基于耳石不同切面的小黄鱼年龄鉴定及其生长方程年龄反演比较

为探究小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)矢耳石不同切面年龄鉴定和生长方程年龄反演的准确性,选取2018年4月采自黄海南部吕四渔场和2019年9月采自大沙渔场的共45尾小黄鱼进行分析,对小黄鱼矢耳石开展年龄鉴定,并系统归纳国内近30年来的小黄鱼生长方程,同时以其体长为生长参数进行年龄反演。结果显示：以轮纹清晰、年轮直观为最高标准,3个切面的年轮清晰度评分分别为纵切面最低(53.33%)、水平切面居中(66.67%)、横切面最高(73.33%);经酸蚀处理,3个切面的年轮清晰度均有所提高。通过比较纵切面、水平切面、横切面的年龄鉴定结果与19个生长方程的年龄反演结果,3个切面相似度较高的方程为：L_t=366[1-e⁽-0.117 77(t+1.764 29))],相似度水平分别为纵切面53.33%、水平切面86.67%、横切面86.67%。以耳石为材料对小黄鱼进行年龄鉴定时,所选矢耳石切面以横切面为最佳、其次为水平切面;针对黄海海域小黄鱼群体,以体长为参数快速反演年龄时宜以生长方程L_t=366[1-e     

鱼类年龄鉴定研究概况

鱼类年龄鉴定是渔业资源评估的基础内容,经过长时间的发展,众多的方法被应用到这一领域。综述了目前应用较广泛的一些年龄鉴定方法,包括硬组织鉴定法和长度分析法两大部分方法,并分析了它们的优点和缺点。目前,鱼类年龄鉴定工作中存在的主要问题有:鉴定方法的精确度不高;鉴定方法多数较冗繁,耗时耗力;鱼类年龄鉴定未经标准化。有鉴于此,有必要对各种鉴定方法进行校验。介绍了几种常用的年龄校验方法,并对其进行了分析。     

滇池红鳍原鲌4种年龄鉴定材料的比较

采用耳石、鳞片、匙骨和鳃盖骨等4种年龄鉴定材料对云南滇池红鳍原鲌的年龄鉴定结果进行比较,以吻合率、可判读力和平均变异系数为依据确定最佳年龄鉴定材料。红鳍原鲌的微耳石轮纹清晰,在解剖镜入射光下呈现明暗相间的条纹,无明显杂纹,年轮标志清晰;而鳞片轮纹在4龄以上时年轮特征不清晰,读龄过程中易被忽略;此外,高龄个体匙骨和鳃盖骨分别出现中心部分透明、基部较厚等原因,造成年龄低估。判读结果表明,微耳石和鳞片的吻合率及平均变异系数均优于匙骨和鳃盖骨。因此,以微耳石年龄读数为基准,并与鳞片、匙骨和鳃盖骨进行对比。结果显示,鳞片与其吻合率最高,为92.7%,平均变异系数最小为1.9%,匙骨和鳃盖骨与其吻合率分别为77.2%和61.3%,平均变异系数分别为9.3%和12.6%。综合分析认为,耳石为滇池红鳍原鲌最佳年龄鉴定材料,鳞片因具有采集方便不伤鱼体的优点,也是很好的年龄鉴定材料,匙骨和鳃盖骨则不适于滇池红鳍原鲌的年龄鉴定。     

锦江河黄颡鱼耳石重量与年龄的关系及年龄鉴定

2017年1—12月逐月采集锦江河中野生黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco标本138尾,取微耳石,在60℃的烘箱中烘烤24h;取体前端5~7枚脊椎骨,煮沸3min,自然晾干。采用直线、幂函数、多项回归方程中最高相关系数的拟合公式和Kolmogrov-Smimow双样本验证估算年龄与计数年龄间的相同性,研究耳石重量与年龄的关系。结果表明:黄颡鱼的耳石重量与年龄成正相关,不同年龄组间耳石重量差异显著(P<0.05);耳石重量的频率分布能分离体长相近而年龄不相同的个体,与耳石磨片的年龄观察结果基本一致,即耳石重量和年龄之间的关系显著相关(P<0.05)。因此,耳石重量可直接确定锦江河黄颡鱼的年龄或作为验证根据耳石的钙化构造来判定年龄的精确性。     

