Mangrove structure,litter and macroalgal productivity in a northern‐most forest of Florida

Rhizophora mangle L. dominated 10 overwash islands within Tampa Bay forming the northernmost mangrove forests on the west coast of Florida. The mean number of trees and basal area were 5040 trees ha^-1 and 20.5m²ha^-1, respectively. Basal areas ranged from 1.1 (Avicennia germinans (L.) Stern), to 2.6m²ha^-1 (Laguncularia racemosa Gaertner), to 16.8 (R. mangle). Cockroach Bay mangroves are small (5.8–7.0m tall) versus coastal forests of south Florida and the Caribbean. Total litter production for a 12 month period was maximal in September for fringing (7.4gdwtm^-2d^-1) and interior (8.7gdwtm^-2d^-1) areas with the two zones not being significantly different. Average litter fall (3.1gdwtm^-2d^-1) was similar to more tropical Caribbean mangals. Leaves accounted for 68 of the litter and reproductive material for 6, being similar to tropical riverine and overwash marine angiosperm communities on the Mexican coast. Although mangrove forests in Tampa Bay are small in stature and experience cold damage and occasional frosts, their litter fall is similar in biomass to that of more tropical mangals. However, their reproductive output is low based on litter fall versus more tropical mangals suggesting that the northern extension is less than optimum. Macroalgal diversity was low (10 species) as compared to Caribbean mangals. Macroalgal turf (0.8gCm^-2d^-1) and epiphyte communities of A.germinans pneumatophores (2.7gCm^-2d^-1) have productivity levels that are equal to or greater than those of Caribbean mangals.     

Estimated stocks of organic carbon in mangrove roots and sediments in Hinchinbrook Channel,Australia

Aboveground and belowground root biomasses (Babove and Broot) were measured for young, isolated Rhizophorastylosa on Iriomote Island, Japan. The relationship between these two parameters was significant and given as the equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 0.394 × Babove(g dry weight) – 485 (r = 0.986). Multiple regression analyses also revealed good correlation between diameter and biomass of prop roots (Dprop and Bprop) and between prop root and root biomasses. Consequently, root biomass could be estimated from the measurements of diameter and biomass of prop roots using the multiple regression equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 80.0 ×Dprop(cm) + 0.86 ×Bprop (g dry weight) – 251. The relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and prop root biomass was also adequately described using an allometric equation.In Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia, redox potential (measured as Eh) and organic carbon stocks in the top 5cm of mangrove sediments were measured along a 600m transect from the frequently inundated, Rhizophora dominated zone on the creek edge, towards higher grounds, where Ceriops spp. became increasingly dominant. Eh values were about –60mV near the creek edge and increased to 260mV on higher grounds. Organic carbon stocks showed an opposite trend to Eh, with the values decreasing from about 360tCha–1 to 160tCha–1. At 18 sites, representing six different habitats, organic carbon stocks were also measured along with the DBH of mangrove trees. DBH was converted into aboveground biomass and then into root biomass using the equations obtained in the study on Iriomote Island. The average organic carbon stocks in the top 50 cm of sediments, aboveground biomass and root biomass were 296tCha–1, 123 tCha–1 and 52 tCha–1, respectively, and accounted for 64%, 25% and 11% of the total organic carbon stock.     

Water circulation, groundwater outflow and nutrient dynamics in Mida creek, Kenya

