利用地下水库调蓄水资源的若干措

文章分析了国内外利用地下水库的现状，认为目前我国应从利用地下水库调蓄洪水、城市雨水、南水北调中线工程调水着手。当前我国利用地下水库调蓄水资源还存在一些技术和管理上的问题，对拟建区的可行性论证，现场试验研究，地下水库的维护与运行管理应该受到重视。建议进行两项示范工程，即利用地下水库调蓄南水北调中线工程引水，利用含水层调蓄城市雨水，取得利用地下水库调蓄水资源的系统经验和理论，在我国广泛推广。     

太原市西张地下水库特征库容分析

分析了太原市西张水库的自然地理、水文地质条件，提出了地下水库特征库容的概念，利用抽水试验资料所求得的水文地质参数以及地下水位埋深控制标准估算了西张地下水库的特征库容，为太原市水资源的储备、合理开发利用和保护提供了科学依据。     

井渠结合类型灌区的可持续发展对策

分析了我国井渠结合类型灌区的发展与现状，指出了目前井渠结合类型灌区存在的主要问题；认为井渠结合类型灌区可以实现灌区内的水资源在空间和时间上的调节，要实现灌区的可持续发展，就必须研究和加强灌区内水资源统一管理和宏观调控的运行机制，充分发挥地下水库的调节作用。     

山丘区地下水库的建设

针对中国北方地区干旱缺水、降雨时空分布不均、季节性河流多、泥沙含量大的特点，在山丘区适宜修建地下水库。地下水库的造价只相当地表水库的20％，而且从根本上解决了地表水库的泥沙淤积问题，经济社会效益显著。     

流域水资源的市场管理模式探析

在分析了流域水资源市场管理的概念的基础上，指出了在水资源日益稀缺的情况下依靠市场机制分配水资源的必要性。构建了流域水资源市场管理的两级市场模式：水权出让市场和水权转让市场。最后，对流域水资源管理委员会的设立、供水公司的设立、流域用水者协会的设立提出了相关建议。     

平潭芦洋埔地下水库数值模拟与调蓄分析

平潭岛位于福建省东部海域,海峡西岸经济科学发展先行先试综合实验区,供水不足严重制约了平潭社会经济的发展。为此,结合平潭芦洋埔地区的水文地质条件,初步研究了平潭岛芦洋埔北部兴建地下水库的可行性,确定了地下水库库址,规划了地下水库地下坝、回灌系统和开采系统,并利用Visual MODFLOW进行了数值模拟,得出以下结论:(1)在芦洋埔北部可以兴建地下水库,地下水库实际总库容约2 689万m3;(2)在没有外调水源的情况下,通过收集芦洋埔降雨地面径流,作为地下水库的人工回灌补给水源,未来二十年,芦洋埔地下水库可以满足生活、生态、农业和工业用水的年最大用水量为4 357万m3,但需要进一步加大枯水年后地下水回灌的力度;(3)由于地下水库不占用耕地、无移民搬迁问题且水量蒸发损失少,因此地下水库是提高海岛地区雨洪资源利用率的有效手段,同时还有助于控制由于开采地下水导致的降落漏斗扩大和防治海水入侵。研究成果可为平潭岛水资源开发和综合利用规划参考使用,同时也为我国沿海岛屿兴建地下水库提供了借鉴。     

中国北方利用开采型漏斗建设地下水库的初步研究

中国北方属干旱、半干旱地区,地下水资源在供水中占主导地位.因长期持续开采、超采,较多区域出现不同范围、疏干厚度及疏干体积的地下水位降落漏斗,更严重的是漏斗逐年扩大,形成漏斗群,地下水环境恶化与水资源匮乏已打破人口、资源、环境的和谐格局.以石家庄市开采型漏斗为例,探索和总结开采型漏斗的形成、演化、变迁及形成机理,对漏斗的过去、现在和未来进行剖析,采用演绎推理,阐述利用开采型漏斗修建地下水库的条件及关键因子,对利用开采型漏斗修建地下水库的可行性、必要性、规划和设计开拓思路.同时指出利用开采型漏斗建设地下水库对漏斗区水资源科学配置、水资源持续发展和地下水环境生态修复具有重要的战略意义.     