元江水系越鳠年龄鉴定材料的比较

分析比较了元江越鳠(Mystus pluriradiatus)不同年龄鉴定材料的鉴定结果。结果显示:微耳石磨片、星耳石和脊椎骨材料为鉴定元江越鳠年龄的可利用材料,矢耳石细小且脆不适合用于越鳠的年龄鉴定。微耳石磨片和星耳石的年龄判别能力最高,均达到96.0%,脊椎骨的年龄判别能力为93.3%;最大年龄读数出现在微耳石磨片和脊椎骨上,读数为5+龄;微耳石磨片的同一鉴定者两次独立年龄读数的吻合率最高为94.5%、脊椎骨次之为91.7%、星耳石最低为88.1%;两种年龄材料读数之间的吻合率比较中,微耳石磨片与星耳石的吻合率较高为90.9%,两者的年龄读数在低龄组时吻合较好,微耳石磨片与脊椎骨的吻合率为89.3%,3+龄以上时二者的年龄读数吻合率高。结果表明,鉴定低龄个体选择星耳石材料(n+龄≤3+龄),高龄个体用微耳石磨片进行辅助鉴定的年龄鉴定方法对元江越鳠进行年龄鉴定较为准确。     

雅砻江上游厚唇裸重唇鱼不同年龄鉴定材料的比较研究

厚唇裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus)是我国特有的裂腹鱼类,其主要分布在黄河水系上游和金沙江水系雅砻江上游。近年来,厚唇裸重唇鱼的野生资源量已出现严重衰退,并于2021年被列入国家二级保护动物。为探究厚唇裸重唇鱼的最适年龄鉴定材料,实验以2020年10月-11月在雅砻江上游所采集的83尾厚唇裸重唇鱼为研究对象,对其微耳石、星耳石、脊椎骨、臀鳞、鳃盖骨、背鳍条和匙骨7种年龄鉴定材料进行比较研究,以确定适合的年龄鉴定材料。结果显示,背鳍条和匙骨上未出现轮纹,且星耳石上轮纹密集复杂,无法计数;因此,背鳍条、匙骨和星耳石不适合作为厚唇裸重唇鱼的年龄鉴定材料。微耳石磨片轮纹清晰度最高,同一观察者2次年龄读数间的吻合率(CR)最高(84.34%),平均百分比误差(IAPE)最低(1.38%),为厚唇裸重唇鱼最适合的年龄鉴定材料。但是,微耳石重量尚不能直接用于厚唇裸重唇鱼的年龄估算。此外,脊椎骨与微耳石磨片的年龄读数差异较小(CR: 96.39%, IAPE: 0.52%),二者相互参照能使厚唇裸重唇鱼的年龄鉴定结果更加准确。臀鳞仅适用于厚唇裸重唇鱼低龄个体(≤5龄)的年龄鉴定,鳃盖骨较不适合作为厚唇裸重唇鱼的年龄鉴定材料。研究结果填补了厚唇裸重唇鱼在年龄鉴定方面的研究空白,并为后续厚唇裸重唇鱼在生长、摄食、繁殖特性等基础生物学研究方面提供了可靠的年龄鉴定材料。     