The relationship between physical hydrodynamic processes and nutrients dynamics was investigated in Mida creek, a groundwater influenced mangrovefringed creek in Kenya between March 1996 and May 1997. The research involved spot and timeseries measurement of nitrate–nitrite, ammonia, silicates, phosphates, salinity, temperature, sealevel as well as tidal currents at seven stations located in the front, middle and backwater zones of the creek. Groundwater level as well as total dissolved solids' concentration, salinity, temperature and nutrients' concentration were also measured once every month in shallow wells (watertable<5m) located in the upper region of the creek. Results of the study show that nutrient concentrations vary with the tide and that, though there is no river drainage, they are of the same magnitude as in mangrove creeks with substantial river runoff. The peak concentrations of NH ₄ ⁺ –N (5.45M), NO ₂ –NO ₃ (5.63M), PO ₄ ^3– –P (0.58M) and SiO ₃ ^2– –Si (81.36M) in the creek occurred during flood tide, 2–3h before high waters. The (NO ₂ ^– + NO ₃ ^– )–N concentrations declined rapidly during ebb tide, reaching the minimum levels during low water. Contribution of groundwater seepage to the net nutrients flux (particularly on nitrite–nitrates) is largest in dry seasons. The study shows that groundwater outflow sustains the mangroves during periods of severe salinity stress and nutrients deficiency in dry seasons. This is essentially by limiting salinity increase and by boosting nutrient supply in dry seasons.     

Electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the electric field of charcoal from six wood species

Six wood species were carbonized under various carbonization temperatures and nonoxygen conditions to obtained charcoal. The effects of wood species, rate of temperature rise, and carbonization temperature on the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (ESE) of the electric field were investigated. The wood species used in this study were Japanese cedar, China fir, western hemlock, red oak, fortune paulownia, and Taiwan acacia. Tested materials were carbonized in a high-temperature oven under the following conditions: rate of temperature rise 1°–5°C/min; carbonization temperature 500°–1100°C, with temperature intervals of 100°C; maximum temperature maintained for 1h; and flow rate of nitrogen 300ml/min. The electromagnetic insulation strength system was used to detect the ESE of the electric field of charcoal. It was found that western hemlock and fortune paulownia charcoal showed maximum ESE values of of 36 and 61dB generated at a carbonization temperature of 1000°C. The charcoals derived from four other wood species showed maximum ESE values of 28dB for Japanese cedar, 23dB for China fir, 32dB for red oak, and 38dB for Taiwan acacia, respectively, at a carbonization temperature of 1100°C. The ESE value for fortune paulownia charcoal was similar to those of metal nets. The relations between ESE and logarithmic values of resistivity (log) could be represented by a negatively exponential formula.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Biological performance of wood-based composites treated with a formulation of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate and silafluofen using supercritical carbon dioxide

Wood-based composites (medium density fiberboard, hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard, and oriented strand board) treated with a mixture formulation of 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) and silafluofen using supercritical carbon dioxide as a carrier solvent were evaluated for their resistance to biological attack in a laboratory study. The formulation was pre-pared by mixing 10g of IPBC and 1g of silafluofen in ethanol solution (20ml). Treatments were conducted at 35°C/7.85MPa, 35°C/9.81MPa, and 55°C/11.77MPa with the direct introduction of 20ml of the formulation into the treatment vessel with a capacity of ca. 2000ml at a rate of 2ml/min. Laboratory tests indicated that the treatment conditions used significantly enhanced the resistance of the treated wood-based composites against fungal and termite attacks. Because no significant difference in efficacy against both biodegrading agents was noticed regardless of the treatment conditions, the treatment at 35°C/7.85MPa was thought to be the most economical in terms of energy consumption and performance of treated materials. However, the amount of biocides in a formulation must be carefully selected in accordance with the required treatment condition to ensure satisfactory performance of the treated wood-based composites against any biological agent.     

Sediment mixing and accumulation in a mangrove ecosystem: evidence from 210Pb, 234Th and 7Be

