistance especially under high disease pressure; however, combinations of 4 or 5 minor genes usually result in ＂near-immunity＂ or a high level of resistance. Although only a few APR genes are catalogued, various APR QTLs are now known and could lead to further characterization of additional genes. Four characterized genes have pleiotropic effects in conferring partial APR to all 3 rusts and powdery mildew, thus simplifying the task of breeding wheat varieties that are resistant to multiple diseases. Significant progress was made recently in developing high-yielding wheat germplasm that possesses high levels of APR to all three rusts by implementing a Mexico- Kenya shuttle breeding scheme. Parents with APR to Ug99 were hybridized with high-yielding parents that had adequate to high levels of APR to leaf rust and yellow rust. Segregating populations and advanced lines from these crosses were selected under high rust pressures in Mexico （leaf rust and yellow rust） and Kenya （Ug99 stem rust and yellow rust） to identify high- yielding progenies that possess high to adequate APR to all three rusts. International distribution of these high-yielding wheats is underway through CIMMYT intemational yield trials and screening nurseries. It is expected that several wheat varieties with APR to three rusts will be released and grown in various countries in the near-future that will allow determining the durability of resistance.     

IPM Strategies and Their Dilemmas Including an Introduction to www. eurowheat.org

Information about disease management in winter wheat （Triticum aestiva） in eight European countries was collated and analysed by scientists and extension workers within the European Network for the Durable Exploitation of Crop Protection Strategies （ENDURE）. This included information about specific disease thresholds, decision support systems, host varieties, disease prevalence and pathogen virulence. Major differences in disease prevalence and economic importance were observed. Septoria tritici blotch （Mycosphaerella graminicola） was recognized as the most yield reducing disease in countries with intensive wheat production, but also rust diseases （Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia triticina）, powdery mildew （Blumeria graminis） and Fusarium head blight （Fusarium spp.） were seen as serious disease problems. Examples of current integrated pest management （IPM） strategies in different countries have been reported. Disease management and fungicide use patterns showed major differences, with an average input equivalent to 2.3 full dose rates （TFI） in the UK and a TFI of 0.6 in Denmark. These differences are most likely due to a combination of different cropping systems, climatic differences, disease prevalence, and socio-economic factors. The web based information platform www.eurowheat.org was used for dissemination of information and results including information on control thresholds, cultural practices which can influence disease attack, fungicide efficacy, fungicide resistance, and pathogen virulence, which are all elements supporting 1PM for disease control in wheat. The platform is open to all users. The target groups of EuroWheat information are researchers, advisors, breeders, and similar partners dealing with disease management in wheat.     

Identification of QTL for adult plant resistance to stripe rust in bread wheat line C33

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a serious disease in bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.). Identification and use of adult plant resistance(APR) resources are important for stripe rust resistance breeding. Bread wheat line C33 is an exotic germplasm that has shown stable APR to stripe rust for more than 10 years in Sichuan Province of China. Here, 183 recombinant inbred lines(RILs) derived from the cross between C33 and a susceptible line X440 were genotyped with diversity arrays technology(DArT) markers to identify resistance quantitative trait locus(QTL). Field trials were conducted in five years at Chengdu and Xindu of Sichuan Province, using maximum disease severity(MDS) as stripe rust reaction phenotypes. A total of four quantitative trait loci(QTLs) were detected, respectively designed as QYr.saas-3 AS, QYr.saas-5 AL, QYr.saas-5 BL, and QYr.saas-7 DS, explaining 4.14–15.21% of the phenotypic variances. QYr.saas-5 BL and QYr.saas-7 DS were contributed by C33. However, the level for stripe rust resistance contributed by them was not strong as C33, suggesting the presence of other unidentified QTLs in C33. QYr.saas-7 DS corresponded to Yr18 and QYr.saas-5 BL remains to be formally named. The RIL lines carrying combinations QYr.saas-5 AL, QYr.saas-5 BL, and QYr.saas-7 DS showed comparability resistance with C33. The present study provides resources to pyramid diverse genes into locally adapted elite germplasm to improve the stripe rust resistance of bread wheat.     

小麦多品种混播对条锈病的控制及稳产作用研究

通过对6个不同抗性水平的小麦品种进行不同组合的混播,系统调查了各品种净作和多品种混播田小麦条锈病的病情发展动态。     

眉山市小麦条锈病发病气象因子及防治对策研究

小麦条锈病是四川小麦生产上的主要病害之一,每年均有不同程度的发生,其最大特点是暴发和流行迅速,给产量造成巨大影响。进入20世纪90年代中后期以来,四川麦区小麦条锈病每年都处于高发状态,尤其是1999—2002年,条锈病连续数年的大发生造成平均每年300万t以上的粮食损失。现阶段研究发现:种植品种、气象条件和条锈病菌源量是影响条锈病发生程度的主要因素。据调查,目前大部分小麦品种对条锈病的抗性已经丧失,气象条件是影响或左右小麦条锈病发生、消长和危害的最直接生态环境因素,二者关系甚为密切。因此研究小麦条锈病发生流行与气象条件的关系、发生流行的气象环境成因、气候分区、气象预测预报,不断提高对病害预测预报技术水平,对于小麦条锈病的防治有着积极的指导作用。该文收集整理了眉山市1994—2007年小麦条锈病发病范围和发病程度资料以及同期相关气象数据,分析了1994—2007年连续14年眉山市小麦条锈病发病程度与小麦生长期内平均相对湿度、日照总时数、平均温度、总降雨量、降雨日数等5个气象因子之间的关系。根据有限的数据确定四川省眉山市小麦条锈病发病的主要气象因子,并提出了不同气象条件下的防治措施。     