鄱阳湖鲤的年龄与生长特征

为了解大型通江湖泊鄱阳湖中鲤(Cyprinus carpio Limaeus)的种群状况,根据2001年采集的448尾标本,对鲤的年龄和生长特征进行了研究.鄱阳湖鲤鳞片上的年轮表现为切割与疏密特征,尤以切割为主.渔获物群体平均体长为32.6 cm,平均体重为941.7 g,年龄结构为0+～4+龄,其中3+龄以下个体约占94.0%.鳞径(R)与体长(L)的关系为L=6.7963+29.421R(r=0.9128),体重(W)与体长(L)的关系为形=0.0219L3.0018(r=0.9979),拟合的Von Bertalanffy生长方程参数为L∞=97.26 cm,W=20315.39 g,k=0.2073,t0=-0.7841.与其它水域相比,鄱阳湖鲤生长较快,其生长拐点年龄为4.52龄,建议将其捕捞年龄确定在4.5龄左右.与20世纪70年代相比,鄱阳湖鲤表现出小型化趋势,应采取实施春季禁渔制度、控制捕捞强度、提高捕捞年龄、保护湖滩草洲生态环境等措施,实现渔业资源增殖.     

塘鳢的年龄鉴定及其二龄鱼的生长

塘鳢鳞片的年龄鉴定方法及其二龄鱼的生长情况,年龄标志主要为疏密环的分界线,二龄鱼的体长和体重的关系,肥满度分别为:♀:W=0.00001297L~(3.1636),K=2.31,♂:W=0.00004127L~(2.9263),K=2.72。     

转基因鲤放流试验湖鲫的年龄与生长

以鳞片作为年龄鉴定材料,研究转基因鲤(Cyprinus carpio)放流试验的人工湖中鲫(Carassius auratus)的年龄组成、大小与生长特性。结果显示:鲫种群由4个年龄组(1 a~4 a)构成。体重(W,g)与体长(L,mm)的关系式为:W=2.597×10-5L3.0133;体长与鳞径(R,mm)的关系式为:L=7.4+29.8R。生长模式可用von Bertalan-ffy生长方程描述:Lt=28.8[1-e-0.254(t+0.307)],Wt=668.9[1-e-0.254(t+0.307)]3.0133,体重生长拐点年龄ti=4.04 a。还对转基因鲤放流人工湖泊中鲫的生长数据同其它湖泊中的作了比较。这些数据为今后探讨转基因鲤种群的建立对鲫生长的影响积累了背景资料。     

黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构观察

应用常规解剖学和组织学方法在光镜和电镜下观察成体黄河鲤肾脏的显微和亚显微结构.试验结果显示,黄河鲤的肾脏包括头肾和中肾两部分.头肾实质中没有肾单位,主要由造血组织和淋巴组织构成,可观察到黑色素巨噬细胞中心和甲状腺滤泡;中肾实质中包含有肾小体、肾小管和拟淋巴组织,肾小体由鲍曼氏囊和与其相接触的血管球组成.肾小管由颈段、第...     

Effect of Different Thawing Methods and Multiple Freeze-Thaw Cycles on the Quality of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The effect of different thawing methods—running water, microwave, slack water (25°C), air (25°C), and refrigerator (4°C)—and multiple freeze-thaw cycles (0, 1, 3, and 5) on the quality of common carp were investigated. Microwave thawing showed the lowest score for sensory assessment and the highest cooking loss (p < 0.05), while 4°C refrigerator thawing showed less thawing loss and cooking loss but required the longest thawing time. Ca²⁺-ATPase activity and sulfhydryl content of air thawing were lower (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed among other thawing methods. Water loss and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value increased (p < 0.05) when freeze-thaw cycles increased. The sensory scores and hardness decreased significantly when the freeze-thaw cycles increased (p < 0.05). A significant decrease (p < 0.05) was observed in salt-extractable protein content after five freeze-thaw cycles. Different thawing methods affected the quality of common carp. Frozen common carp subjected to freeze-thaw cycles resulted in accelerated lipid and protein oxidation and caused mechanical damage to muscle tissues.     

鲤低氧适应性状的全基因组关联分析

低氧适应是水产养殖物种的重要性状,筛选用于改良低氧适应性状的分子标记及候选基因有助于鱼类耐低氧品种选育.在数量性状和质量性状的遗传研究中,全基因组关联分析(GWAS)广泛应用于性状相关标记和基因的发掘.本研究对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)养殖群体开展了低氧胁迫实验,选取了低氧敏感和低氧耐受的极端性状个体作为研究...     