210Pb, 234Th and 7Be activities were measured to establish sediment accumulation rates, estimate sediment mixing rates, and determine the depth of the sediment mixed layer in the Sepetiba Bay mangrove ecosystem near Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Three sediment cores were collected from Enseada das Garças, a typical exposed tidal flat region with a sequence of sedimentary features. The seaward edge of this sequence is a mud flat with the landward portion covered with Spartina alterniflora followed by mangrove vegetation. An additional core was collected on an overwash island near Barra de Guaratiba, which is cover with mangroves without a mud flat or Spartina alterniflora sequence. Sediment accumulation rates were determined to range up to 1.8cm/yr with the Spartina alterniflora having the maximum rate. Mixing rates were estimated for the Spartina alternifloracore at 40cm2/yr based on 210Pb and 7Be from the upper mixed region of the core. The 234Th activity in this core suggested that either mixing or the input of 234Th were not in steady state. The sediment mixed region depth ranged from 4cm to greater than 30cm. At the Enseada das Garças site the mixing depth decreased in the landward direction (i.e. mud flats > 30cm, Spartina alterniflora 11cm, mangroves 4cm). Along with this decrease in sediment mixing depth was a shift from physical to biological mixing. The Barra de Guaratiba core had a sediment mixed layer of 13cm as a result of physical and intense biological activity.     

Gamma radiation sensitivity of larvae and adults of the red flour beetle, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Tribolium castaneum</Emphasis> Herbst

In this study, the susceptibility of larvae and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to gamma radiation was investigated in the laboratory in Turkey. Gamma radiation was applied at 6 dose levels between 20 and 200Gy to 13–15day-old adults and at 5 dose levels between 20 and 180Gy to 18–20day-old larvae of T. castaneum. All experiments were performed in growth chambers maintained at 27±1°C and 70±5% r.h. The larvae proved to be the more susceptible stage, survival to the adult stage being prevented by exposure of the eggs to 100Gy; the adult stage was less susceptible. LD₅₀ and LD₉₉ values were determined as 19,75 and 42,97Gy for larvae and 33,21 and 64,50Gy for adult stage, respectively. It was concluded that 100Gy is the effective dose for both larval and adult stages.     

Analysis of current forest operations in the Okumikawa Forestry Area by location and topography

We analyzed current forest operations in Toei, in the Okumikawa Forestry Area, Japan, by examining actual achievement, location, and topography. We considered five basic forest operations conducted by the Forest Owners Association between 1991 and 2000 in a subsidized reforestation and silviculture project: planting, weeding, pruning, cleaning, and thinning. In addition, we considered the road network, including public, forest, and strip roads. The area in which forest operations have been conducted over the past 10 years amounted to less than two-thirds of the area targeted in the Toei Forest Improvement Plan. The mean access distance of the work sites was 164m, which was 52m less than the 10-year average for the whole forest (216m). Forest operations tended to ignore remote forest areas where the topography was steep, due to cost, the logging techniques required, and labor requirements. We determined that the limitations on forest operations in Toei were a 300m access distance, an elevation of 800masl, and a 90% slope. In accessing work sites, the utilization ratios of forest and strip roads were higher than their composition ratios, and public roads were used most. Newly constructed strip roads were used more than forest roads. Based on current forest operations, we calculated the road density and length required to be 7.1m/ha and 79.2km, respectively, with an estimated cost exceeding 720 million yen for new construction.     

Mangrove forest productivity and biomass accumulation in Hinchinbrook Channel,Australia

Data on stand structure and rates of photosynthesis were used to estimate net canopy carbon fixation and carbon accumulation as living biomass in mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia. Total annual canopy net carbon fixation was estimated to be about 29tCha–1yr–1. This equates to about 204,000tCyr–1 for all mangrove forests in Hinchinbrook Channel. Of this, only about 12% was stored as living plant biomass. Although it is not yet possible to present a robust carbon balance for mangrove trees, the remainder is presumably lost through plant respiration, litter fall, root turnover and exudation of organic compounds from roots.     

Concentration and molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic carbon in a mangrove creek in the Hinchinbrook area,Australia

The concentration and molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) are reported for a mangrove creek in the Hinchinbrook area, Australia. DOC concentration ranged from 1.0mg Cl–1 near the creek mouth to 2.2mg Cl–1 at the innermost part of the creek. There was no apparent spatial trend in molecular weight distribution of DOC, with a >300gmol–1 fraction accounting for about 70% of the total in all samples. DOC concentration fluctuated between 0.5 and 1.2mg Cl–1 over one tidal cycle. The samples collected at low tide and during the rising tide were dominated by DOC of >300gmol–1 and <300gmol–1, respectively. This suggested the export of high molecular weight DOC, probably originating from litter leachates, and the import of low molecular weight DOC to the creek.     

