巴西半干旱地区自然条件和菌根菌接种条件下赤桉和大桉地上生物量营养成分分析(英文)

对巴西米纳斯吉拉斯州北部半干旱地区(15°09’S43°49’W)的赤桉(Eucalyptus camaldulensis)和大桉(Eucalyptus grandis)人工林的地上生物量、营养成分含量和菌根菌定植百分率进行了调查和分析。结果表明,赤按和大桉人工林的总地上生物量分别为33.6Mg·hm-2和153.1Mg·hm-2。赤桉树干、叶子、枝条和树皮的生物量分别占总生物量的64.4%,19.6%,15.4%,0.6%,大桉地上生物量的分配与赤按基本相同。赤桉叶子和枝条的干物质占其总生物量的35%,叶子和枝条中的N,P,K,Ca,Mg,and S的含量分别占总生物量这些营养元素的15.5%,0.7%,12.3%,22.6%,19%,1.4%。树干(包括树皮)中的营养成分累积相对比较低。与赤桉相比,大桉的营养含量变化较小。这2个树种的树干上部含有高浓度的磷,树皮也含有大量的营养物质,尤其是大桉;说明在半干旱地区,立地上脱落的植物性废物对降低树木生产力损失有重要意义。赤桉和大桉都有菌根营养。     

赤桉、巨尾桉扦插育苗成活率试验

试验结果表明：不同浓度的ＡＢＴ生根粉液对扦插成活牵有显著影响，以２５０×１０－６ＡＢＴ生根粉液处理效果最好；扦插条硬枝、嫩枝对扦插成活率有影响，嫩枝扦插条成活率高于硬枝扦插；巨尾桉比赤桉更易扦插成活；扦插条有或无顶芽，对扦插成活影响不大；高温、高湿天气有利于扦插条成活。     

施肥位点对尾巨桉幼林生物量分配及养分利用率的影响

以尾巨桉为研究对象,对其幼林进行培育,研究不同施肥位点对尾巨桉幼林生物量、养分分配及养分利用率的影响.结果表明:单位点穴施更促进根系生长,但是双位点穴施对树皮、叶片、树干、树枝和总生物量累积效果更好.养分分配除树根各处理磷素累积量差异不显著外,其他部位各养分累积量在各处理间均差异显著.不同处理叶片养分含量显著高于其他部位,且氮含量高于磷、钾含量.虽然处理Ⅱ各元素养分利用率及各部位养分累积利用率普遍优于处理Ⅰ,但差异均不显著.对尾巨桉施肥位点的研究处于初期阶段,还有待进一步探讨.     

巴西桉树人工林资源及其实木加工利用

桉树作为一种重要的速生人工林木材资源，具有大规模生产高附加值实木制品和木质复合材料的巨大潜力。巴西桉树人工林的营林技术、林业管理和实木利用水平位居世界前列。文中在对巴西桉树人工林资源、管理和木材加工利用等多个领域进行考察的基础上，阐述了巴西在桉树人工林营林、管理、木材加工技术等方面的成功经验，以及桉树产品市场的发展背景、现状和趋势。     

施肥对尾叶桉MLA无性系幼林生物量及养分含量的影响

对建立在广东开平的尾叶桉MLA6年生无性系施肥试验林进行了生物量和养分的测定与分析,结果表明:尾叶桉MLA无性系幼林早期施肥促进了无性系的生长,也促进了生物量的增加。生长最佳的施肥处理N75P200K50,其6年生的生物量最大,地上生物量和树干生物量分别为65 95、54 94t·hm-2,分别是不施肥处理的2 37和2 36倍,分别是最大施肥量处理N75P300K75的1 65倍和1 67倍。通过胸径和树高与生物量建立的回归方程,可预测尾叶桉MLA无性系单株或林分生物量。叶片的N、P、K含量较高,施肥促进了尾叶桉无性系对营养元素的吸收和积累。     

巨尾桉在龙岩市引种状况的调查分析

通过对龙岩市引种的巨尾桉 (E .grandis×E .urophylla)林分的生长状况及受冻情况的调查 ,结果表明 :巨尾桉生长迅速、丰产性好 ;冻害程度与地形、林分年龄、水体等因素有关。值得进一步扩大试验和在相应地区推广种植     

闽西尾巨桉造林及其生长效果分析

对闽西尾巨桉造林成效进行全面调查,分析了现有林分的生长特点,探讨了不同地理位置、海拔高度、立地质量等级以及施肥次数等因素对尾巨桉生长的影响,总结了尾巨桉造林失败的原因,并提出了闽西今后发展尾巨桉造林的看法。     