鲤耐低温候选基因CcSCD全长cDNA的克隆及功能预测

硬酯酰辅酶A脱氢酶(Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase,SCD)是参与脂肪酸脱氢反应的限速酶和关键酶,此酶编码基因SCD对增加膜磷脂的不饱和脂肪酸成分,提高细胞膜在低温下的流动性发挥重要作用,可能是抗寒过程中的关键基因成员。本研究采用cDNA末端快速扩增技术(Rapid Amplifications of cDNAEnds,RACE)克隆了鲤(Cyprinus carpio)脑组织CcSCD基因的全长cDNA序列,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测该基因在低温(6℃)和常温(23℃)条件下的转录表达差异,对其蛋白编码序列的结构和功能进行了预测分析。结果显示,CcSCD基因cDNA全长2618bp,包含一个由324个氨基酸残基组成的长度为975bp的阅读框(ORF);蛋白分子进化树显示鲤的SCD和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)的SCD蛋白同源性最高,相似性达88%;实时荧光定量结果表明,低温刺激下(6℃),CcSCD基因表达水平是常温条件下(23℃)的13.9倍,差异非常显著(P0.01)。本研究旨在为今后构建表达载体,通过遗传操作等研究手段鉴定其抗寒功能奠定基础。     

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity In Vitro and in Hippocampal HT-22 Cells System of Protein Hydrolysates of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) By-Product

Fish processing by-products may become more than 50% of the starting material. If mismanaged, these large quantities of discarded fish can create serious pollution problems and can also generate cost associated with their disposal. Enzymatic hydrolysis is one of the techniques that is currently being developed in order to recover and add value to these biomolecules. There is an increasing interest in natural antioxidants that are safer for consumers compared with synthetic antioxidants. In this study, common carp by-product was hydrolyzed using the enzymes Alcalase (A) and Protamex (P) to reach degrees of hydrolysis (DH) of 10 and 15%, respectively. Antioxidant capacity against peroxyl radicals (ACAP); 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging; and the measurement of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration after exposure to common carp protein hydrolysates were investigated. The results revealed that the hydrolysate A15 exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher antioxidant activity against the DPPH radical. A15 showed the highest in vitro antioxidant competence against peroxyl radicals, whereas P15 showed the lowest activity against peroxyl radicals (p < 0.05). Hydrolysates having the highest and the lowest in vitro antioxidant activity (A15 and P15, respectively) were selected for the determination of antioxidant activity in the HT-22 cells system. Measurement of intracellular ROS concentration revealed that P15 at the concentration of 1.25 mg/mL significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the intracellular ROS concentration. These results showed that common carp by-product protein hydrolysates are a source of antioxidant peptides with a high potential for food and pharmaceutical industries to develop new nutraceuticals and functional foods.     

Investigation on protective effect of recombinant protein (OmpTS) of Aeromonas hydrophila in Common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The outer membrane protein of Aeromonas hydrophila is a potential candidate for vaccine development. In this study, after cloning and expression of ompTS, 270 common carp, weighing 44 ± 5.7 g divided into five groups, were injected intraperitoneally twice with 3‐week intervals. Groups included the following: PBS, PBS plus Freund's adjuvant, recombinant protein, recombinant protein plus Freund's adjuvant and 20 fish as negative control. Two weeks after the second injection, 30 fish of each group were challenged with a dose of 2 × LD₅₀ of Aeromonas hydrophila and RPS was measured. The antibody level was measured using ELISA test. The protection of recombinant protein in the immunized fish with and without adjuvant, respectively, was about 82.61% and 78.26% (the protection of recombinant protein electroeluted from an SDS–PAGE with and without adjuvant, respectively, was about 78.62% and 69.57%). The average of antibody level in recombinant protein with and without adjuvant was significantly higher than the PBS group (p < .05). The ability of recombinant ompTS to increase the antibody level and to protect the fish from challenge by A. hydrophila demonstrated that recombinant ompTS protein injection can be used to immunize common carp against A. hydrophila infection.     