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100% at a depth of 10cm and 92–97% at a depth of 20cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100% at a depth of 10cm and 98–100% at a depth of 20cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90% at a depth of 10cm and 72–89% at a depth of 20cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97% at a depth of 10cm and 87–93% at a depth of 20cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.     

Preparation of liquid polyesterpolyols from glucose and its methyl derivative

Preparation of liquid polyols from d-(+)-glucose (Glc) and its derivative, methyl--d-glucoside (m-Glc), has been studied. Direct reaction of -caprolactone (CL) with Glc (CL:Glc = 2:1–5:1 in weight ratio) at 150°C using tin(II) 2-ethyl hexanoate (SnEht₂) (series A), in which melted Glc was suspended in CL, resulted in a dark-brown coloration of the reactants. The reaction was accompanied by formation of high molecular weight resins, a pH drop, production of water, and a considerable decrease in the hydroxyl value from the theoretically expected one. In the case of Glc/ethylene glycol (EG)/CL reaction system with SnEht₂ catalyst at 150°C (series B), in which the weight ratio of Glc to EG was fixed at 1:1, Glc dissolved in the EG/CL mixture, but the brown coloration of the reactant mixture still occurred. In this case, the formation of water was enhanced, but the other effects found in series A were suppressed to a considerable extent. In the m-Glc/CL/SnEht₂ reaction system (series C), in which m-Glc reacted with two to five times weight amounts of CL under the same conditions adopted in series A, development of the color, the production of high molecular weight materials and water, and the changes in pH and hydroxyl value were not observed. These results are discussed based on the chemical structural differences: Glc exists mostly in the hemiacetal form, but tautomerizes to the aldehyde, whereas m-Glc is an acetal and is protected from reversion to the aldehyde.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on the growth and nutrition of hybrid poplars on Vancouver Island

The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) rates, P source, and method of P application were tested on growth and nutrition of four clones of hybrid poplar (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray×P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh or P. trichocarpa×P. maximowiczii A. Henry) in a plantation on Vancouver Island. Treatments were applied shortly after planting. Nitrogen (0, 500kgNha^–1) was supplied as ammonium sulfate (AS); half of the AS was added at the start of the second growing season. Phosphorus (0, 100, 200kgPha^–1) was supplied as triple super phosphate (TSP), rock phosphate (RP), or diammonium phosphate (DAP) and banded or broadcast. Over four growing seasons, stem volumes increased with AS and P additions. The effects of AS and P each were greatest when the other was also added. Volume was greater when P was applied at 100kgha^–1 than in the P control and did not significantly increase further at 200kgPha^–1. Phosphorus additions were more effective when added as TSP or DAP than when added as RP, but only in P100 and when banded. Banding increased volume when P was applied at 200kgha^–1, but increases were significant only for DAP fertilized trees. Roto-tilling associated with the banding treatment also increased volume when AS and P were not added. Rankings of clones with respect to stem volume varied with N supply and changed over time.     

In vitro propagation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oroxylum indicum</Emphasis> Vent. a medicinally important forest tree

In vitro propagation of Oroxylum indicum Vent. was carried out using cotyledonary node explants. Among the different types of cytokinins used for culture establishment, 6-benzyladenine exhibited the best response with higher concentrations (8.87µM or above) for inducing multiple shoots. Inclusion of indole-3-acetic acid (2.85µM) into 6-benzyladenine-supplemented medium triggered a high frequency of response as well as a proliferation of shoots. The best medium for proliferation was Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium with 6-benzyladenine (8.87µM) and indole-3-acetic acid (2.85µM). However, incorporation of gibberellic acid (1.44µM) was mandatory to enhance shoot elongation. Repeated subculturing of cotyledonary node and in vitro developed nodal segments in MS medium with 6-benzyladenine (4.44µM) at 4-week intervals resulted in continuous mass multiplication of shoots without any evidence of decline. Root induction was best (91.6%) when MS strength was reduced to one-quarter and combined with -naphthalene acetic acid (2.69µM) and indole-3-acetic acid (5.71µM), with a high survival rate (70–72%) of plantlets hardened in either soil rite or soil:sand:soil rite (1:1:2).     