小麦多品种混播对条锈病的控制及稳产作用研究

小麦条锈病已成为威胁四川省小麦安全生产最重要的病害。探讨条锈病的有效控制措施,为病害的综合治理提供技术支撑,具有特别重要的意义。本研究通过对6个不同抗性水平的小麦品种进行不同组合的混播,系统调查了各品种净作和多品种混播田小麦条锈病的病情发展动态。试验表明4个或6个品种混播能推迟条锈病发病期、延缓发病速率、降低发病程度,而且具有较好的稳产作用。     

5个抗条锈冬小麦新品种(系)农艺性状观察及评价

对甘肃省冬小麦研究所育成的5个抗条锈冬小麦新品种(系)进行了农艺性状观察及评价。结果表明,00-30和兰天19号抗寒、抗旱、抗锈、丰产,宜在陇南山旱地、临夏州等地种植;96-43-5抗寒、抗锈、丰产,宜在甘肃中部及河西走廊冬麦区种植;SH 197抗寒、抗旱、抗锈,但丰产性欠佳,宜作为抗源亲本在育种中重点利用。     

小麦抗条锈病基因的生物学研究方法综述

小麦条锈病是直接影响小麦高产、稳产的关键性病害之一,也是世界性病害。概述了小麦抗条锈病基因的常用研究方法。     

抗条锈与白粉病的小麦种质资源鉴定及筛选

为筛选和发掘优良抗条锈病和白粉病资源,利用条锈菌和白粉菌优势小种对9 464份种质资源、黄淮南片和陕西省中肥组区试参试品种（系）及自育高代系进行大田抗病性鉴定和筛选。鉴定结果表明,供试材料存在大量的抗条锈病或白粉病的单抗资源。其中,抗条锈病资源2 836份,占30.0%;抗白粉病资源3 878份,占41.0%;筛选出兼抗2种病害的资源910份,占9.6%。为抗病育种筛选出一批抗性好、农艺性状优良的抗源材料。     

甘肃省冬小麦抗条锈病育种现状及对策

条锈病是我国小麦生产上的主要病害之一,甘肃省特别是陇南越夏区危害严重,培育和种植抗病品种是防治该病最经济有效且环境友好的措施。自20世纪50年代以来,先后育成333个抗条锈冬小麦新品种,在甘肃陇南小麦条锈病的持续控制中发挥了重要作用。陇南越夏区条锈菌毒性变异速度快,抗源材料及生产品种抗性保持时间短,病菌新小种出现与品种抗条锈病性丧失周而复始。介绍了甘肃陇南越夏区在中国小麦条锈病流行中的作用,回顾了主要抗源材料及生产品种抗条锈病性变异特点,总结了抗源利用及品种应用的经验教训,提出了当前存在的问题及今后抗病品种（基因）的利用方向和现有品种的布局建议,旨在为持续控制该区域小麦条锈病发生流行提供技术支撑。     

中国小麦条锈病综合治理理论与实践

小麦条锈病是影响小麦安全生产的重要生物灾害。文中介绍了全国小麦锈病工作者通过60多年通力协作,对小麦条锈病综合治理理论和技术研究取得的显著成绩,系统揭示了中国小麦条锈病的越冬、越夏规律、菌源传播规律、病菌致病性变异途径以及品种抗病性“丧失”的规律与原因,发现中国小麦条锈病存在秋季菌源和春季菌源2大菌源基地。提出了“综合治理越夏异变区、持续控制冬季繁殖区和全面预防春季流行区”的病害源头治理策略,研发出小麦条锈病分子诊断、异地测报以及抗锈良种、药剂拌种、退麦改种、适期晚种和带药侦查、打点保面等一系列病害监测预警和关键防治技术,构建了以生物多样性利用为核心的中国小麦条锈病菌源基地综合治理技术体系,在生产上大规模推广应用,防病保产效果极其显著。文中并对病菌致病性变异机制、早期预警和越夏易变区生态治理等问题进行了讨论。     

2006年贵州省赫章县秋季小麦条锈病调查

为了解中国新发现的小麦条锈病菌越夏区贵州省赫章县小麦条锈病秋季发生情况,2006年秋季笔者主要对该县古基乡、野马川镇、六曲河镇进行了调查,共调查119块地,自生麦病田率为55%,秋播小麦病田率为20.20%。古基乡发病较多,自生麦苗上有多个发病中心,有的秋播小麦田块亦呈现病叶较集中现象。在海拔1660-1910m范围内,都有小麦条锈病发生,说明当地越夏菌源能够为本地区秋苗发病提供充足菌量。对进一步研究内容进行了讨论并提出了赫章县小麦条锈病治理措施。