饲料中添加低聚木糖对鲤鱼免疫力和生长性能的影响

为探究不同质量浓度的低聚木糖调控鲤鱼免疫力及生长性能的机理,以450尾平均体质量（4．93±0．03）g的健康鲤鱼为对象,研究饲料中添加低聚木糖对鲤鱼生长性能和免疫指标的影响。以不加低聚木糖的基础饲料为对照组,试验组为分别在基础饲料中添加0．1％低聚木糖组、0．2％低聚木糖组、0．4％低聚木糖组和0．6％低聚木糖组。试验结果表明,低聚木糖可提高鲤鱼血清溶菌酶活性,但对补体旁路途径溶血活性无影响,0．6％低聚木糖组的血清溶菌酶活性显著高于对照组（P＜0．05）。对于头肾的5种免疫相关基因,低聚木糖可上调白细胞介素-1β和白细胞介素-10的基因表达,下调诱导型一氧化氮合酶和肿瘤坏死因子-α的基因表达,而对转化生长因子-β的基因表达无影响。与对照组相比,0．2％低聚木糖组、0．6％低聚木糖组的白细胞介素-1β与0．2％低聚木糖组的白细胞介素-10表达量均显著升高,所有试验组的诱导型一氧化氮合酶和肿瘤坏死因子-α的表达量均显著下降（P＜0．05）。生长性能试验结果显示,试验组鲤鱼的生长性能指标均高于对照组,其中0．6％低聚木糖组与对照组差异显著（P＜0．05）。     

Comparative study on immunomodulatory and growth enhancing effects of three prebiotics (galactooligosaccharide,fructooligosaccharide and inulin) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

This study investigated the effects of different prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharide (GOS), fructooligosaccharide (FOS) and inulin (INL), on skin mucosal immune parameters, humoral immune responses as well as performance of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Two hundred and forty specimens (13.85 ± 0.85 g) were stocked in 12 fibreglass tanks assigned into three treatments and a control group. The experimental diets were formulated to have equal level (2%) of the prebiotics. At the end of the feeding trial, the highest skin mucus lysozyme activities and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) were observed in GOS‐fed group (P < 0.05). However, skin mucus protease activity showed no significant difference among different dietary groups (P < 0.05). Blood respiratory burst activity was significantly increased in all prebiotic‐fed fish compared to the control group (P < 0.05); the highest activity was observed in GOS treatment. Furthermore, evaluation of humoral immune response revealed that feeding with GOS‐supplemented diet significantly increased lysozyme and alternative complement (ACH50) activity as well as total Ig compared to the control and other prebiotic groups. While no significant difference was observed between FOS and INL groups, common carps fed GOS‐supplemented displayed improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, including final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR), compared to the control treatment. These results revealed that different prebiotics modulate carp growth and immune response in different manner, and GOS seems to be the most suitable prebiotic.     

Development of Quality Index Method Scheme for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Stored in Ice: Shelf-Life Assessment by Physicochemical,Microbiological, and Sensory Quality Indices

ABSTRACT

Sensory methods are the most interesting methods to estimate fish quality. Among these, the recently developed quality index method (QIM) has gained popularity, as shown by the multiple publications of QIM schemes in the last years. The objective of this study was to create a new QIM scheme (QIM sensory table and corresponding point system) for the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), basing the definition of the rejection point on sensory, physicochemical (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, total volatile basic nitrogen, pH, and color measurements), and microbiological criteria (counts of mesophiles, psychrotrophs, and Pseudomonas spp.). A new QIM scheme was developed and is proposed for use in the future; it will be useful for practical evaluations of carp freshness in all steps of the production chain, and it will contribute to a more effective use of the species as an alternative for human food supply.