Development of binderless particleboard from kenaf core using steam-injection pressing

Binderless particleboards were successfully developed from kenaf core using the steam-injection press. The effects of board density, steam pressure, and treatment time on the properties of the board were evaluated. The target board densities were relatively low, ranging from 0.40 to 0.70g/cm³. The properties [i.e., moduli of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE) in both dry and wet conditions, internal bonding strength (IB), and water absorption (WA)] of the boards increased linearly with increasing board density. Steam pressure and treatment time also affected the board properties. The bending strength and IB were improved with increased steam pressure. A long steam treatment time contributed to low thickness swelling (TS) values and thus better dimensional stability. The appropriate steam pressure was 1.0MPa, and the treatment time was 10–15min. The properties for 0.55g/cm³ density boards under optimum conditions were MOR 12.6MPa, MOE 2.5GPa, IB 0.49MPa, TS 7.5%, and wet MOR 2.4MPa. Compared with the requirement of JIS 5908, 1994 for particleboard, kenaf binderless boards showed excellent IB strength but relatively poor durability.Part of this report was presented at the 19th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Technological Association, Tokyo, October 2001     

Preservative treatment of wood-based composites with 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate using supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation

Five structural-use wood-based composites [medium density fiberboard (MDF), hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard, oriented strand board (OSB)] were treated with 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO₂) as a carrier solvent. Treatment was conducted at 35°C/7.85MPa (80kgf/cm²), 35°C/9.81MPa (100kgf/cm²), 35°C/11.77MPa (120kgf/cm²), 45°C/7.85MPa, 45°C/9.81MPa, 45°C/11.77MPa, 55°C/7.85MPa, 55°C/9.81MPa, and 55°C/11.77MPa. A decay test was carried out in the laboratory according to the modified Japanese standard method in which untreated and treated specimens were exposed for 12 weeks to a monoculture of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor (L.: Fr.) Pilat or the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris (Berk. et Curt.) Gilbn. and Ryv. IPBC/SC-CO₂ treatment protected the treated materials from decay by the two fungi, although the relative efficiency against decay varied with the treatment conditions and the type of wood-based composite. Better performance for MDF, hardwood plywood, and particleboard was generally obtained at high temperatures and pressures, whereas softwood plywood and OSB were most protected at low temperatures under any of the pressure levels tested.Part of this work was presented at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Gifu, April 2002     

Nitrogen use by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus densiflora</Emphasis> trees growing on a Mt. Fuji lava flow

To quantify the nitrogen (N) use by Pinus densiflora trees growing on an infertile lava surface, N pools, N requirement and N uptake through fine roots and N deposition from the atmosphere were estimated. The N requirement and the N uptake of fine roots were 55.5kgNha^–1year^–1 and 39.7kgNha^–1, respectively. Thus, the ratio of N uptake to N requirement of the fine roots was 71.5%. Including fine-root contribution, the total N requirement of the P. densiflora trees was 98.6kgNha^–1year^–1, and the total N uptake was 64.2kgNha^–1year^–1. Thus, the N uptake of the P. densiflora trees was 64.1% of the N requirement, indicating that P. densiflora trees growing on an infertile lava surface obtain some of their N from below-ground organic material layers every year and the contribution of N storage in trees for their growth is not any higher than indicated in previous reports that excluded fine-roots contribution. The wet N deposition of our research forest was only 5.8% of the N requirement of the P. densiflora trees and only 8.9% of the N uptake. Movement of the below-ground organic material layer N concentrations in the F- and L-layers coincides with needle development and fine-root growth, suggesting the possibility that P. densiflora trees extract N from the organic N of those layers for growth.     