辽河平原水田灌区灌溉水源的优化开发与应用研究

针对水资源相当贫乏的辽河平原地区，运用系统工程理论，采用模拟技术，研究利用区内冲洪积层，建设地下水库；依循三水转化规律，人工强化回灌，加大地下含水体的反调节能力，大大提高水资源的重复利用率。在科学的水源开发规程下，找到了数十万公顷水田灌溉可不依靠上游水库调节供水的区内多种水源的优化开发与运用策略。灌溉节省的水量，转向工业及城市建设，综合效益巨大。     

辽河平原水田灌区灌溉水源的优化开发与应用研究

针对水资源相当贫乏的辽河平原地区，运用系统工程理论，采用模拟技术，研究利用区内冲洪积层，建设地下水库；依据三水转化规律，人工强化回灌加大地下含水体的反调节能力，在大提高水资源的重复利用率。在科学的水源开发规程下，找到了数十万公顷水田灌溉可不依靠上游水库调节供水的区内多种水源的优化开发与运用策略。灌溉节省的水量，转向工业及城市建设，综合效益巨大。     

社会适应性能力对水资源稀缺影响作用的定量分析——以黑河流域中游的张掖市为例

在论述当前水资源管理阶段性特征的基础上,引入了社会适应性能力概念(也称社会资源或第二类资源),并介绍了其内在构成及其度量指标。同时,构建了社会化水资源稀缺指数,并以河西内陆河-黑河流域中游的张掖市为例进行了实证研究,结果表明:张掖市各县区如果考虑动用当地较丰富的社会资源,则水资源紧缺状况得到不同程度的缓解。社会化水资源稀缺指数更能如实反映水资源状况,社会资源是一种重要的资源,对缓解水资源紧缺程度具有重要的作用。     

水资源不均等分配及其影响分析以簸箕李灌区为例

以簸箕李灌区为例,分析了该灌区水资源不均等分配及其所带来的对水资源利用方式和效率的影响。结果表明,在灌区内部从上游到下游,水资源可利用量很不均等,上游享用更多的水资源,地下水起到了调节水资源可用量年内波动的作用。上游地区地下水调节了春季水资源可用量的变异性,下游汛期储存的地下水在来年春季被重新利用,年平均利用量达到降雨灌溉总量的40.7%。下游农民应对水资源短缺的另2种途径是进行排水管理和减少种植面积,平均排水再利用量达到40 mm,因此下游地区具有更高的水资源利用效率。在水资源配置中应注意配置方案对水资源利用方式和效率的影响,同时要兼顾效率和公平。     

北方石质山地裂隙潜流动态及调控利用技术研究

针对太行山区干旱山地农业水资源严重短缺的形势和相对落后的农业节水措施,采用工程措施,将太行片麻岩区普遍存在的浅层地下裂隙潜流进行拦截,并通过集水池、蓄水池将其储存起来,以供灌溉之用。同时,为了提高有限水资源的利用率及利用效率,在农业发展方向上,必须走节水农业的道路。     

地下水库回灌补源的数值模拟研究--以山东省邹平县城北水源地为例

通过邹平县城北水文地质条件分析,建立了引黄补源条件下的邹平县城北地下水库补源模式数值模型,采用准三维非稳定流有限元法进行地下水库开发利用渗流场模拟,对地下水库在各种开采方案下的供水能力、流场演化趋势和资源优化开发模式进行预报评价。研究表明,坚持引黄补源,在保证总开采量平衡前提下,减少城东北地下水开采量,扩大渠网内地下水开采,将激发引黄渠道对地下水源地的补给、提高水源地效率、阻止城东北老开采区地下水位降落漏斗急剧下降。     