Dry mass allocation, water use efficiency and delta(13)C in clones of Eucalyptus grandis, E. grandis x camaldulensis and E. grandis x nitens grown under two irrigation regimes

Clonal variation in water use efficiency (WUE), dry mass accumulation and allocation, and stable carbon isotope ratio (delta(13)C) of crude leaf fiber extracts was determined in six clones of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. grown for 16 months in field lysimeters in two soil water regimes. The relationships between delta(13)C and WUE calculated on the basis of leaf, harvestable stem, shoot and whole-plant dry mass accumulation were investigated. There was no clonal variation in dry mass accumulation but clonal allocation to roots, harvestable stems, branches and leaves varied. Water use efficiencies (mass of plant or plant part/water used over 16 months) differed significantly between clones. The clonal ranking of WUE varied depending on the units of dry mass accumulation used. Significant relationships between delta(13)C values and instantaneous water use efficiencies and ratios of internal leaf to ambient CO(2) concentrations were found only in the high soil water treatment. There were no relationships between delta(13)C values and whole-plant, shoot and harvestable stem water use efficiencies and soil water availability. Values of delta(13)C were negatively correlated with dry mass accumulation in the low soil water treatment. At the whole-plant level, WUE was positively correlated with dry mass accumulation in the high soil water treatment. We found significant differences in delta(13)C values between clones and the clonal rankings in delta(13)C and WUE were maintained in both soil water treatments.     

施肥对尾赤桉无性系DH_(201-2)生长和材性影响的研究

施肥对尾赤桉无性系DH201-2生长和材性影响的试验研究结果表明,施肥能明显提高林分生长量和纤维产量,但对DH201-2无性系木材的纤维长度、长宽比、基本密度以及纤维含量等影响较小,不同施肥处理的材性均符合木材制浆造纸工艺的要求。提出闽南山地DH201-2纤维材培育的合理施肥组合为N 150 kg.hm-2+P2O5150 kg.hm-2+K2O 100 kg.hm-2,该施肥组合不但可促进林分速生、丰产,而且可以达到优质。     

尾巨桉幼苗对低温胁迫的生理生化反应

以尾巨桉无性系幼苗为材料,研究了低温胁迫对其生理生化的影响。试验结果表明,3℃低温胁迫对尾巨桉幼苗的电解质渗出率,随着胁迫持续时间的延长呈逐渐上升的趋势;叶绿素a的含量、叶绿素b的含量及叶绿素总量均随胁迫时间的延长而呈下降的趋势;SOD酶活性随胁迫时间呈先上升(1~3 d)而后下降(3~9 d);可溶性糖的含量随低温胁迫时间的延长而随之上升。     

有机肥对巨尾桉初期生长的影响

施用不同基肥的对比试验结果表明 :造林前施基肥对巨尾桉初期生长的树高、胸径、冠幅均有明显作用 ,其中以施用鸡粪 +少量复合肥的生长效果最为明显 ,比不施肥的树高增长 5 9 7%、胸径增大 6 2 3%、冠幅增长 4 7 9% ;单施复合肥和单施鸡粪次之     

巨桉枯落物持水特性、细根生物量及其关系

本试验研究了一个林龄序列的巨桉林地枯落物储量、持水量、吸水率、土壤持水性能等与细根生物量关系,结果表明：（1）枯落物现存量在不同林龄林分中表现为5 a〉6 a〉2 a〉4 a〉1 a〉3 a。不同时期变化趋势为,7—10月凋落量（5.581 t·hm-2）〉1—4月凋落量（1.619 t·hm-2）〉10—1月的凋落量（0.152 t·hm-2）;（2）枯落物持水量的变异性较大,同一个季节不同林龄林分的枯落物持水量差异显著,1~6 a平均持水量分别为：9.804 0、12.821 8、7.7508、5.949 8、17.004 2和14.459 6 t·hm-2。枯落物吸水率与浸泡时间呈现极显著的相关性（P〈0.01）,其季节差异在浸泡的前4~6 h表现很明显,一般为秋〉冬〉夏〉春季;林龄差异表现表现为4年生巨桉林枯落物的吸水率最差,1年生的最好;（3）各林龄林分细根生物量在不同季节的基本趋势是：秋〉夏〉春〉冬季（P〈0.01）。林龄趋势为：6年生细根生物量最大（0.906 3 t·hm-2）,3年生最小（0.537 7 t·hm-2）。巨桉幼龄林（1~2 a）细根生物量与枯落物持水量及其浸泡时间显著相关,随着林龄的增长,这种关系不明显。     