Lateral fluxes of organic carbon in a mangrove forest partly contaminated with sewage wastes

Lateral fluxes of macrodetritus, particulate matter and dissolved organic carbon were determined. Samples were collected monthly at the mangrove forest–inshore water boundary and within the forest. Floating macrodetritus (mainly mangrove leaves) was collected by a net (2mm mesh size). Dissolved and particulate matter were separated by filtration (0.45m filter) and centrifugation. Dissolved and particulate carbon were determined by a total organic carbon analyser (SHIMADZU model TOC5000). There was a significant export of mangrove litter to the adjacent marine environment during spring tides. Rates of import and export of particulate matter in the forest were not statistically different. Translocation of material within the forest was clearly demonstrated. A relatively high export of macrodetritus was recorded at the marine fringe (mainly colonised by Sonneratia alba). There was low export of litter in the terrestrial fringe zone, a monospecific stand occupied by Avicennia marina (Forsk) Vierh. Net organic carbon export from the entire forest was 79×10⁶g C y^–1, dissolved organic carbon accounted for about 78% of the total export.     

Effects of a nursery CO2 enriched atmosphere on the germination and seedling morphology of two Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit

The use of an enriched CO₂ atmosphere in tree nurseries has been envisaged as a promising technique to increase productivity and to obtain seedlings with a higher root/shoot ratio, an essential trait to respond to water stress in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In that framework, we have analyzed the effects of three levels of atmospheric CO₂ concentration (350, 500 and 700ppm) on the germination rate, growth and morphology of seedlings of two Mediterranean oaks used in reforestation programs: the evergreen Quercus ilex L. and the deciduous Quercus cerrioides Wilk. et Costa. CO₂ enrichment increased the germination rate of Q. cerrioides (from 70±7 to 81±3%) while it decreased that of Q. ilex (from 71±10 to 41±12%). Seedlings of both species increased approximately 60% their total biomass in response to CO₂ enrichment but at two different CO₂ concentrations: 500ppm for Q. cerrioides and 700ppm for Q. ilex. This increase in seedlings biomass was entirely due to an augmentation of root biomass. Considering germination and biomass partitioning, an enriched CO₂ atmosphere might not be appropriate for growing Mediterranean evergreen oaks, such as Q. ilex, since it reduces acorn germination and the only gains in root biomass occur at a high concentration (700ppm). On the other hand, a moderate CO₂ enrichment (500ppm) appears as a promising nursery technique to stimulate the germination, growth and root/shoot ratio of deciduous oaks, such as Q. cerrioides.     

Vibrational properties of wood plastic plywood

Wood plastic plywood (WPPW), composed of veneer and styrofoam, was manufactured without special adhesives such as urea–formaldehyde or phenol–formaldehyde resins, and its vibrational properties were investigated. WPPW can be produced at 1MPa and 160°C for 9min (three-ply) and 12min (five-ply). The dynamic Youngs modulus reached its highest value when the styrofoam thickness was 30mm. The sound velocity and dynamic Youngs modulus had minimum values at a grain angle of 45°. The results for dynamic Youngs moduli measured by a longitudinal vibration method and an in-plane flexural vibration method were almost the same. Dynamic shear moduli were measured by an in-plane surface wave propagation test and an in-plane flexural vibration method. From the experimental results, the dynamic shear moduli at 0° and 90° by the two methods were relatively close, although the surface wave propagation test results were higher than those from the flexural vibration method. Dynamic shear moduli at a grain angle of 45° measured by the in-plane surface wave propagation test and calculated from theory were relatively close. The surface wave propagation test results were smaller than the results calculated from theory. The shear stress distribution factors were about 1.000–1.189 for WPPW.