A water balance model to estimate groundwater recharge in Rechna doab,Pakistan

The main objective of this study was to develop a procedure to evaluate various recharge components of a groundwater reservoir to estimate the long term average seasonal groundwater recharge in Rechna doab in the Punjab province of Pakistan. A regional lumped water balance model for the Rechna doab was developed and applied to estimate the long term a seasonal recharge to groundwater reservoir. For comparison, recharge was also estimated by a specific yield method from observed groundwater levels. A water balance study was conducted on seasonal basis (6 months) for a period of 31 years (1960–1990). Recharge estimated by the two methods was found to be in good agreement. The average value of net groundwater recharge during Kharif (April–September) season was found to be some 60 mm. No recharge occurred during Rabi (October–March), rather there was a depletion of the groundwater reservoir during the winter months. Long term average annual depletion of a groundwater reservoir was found to be greater than corresponding value of annual recharge. It was concluded that on a regional basis the groundwater reservoir was being depleted resulting in an average groundwater table of Rechna doab about 2.3 m fall over the 1960–1990 period.     

Role of Groundwater in Irrigation Water Management in the Downstream Part of the Yellow River

Water scarcity in the Bojili irrigation District, which is located in the Shandong province in China, affects the management of the irrigation system and has led to the development of water storage functions inside the system. In particular, the irrigation and drainage scheme is used for short-term water storage whereas groundwater is used for long-term storage which is replenished during the monsoon season and drawn from when crop water requirements are not satisfied by surface irrigation.In this paper the storage functions are quantified. The role of groundwater, in relation to rainfall and irrigation depths, is analysed in detail. This analysis, which was carried out at the district and at sub-system scales, is based on data collected from fifty five observation wells between 1991 and 1996 at a 10-day time intervals. The sub-systems, called “divisions”, represent the areas for which irrigation-related information is available.Rainfall, groundwater levels and irrigation data are consistent. They demonstrate the inequity of water allocation between upstream and downstream water users. Accordingly strategies for water management differ between these users. These strategies only partially compensate the effects of scarcity demonstrated by decreasing cropping intensities from upstream to downstream parts of the District.     

大庆市西部地下水库人工回灌方案研究

为了缓解大庆市水资源供需矛盾,提高城市供水安全保障程度,利用业已形成的大庆市西部地下水位降落漏斗,建立地下水库实施水资源人工调蓄。综合分析回灌水水源、回灌水水质、回灌水量、回灌方式等,设计大庆市西部地下水库人工回灌方案,通过数值模拟计算,模拟人工调蓄效果。模拟结果表明,人工回灌可使降落漏斗区地下水位有明显上升,采用压采的同时将注水井布设于龙虎泡管线南侧的注水方案,水位恢复效果最为明显,可使漏斗区地下水位回升11 m左右。     

Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries

Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur.     

基于Google Maps API的远程水质监测系统设计与实现

随着水资源日益缺乏,再生水逐渐成为农业灌溉用水的一个重要水资源,而再生水指标监测是其安全利用的关键环节.为长期持续监测再生水灌溉对地下水与地表水的影响,设计开发了一种基于Google Maps API的远程水质监测系统,该系统利用了Google Maps提供的应用程序开发接口和ASP.NET技术,以B/S模式实现了水质监测点漫游、监测数据实时获取、历史监测数据查询、监测信息管理和维护等功能.     

Assessing the net benefits of using wastewater treated with a membrane bioreactor for irrigating vegetables in Crete

The island of Crete (Greece) suffers from an increasingly severe water shortages, coupled with declining groundwater supplies. We compared the costs and benefits of alternative strategies for treating wastewater for use in irrigating vegetables: (1) using a membrane bioreactor (MBR), (2) connecting new residences to centralized wastewater-treatment plants, (3) building new wastewater-treatment plants, and (4) using natural wastewater-treatment systems in rural areas. We also examined the impact of increasing water scarcity on the net benefits of treating wastewater with an MBR. As expected, the value of treated wastewater increases with increasing water scarcity. The net benefit of treating wastewater with an MBR and using the reclaimed water to irrigate vegetables ranges from about 0.02 €/m³ to 2 €/m³ as water scarcity increases. Our results should be helpful in guiding analysts in Greece and other arid countries wishing to evaluate the financial viability of alternative methods of treating wastewater for use in agriculture.