黑荆树巨尾桉混交造林与效益分析

设计了以黑荆树与巨尾桉混交的３个模式、黑荆树纯林、巨尾桉纯林共５个处理进行试验。经过一个轮伐期６ａ的观测研究,结果表明以黑荆树４巨尾桉１的混交比例作株间混交的模式最为理想,６年生林分总蓄积量达７２．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,其中巨尾桉４６．１ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,黑荆树２６．０ｍ３·ｈｍ－２,投入产出比为１∶３．４。     

Eucalyptus grandis x E. camaldulensis variability and intra-genotypic competition as a function of different vegetation management treatments

Different vegetation management practices implemented during the establishment of a Eucalyptus hybrid clone (GC304) in the coastal Zululand region of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, resulted in significant improvements in final volume when grown on a short pulp-wood rotation of 7 years, with a 42.5% higher underbark volume for the manually weeded control over that of the weedy control. This occurred despite the absence of competitive vegetation after the first growing season, due to reduced light following crown canopy closure. Interspecific and intra-genotypic competition were evident in the weedy control at different stages of tree development, but only intra-genotypic competition occurred in the manually weeded treatment. Interspecific competition resulted in greater variability between the trees in the weedy control by the time canopy closure had occurred. The differentiation in tree size was further enhanced by asymmetric intra-genotypic competition once the trees had become established. The onset of intra-genotypic competition was first detected 995 days (2 years and 9 months) after planting for the manually weeded treatment and 1641 days (4 years and 6 months) after planting for the weedy control. The presence of asymmetric intra-genotypic competition between different tree size classes was detected for both the weedy control and manually weeded treatment.     

闽南山地巨尾桉施肥试验研究

闽南山地巨尾桉施肥试验研究结果表明:不同施肥处理对巨尾桉胸径、树高、单株材积、蓄积量的生长造成极显著的差异,其中,P肥对巨尾桉生长极端重要,N肥次之,最佳施肥配方是N200P150K0(kg·hm-2),即每1hm2林地施N肥200kg、P肥150kg,不施K肥。     

巨尾桉人工林地径与胸径、树高相关模型的研究

根据巨尾桉人工林样木的地径D0、胸径D及树高H观测数据,采用多模型选优法和逐步回归法求解方程,经分析对比后分别建立了地径与胸径、地径与树高相关的2个数学模型:lnD=3.7275-18.6673/D0;H=32.0925-244.050 3/D0。应用这2个模型,配合一元材积表或二元材积表就可测定被伐木的材积。     

化学调控剂在巨尾桉扦插育苗上应用与推广

化学调控剂在巨尾桉组培苗嫩梢扦插育苗上的应用结果表明,化学调控剂能明显延缓或抑制巨尾桉扦插苗高生长,促进地茎生长,在抑制主根生长的同时强烈促进侧根生长。施用1.0 g.m-2的化学调控剂60 d内高生长仅增加3 cm,地茎增长0.12 cm,生根条数达20~30条,出圃率达95%;而不施药的苗木60 d内高生长增加17.6 cm,地茎增长0.05 cm,生根条数仅8~12条,出圃率只有85%。应用化学调控剂能提高苗木质量和产量,起到了贮存苗木作用,使用方法简便,成本低,效果好。     

Intercropping system of tropical leguminous species and Eucalyptuscamaldulensis, inoculated with rhizobia and/or mycorrhizal fungi in semiarid Brazil

For the purpose of reforestation and wood supply the leguminous tree Anadenanthera peregrina, a native species, was intercropped with Eucalyptus camaldulensis in a degraded semiarid area of Brazil. Single and mixed stands of these species were inoculated with Rhizobium and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The growth of all species in mixed stands did not differ from those cultivated in monoculture and land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded unity in intercropped plots. Inoculated plants showed greater height and diameter growth and dry matter and nutrient concentration in plants of A. peregrina was higher in inoculated single plots. The distribution, composition and density of AMF species was related to the rhizosphere effect of plant species. The intercropped model where all the plants were inoculated achieved soil AMF diversity patterns similar to those of the preserved area and showed also higher soil organic matter, nutrient content as well as a reduction in soil macroporosity. This model of intercropping may be considered as an efficient system for reforestation under semiarid conditions.     

3种桉树幼苗叶片养分变化及其转移特性

我国桉树人工林面积已超过了100万hm2,成为我国南方面积最大的人工林树种之一,并以每年约10万hm2的速度发展.     

永安市巨尾桉人工林生长的区位效应初步研究

依据调查样地资料,分别对永安市巨尾桉人工林在不同小地形、不同坡位和不同坡向上的生长进行了研究,结果表明:山脊和山坡的林分生长量相差不大;山洼林分生长最好,其次为山脊和山坡,山顶林分生长最差;不同年龄、不同坡向的林分中,不同坡位的生长差异不大;巨尾桉在阳坡上生长明显优于半阴半阳坡的林分。